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Poor access to modern energy services, or energy poverty, continues to be a significant barrier to socioeconomic progress and well-being. The complicated connections between public investment, incentives, supplier chains, and the financial success of energy poverty alleviation efforts are explored in this paper. This research examines the history of eradicating energy poverty worldwide, particularly in China. It examines how these aspects affect the efficiency and long-term viability of reducing energy poverty initiatives. This research synthesizes the evidence on government expenditure patterns and their impact on initiatives to reduce energy poverty via an extensive literature examination. The development of infrastructure, capacity building, and the deployment of energy technology are all made possible in large part by government spending. Financial and regulatory incentives have also been shown to encourage the energy industry's private sector engagement and innovation. These incentives help expand underprivileged groups' access to electricity by creating an atmosphere conducive to investment. This research also examines supply chains' crucial role in combating energy poverty. For the effective installation and upkeep of energy projects, efficient and resilient supply chains are crucial because they guarantee the availability of vital materials and resources. An integrated supply chain strategy may improve project results, save costs, and eliminate risks related to logistical difficulties. Government funding, incentives, and supply chains all have a connection that affects how well energy poverty alleviation programs function financially. Maintaining projects after their first execution requires sustained financial performance. It explores how supply network interruptions may affect financial performance, highlighting the need for robust supply chain management techniques. As a result, this study adds to a comprehensive knowledge of the complex processes underpinning the reduction of energy poverty. It offers insights into developing efficient policies and strategies by examining how government actions, incentives, supply chains, and financial performance interact. These observations are relevant for practitioners, investors, and academics trying to increase access to sustainable energy sources and reduce poverty in addition to policymakers. This report provides helpful recommendations for boosting the effectiveness and endurance of energy poverty reduction activities as nations work to reach global sustainable development objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equilibrium between environmental quality and economic growth is one of the contemporary objectives of fiscal and monetary policies in the case of China. In this study, we investigate the extent of the existence of the N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis and measure the collision of fiscal and monetary policy on carbon emissions within the economic growth perspectives that China is witnessing. This study examines the dynamic nexus between monetary supply, government expenditure, and carbon emissions in China over the spanning from 1980 to 2019. The findings demonstrate that the money supply reduces carbon emissions in the short- and long-run. Precisely, a 1-unit augmentation in monetary policy tool (money supply) will significantly reduce the pressure on the environment by 0.29332 unit in the long-run and 0.79311 unit in the short-run. In contrast, the fiscal policy instrument (government expenditure) contributes to the increase in carbon emissions. Specifically, a 1-unit increase in government expenditure will increase the carbon emission by 0.17835 and 0.48247 units in the long-run and short-run, respectively. Additionally, the result also confirmed the N-shaped EKC hypothesis. Particularly, at the initial stage of economic growth, there are 1.58659 and 4.29197 unit increas in carbon emission in the long-run and short-run, respectively. However, after taking the square of economic growth, this reduces the environmental pollution by 0.3018 and 0.81665 units in the long-run and short-run, respectively. Finally, the cubic form of economic growth shows the 0.01755 and 0.04747 units increase in the pollution level in the long-run and short-run, respectively. Moreover, the study also found the presence of a causality link between government expenditure, economic growth, and carbon emissions. These findings will aid policymakers in implementing fiscal and monetary policies that promote long-term development while lowering carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, China has declared its national objective of becoming carbon neutral by 2060. Hence, mitigating carbon dioxide emissions has become an important agenda of the Chinese government. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of pursuing expansionary fiscal and monetary policies on China's carbon dioxide emission figures by using annual frequency data from 1980 to 2018. Accordingly, this study considers the levels of government expenditure and broad money supply as fiscal and monetary policy instruments, respectively. Besides accounting for structural break concerns in the data, the findings from the empirical analysis reveal that there are long-run associations between carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, and fiscal and monetary expansion in China. Moreover, the results also show that in both the short- and long-run expansionary fiscal policy trigger higher carbon dioxide emissions while expansionary monetary policy inhibits the carbon dioxide emission figures of China. Furthermore, the results invalidate the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis since the relationship between China's economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions is evidenced to portray an N-shape. In line with these findings, it is recommended that China achieve environmentally sustainable economic growth by aligning the national fiscal and monetary policies with the 2060 carbon-neutrality objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Multiple studies have confirmed that diet restrictions can effectively realize glycemic control and reduce metabolic risks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In 2018, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) stated that individuals can select a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) according to their needs and preferences. Owing to the influence of Chinese traditional eating habits, only a small portion of patients in China have achieved their blood glucose goals. As a result, the Chinese government will incur huge expenditures. Method: This study recruited 134 T2DM participants and randomly assigned them to the LCD group (n = 67) or the low-fat diet (LFD) group (n = 67). All of the patients had a fixed amount of exercise and were guided by clinicians. After a period of dietary washout, all of the patients received corresponding dietary education according to group. The follow-up time was 6 months. The indicators for anthropometry, glycemic control, and medication application parameters were collected and compared between the two groups. Results: There were 121 participants who finally entered the study. The proportions of calories from three major nutrients the participants consumed met the requirements of LCD and LFD. Compared with baseline, the pre-postdifferences of body weight, BMI, and several other indicators were significant except for dosages of insulin used in the LCD group and MES in the LFD group. After the intervention, body weight, body weight index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial 2-h blood glucose (PPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in the LCD group decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared with the LFD group. The number of patients using lipid-lowering agents was significant higher in the LCD group and lower in the LFD group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups for antihypertensive, hormone-replacement, and other agents. Conclusions: The LCD diet can decrease body weight, glycemic levels, MES, and lipid-lowering agents more than the LFD diet, thus decreasing cost burden in Chinese patients with T2DM. Strict diet control and monitoring are the keys to managing diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike previous studies on causal relationships between government revenue and expenditures in China, this study takes into consideration structural breaks in the data by performing wavelet decomposition prior to testing for Granger causality between the fiscal components. The use of wavelet decomposition is motivated by economic theories, which suggest allowing for different budgetary considerations at different time horizons, as well as by the existence of special properties in the data in the form of unit roots and structural breaks. The results from the Granger causality test when using the wavelet-decomposed quarterly data over the period 1980–2015 indicate that government revenue Granger-causes government expenditure (tax-and-spend hypothesis) in the wavelet scales of two to four quarters. The results also show that bidirectional causality (fiscal synchronisation) exists in the wavelet scale of eight to sixteen quarters. Understanding the causal relationships between revenue and expenditure at different time scales is important for formulating relevant policy measures in order to maintain fiscal sustainability in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid economic development, the Chinese government expenditures at various levels have increased sufficiently. At the same time, the environmental pollution in China has deteriorated significantly. In this study, the city-level panel data of 106 Chinese cities over the 2002–2014 period are utilized to investigate the impacts of government expenditure on the emissions of three typical pollutants. Specifically, the total effects are divided into two types: direct effects, through which government expenditure affects pollution directly; and indirect effects, which refer to the indirect influences of government expenditure on environmental pollution through its impacts on GDP per capita. To control for potential endogeneity and introduce dynamics, the generalized method of moments (GMM) method is utilized. The estimation results indicate that the total effects of government expenditure on these three pollutants are very different: for sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), soot and chemical oxygen demand (COD), the total effects are decreasing, inverted-U and U-shaped, respectively. Furthermore, the indirect effects dominate the direct effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1993 China made a decision to achieve universal 9-year compulsory education by 2000, but equity and adequacy of public financing of education have been questioned ever since. The core issue rests on resource allocation. During the same period, China implemented fiscal reform and introduced socialist market economy reform in the uncharted water, which then exacerbated regional disparities. At the same time, intra-province inequalities have been rising in the last two decades, which has been masked by national aggregated data. By using county-level data from 1994 to 2001, GIS mapping and spatial analysis, this study examines patterns of inequalities in school expenditure, and their association with government expenditure and economic growth in a poverty-stricken province, Gansu and in the wealthiest province, Jiangsu. The purpose is to examine how inequalities have evolved over time in different provinces and what factors have triggered rising inequalities in the transition. The findings show that the rising inequalities are due to: (1) the ever widening gap among spatially stratified counties, particularly between the top 25% and the lower 75% of the counties in both provinces; and, (2) little diffusion over 8 years in spatial structure of educational financing, government resource allocation or economic growth. Issues of localized financing but centralized administration as developmental strategy across China and their impact on perpetuating and rising inequalities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we model the government expenditure on the welfare change of general public by means of static and dynamic binary response model for panel data. We analyse the effectiveness of the total magnitude and the structure of the Chinese government expenditure on the basis of its effects on the welfare of Chinese citizens. We construct both the static and dynamic models. And we also do a further analysis of the state dependence of the welfare change of Chinese citizens by means of the survival analysis. The estimation results imply that the total amount of the Chinese government expenditure is not oversized but its allocation is not efficient. And expenditures in some fields are not utilized efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the serious situation of high unemployment, the Chinese government has enforced demand-side anti-cycle economic policies. But evidence shows that these policies are inefficient and cause other problems. To improve the efficiency of the government anti-cycle economic policies, the efficiency of the supply-side policies must first of all be evaluated. This paper studies the effects of the cut of tax and other firm's burden using the data of the investigation of China's 120 cities directed by the World Bank in 2005. The regression based estimation shows that employment is very sensitive to tax cut, which proves tax cut is an effective policy to increase employment. The estimation also shows that good governance is of great help to increase employment. It is imperative that we adjust the currently implemented policies and pay more attention on supply-side policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and More attention has been paid to the influence of governmental expenditure on economic growth since the emergence of new growth theory. The reasons why the size of governmental expenditure becomes bigger year by year is therefore necessary to study. With the interprovincial dynamic data and GMM method used, the influence of open-end trade on the size of governmental expenditure is studied empirically and the result shows that the influence presents a u-shape curve, i.e., the open trade enhances the regional competitive pressure in China when the trade is open to a low degree, then the government has to decrease the size of financial expenditure to maintain the competitiveness. However, the open-end trade will increase the risk of macroeconomy when the trade is open to a relatively high degree, thus requiring the size of governmental expenditure to be increased so as to implement the countercyclically macroscopic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is vital to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the efficiency of the green economy and draw parallels alongside emissions cuts, to attain the goal of sustainable green economic advancement. In this vein, this research examined the impact of expenditure from the state on the performance of the green economy of varied nations under the industrialized and emerging projects. The study makes use of panel data ranging from 2008–2018 concerning the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) nations. The findings lead credence to the assertion that expenditure on research and development adds directly to cuts of carbon dioxide pollution levels for the industrialized nations. Concerning the regions, the corrective impact of the industrialized and emerging nations relative to the statistics within the BRI is brought to light. Similarly, the financial development is correlated to the growth of carbon dioxide pollution, implying that an increment in energy consumption results in an expansion in pollution. Furthermore, the advanced, as well as emerging nations, is where the impact of this variable is benign, next to the United States that has more polluting consumption sources. The findings for China are unique, owing to its ecological and economic performance. • Assessing emission mitigation from a government expenditure perspective. • Changes in expenditure disparity explain the change in emission mitigation. • Quantifying the impact of technological progress on national emission inequality. • Policy enforcement will weaken once the mitigation goal has been accomplished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, a conspicuous contradiction of economy in China is that the investment is simply high, but the consumption is low. The paper anlyses the crowding-out effect on private investment in terms of structure of government expenditure. Partitioning government expenditure into consumption expenditure and investment expenditure, we conclude that government consumption has no effect on private investment and government investment crowds in private investment entirely whether in a short time or not. According to the analysis result, combined with the change characters for a long time of government sectors and non-government sectors, this paper puts forward some advices on improving the investment proportion to solve the structural problem that the consumption is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different from many studies on Energy Kuznets Curve, this paper does not directly consider income factor but conducts a nonlinear study on per capita primary energy consumption and electricity consumption in China, whose economic development is considered investment-driven, in which government macroeconomic policies, especially government expenditure plays a very important role. In particular, this paper attempts to compare the different impacts of government expenditures and the other influencing factors on energy consumption. Based on the results of the threshold regression, in the future, with the further development of the economy, the driving force of labor population growth will slow down. Comparing with primary energy, the relationship between electricity consumption and its influencing factors will change later, and the difference in the effects of the influencing factors is mainly reflected in the formation of capital stock (investment) and the development of urbanization. Government expenditure on private goods may not be always as inefficient in energy consumption and cleaner production as previously thought in the literature. Meanwhile, the growth of government expenditure on public goods will become a powerful driving factor which indicates that the government needs to assess its overall impact on energy consumption and energy efficiency when participating in the provision of public goods. The paper also found that when studying the issue of energy consumption and regional differences in China, the geographic classification of eastern, central and western regions may not be appropriate. Grouping according to energy consumption levels may be one of the better options. And the distribution of energy consumption levels in China's provinces is consistent with the distribution of government expenditure levels. The estimation results also provide us with important policy implications: the government expenditure in education is of great importance, and it can produce a strong energy-saving effect through technological progress. An important feature of China's economic development is investment-driven and demographic dividend, and government expenditure plays a very important role. Different parts of income have a non-linear effect on energy consumption. Government may not be always inefficient in terms of energy consumption or cleaner production. The growth of government expenditure will become a powerful driving factor on energy consumption.When China's energy consumption is studied, regional grouping according to energy consumption levels may be one of the better options.The distribution of energy consumption levels in China's provinces is consistent with the distribution of government expenditure levels. Image 1 • A comparative study on per capita primary energy and electricity consumption. • The increase influence of labor population growth on energy consumption will slow down. • Urbanization has different influence on different energy consumption.. • Considering energy consumption, government expenditure may not be always inefficient. • The government expenditure in education is of great significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]