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This article investigates the Sovietization of Chinese geographers during the early People's Republic of China (PRC) using primary sources and published biographies to examine three career paths: red, expert, and red and expert. The red geographers, led by the veteran Communist Sun Jingzhi, who monopolized the field of economic geography, shifted the orientation of geography from the Western model to the model followed in the Soviet Union. The pre-Communist geographers, under the leadership of Harvard-trained Zhu Kezhen, controlled the field of physical geography, relying on their professional training and technical expertise. These two cliques competed for control of the Chinese Geographical Society, its journal, and the Institute of Geography, whereas the Liverpool-trained Hou Renzhi used both redness and expertise to gain prominence in the field of historical geography. This article contends that the reformation of geographers in Communist China continued beyond the political purge of 1949. The twists and turns in career paths derive from the contested nature of the discipline, the changing contours of the science, and connections with institutional structures, all of which illuminate the imbrication of political allegiance, professional expertise, and personal relationships as the geographical tradition persisted in new forms after reformation. In this sense, this article diversifies a history of geography that is too often centered on Anglo-American experiences, and it furthers our understanding of the professionalization of geography as one that has taken a nonlinear course. Key Words: Cold War, Communist China, geographer, history of geography, Sovietization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Everyday activities in space and time have received much research attention in recent years. Geographers are interested in not only the spatial and temporal patterns of people's everyday activities, but also the implications of such activities for social inequality and health outcomes. This study investigates how individuals' weekday and weekend mobility and activities are associated with mental health. We argue that everyday activities play an important role in mental health because of the cognitive and affective processes associated with, not to mention the spatiotemporal exposure incurred by, conducting these activities. Data were collected in 2018 from 1,985 respondents living in thirty neighborhoods of Shanghai, China. Path analysis models are developed to establish links between daily activities and mental health, controlling for sociodemographics and residential location. Results show that mental health differs significantly among people not only of different sociodemographic groups, but also with different daily activity patterns. Weekday and weekend activities are found to have different influences on mental health. This research extends the existing literature on mental health by considering the mental health impacts of individuals' daily activities and travel. The research findings are relevant for developing spatial policy interventions to promote mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous scholarship in qualitative methodologies commonly classifies researchers' status in the field into insiders or outsiders. However, the prevalence of participatory observation in numerous social science disciplines has blurred the insider/outsider dichotomy and highlighted that the levels of researchers' involvement in the field are becoming context-specific and far more complex than just insider or outsider. Inspired by this tendency in fieldwork methodology, this paper seeks insights from a theory in communication studies, role theory, to understand researchers' status regarding the roles they adopt in their interactions with research participants. Through reference to relevant sociological and psychological schools of thought, this paper highlights discourse as a crucial instrument for researchers' role-making in fieldwork. This study draws on the author's experience conducting fieldwork in a Central China city to demonstrate how a researcher engages in shifting field contexts by intentionally assuming numerous roles. To explore state-firm relations in local development, the author recruited two groups of research participants: government officials and business managers. The author actively learned and employed comparable discursive techniques in interactions with each group of participants, thereby assuming various roles in different contexts. These findings underscore the purposeful self-presentation and intentional role-playing/change as effective means for human geographers and researchers in extensive disciplines to be involved in participant groups for gathering data more efficiently. Meanwhile, the author's self-reflection also illuminates the consequent impacts on research outcomes and ethical issues due to the involvement of researchers in their participants, therefore highlighting the necessity for detachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial agglomeration has attracted extensive attention from economists and geographers, yet it is still a challenge to identify the multi-agglomeration spatial structure and degree of industrial agglomeration in continuous space—there is still a lack of a more targeted industrial clustering method. The clustering method and the standard deviational ellipse (simply, ellipse) model have advantages in identifying the spatial structure and representing spatial information respectively. On this basis, we propose an ellipse-based approach to identifying industrial clusters. Our ellipse-based approach rests upon group nearest neighbor using the group-based nearest neighbor (GNN) ordering and spatial compactness matrix, where a number of point sequences with varying lengths, generated under the GNN ordering, are characterized by an ellipse and the elliptical parameters of these point sequences formulate the values and structure of the compactness matrix. Clustering is reformulated to identify ellipses with a specified parameter among a number of potential candidate ellipses, with significant changes (especially in the area) used as the cutoff criterion for determining the clusters' border point. Our approach is illustrated in the location pattern of firms in Shanghai City, China in comparison with four well-known clustering methods. With the combination of elliptical parameters and spatial compactness, our approach may bring a new analytical ground for future industrial clustering research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous scholarship in qualitative methodologies commonly classifies researchers' status in the field into insiders or outsiders. However, the prevalence of participatory observation in numerous social science disciplines has blurred the insider/outsider dichotomy and highlighted that the levels of researchers' involvement in the field are becoming contextspecific and far more complex than just insider or outsider. Inspired by this tendency in fieldwork methodology, this paper seeks insights from a theory in communication studies, role theory, to understand researchers' status regarding the roles they adopt in their interactions with research participants. Through reference to relevant sociological and psychological schools of thought, this paper highlights discourse as a crucial instrument for researchers' role-making in fieldwork. This study draws on the author's experience conducting fieldwork in a Central China city to demonstrate how a researcher engages in shifting field contexts by intentionally assuming numerous roles. To explore state-firm relations in local development, the author recruited two groups of research participants: government officials and business managers. The author actively learned and employed comparable discursive techniques in interactions with each group of participants, thereby assuming various roles in different contexts. These findings underscore the purposeful self-presentation and intentional role-playing/change as effective means for human geographers and researchers in extensive disciplines to be involved in participant groups for gathering data more efficiently. Meanwhile, the author's self-reflection also illuminates the consequent impacts on research outcomes and ethical issues due to the involvement of researchers in their participants, therefore highlighting the necessity for detachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial autocorrelation describes the interdependent relationship between the realizations or observations of a variable that is distributed across a geographical landscape, which may be divided into different units/areas according to natural or political boundaries. Researchers of Geographical Information Science (GIS) always consider spatial autocorrelation. However, spatial autocorrelation research covers a wide range of disciplines, not only GIS, but spatial econometrics, ecology, biology, etc. Since spatial autocorrelation relates to multiple disciplines, it is difficult gain a wide breadth of knowledge on all its applications, which is very important for beginners to start their research as well as for experienced scholars to consider new perspectives in their works. Scientometric analyses are conducted in this paper to achieve this end. Specifically, we employ scientometrc indicators and scientometric network mapping techniques to discover influential journals, countries, institutions, and research communities; key topics and papers; and research development and trends. The conclusions are: (1) journals categorized into ecological and biological domains constitute the majority of TOP journals;(2) northern American countries, European countries, Australia, Brazil, and China contribute the most to spatial autocorrelation-related research; (3) eleven research communities consisting of three geographical communities and eight communities of other domains were detected; (4) hot topics include spatial autocorrelation analysis for molecular data, biodiversity, spatial heterogeneity, and variability, and problems that have emerged in the rapid development of China; and (5) spatial statistics-based approaches and more intensive problem-oriented applications are, and still will be, the trend of spatial autocorrelation-related research. We also refine the results from a geographer's perspective at the end of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitioning towards community‐based alternatives for service provision, health geographers have turned their gaze towards the changing meanings of place across dynamic landscapes for older people. Yet, little is known about how such a transition has manifested as a new phenomenon in a non‐western country, within a variegated geo‐historical context. Using a relational approach, this paper examines what it means to embed care services in a community for supporting aging‐in‐place through a new model, community‐based care centre (CBCC) in Beijing, China. Interview data were obtained from 47 participants (including administrative staff, service providers, and older people) to understand how stakeholders envision the transition towards the CBCC model. Our findings show that embedding CBCCs into communities is a three‐dimensional process: 1) the dynamics of locating services and socio‐relational distance in shaping a sense of place; 2) the blurring of formal and informal care relations in creating care spaces; and 3) the interweaving of collectivism and individualism in a transition from "work‐unit" to community. These interactions indicate that community‐embedded care is geographically, socially, politically, and culturally constructed and needs to be understood as dynamic and relational. Our findings suggest that the theoretical underpinnings of aging‐in‐place need to broaden to include non‐western perspectives. Key Messages: Community‐embedded care services for supporting aging‐in‐place needs to be understood as dynamic and relational.How people and places are related in a wider network (re)produce various meanings of community‐embedded care to different people.The theoretical underpinnings of aging‐in‐place need to broaden to include non‐western perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Themed‐Intervention commentary provides a brief overview of the history of Geography as a modern academic discipline in China, its development in the reform era (1979–), and the distinctive conventions and norms that distinguish it from paradigms and practices of geography in the Anglophone academia. We identify two tensions: between sciences and social sciences orientations, and between applied knowledge and critical/reflexive knowlegde. These tensions are both internal to Geography in China, and exist between Chinese and Anglophone Geography, the latter as embodied in major international journals. Mindful of these tensions, this commentary develops reflections over geography education in China and the challenges faced by academic dialogues between Chinese and Anglophone geographers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geopolitica(s): Revista de Estudios Sobre Espacio y Poder is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following the introduction of the "gentrification" concept by Ruth Glass in 1964, Anglo-Saxon urban geographers have extensively studied the process and phenomenon of gentrification. In recent years, gentrification studies have moved beyond the Anglo-Saxon academic field. This paper aims to review the current stage of English-Language gentrification studies about China. Using the case of China, the paper argues that gentrification can be generalized to a universally applied paradigm. However, the challenges of studying gentrification in any country are to transfer and adapt the broad paradigm that could capture the complexities of local conditions. Scholars studying gentrification in China have recognized the local and national differences that are specific to China and have worked out to establish their own theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University–industry interactions have been extensively discussed by economic geographers. However, while universities increasingly engage in local and nonlocal interactions with the industry, there is a lack of evidence concerning the consequences of universities becoming involved in these open innovation processes. Therefore, this study empirically examines the effects of local and nonlocal knowledge interactions on the innovative performance of universities by utilizing a large panel database constructed from a sample of 185 universities in China. First, we observe that both local and nonlocal interactions have an inverted U‐shaped relationship with university innovative performance. Second, local interactions combined with nonlocal interactions have a negative effect on the innovative performance of universities. Finally, we find that a balance is required between local and nonlocal interactions to enhance university performance. These results have important implications for policy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapidly escalating production and consumption of meat across the world has drawn much attention in recent years. While mainstream accounts tend to see the phenomenon as driven by 'natural' processes of consumption pattern change through economic development, critical geographies have turned to exploring the uneven capitalist processes underpinning what Tony Weis calls 'meatification'. In Weis' view, meatification unfolds through what he calls 'the industrial grain-oilseed-livestock complex', which is presently becoming a dominant form of agricultural production worldwide. Simultaneously, but less thoroughly investigated in the emerging scholarship, meatification unfolds in and through everyday geographies of consumption that we conceptualize as variegated 'meatscapes'. By bringing together critical geographers' interest in the political economy of meat with practice theory and consumption research, this contribution furthers the geographical dialogue around the spatial transformations brought about by meatification. Looking at Vietnam and China as examples of rapidly meatifying countries, we explore the intersection of macro-scale spatial transformations through trade and commodity flows and, at the micro-scale, transformations in food practices. We thus argue for an approach to meatification that is multi-scalar and conducive to further regionally specific research of meatification in Asia and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Explains the human dimensions of environmental problems. • Depicts sites of intensive ruination and scavenging in China and Japan. • Shows e-waste objects as emergent processes that transform/pollute surroundings. • Gives in-depth perspective of the people actually engaged in scavenging. • Explores the materiality of conversion in our tech-deluged world. Ethnographic portrayals herein of zones of intensive ruination and material conversion foreground the mutable artefacts within environments and their human and nonhuman implications. In highlighting the toxicity of ravaged sites such as post-tsunami Japan and a South China electronic-waste scavenging hotspot, called Guiyu, the article critiques the 'vibrant' materiality promoted by 'new materialist' geographers and others, who tend to neglect the hazardous environmental health externalities of material conversions. The analysis here centres on trade in electronic waste (a.k.a. 'e-waste' or WEEE). In communicating the labile materialities of e-waste artefacts as they both drive and transform such sites of ruination and scavenging, this ethnographic account of disarticulation and rearticulation offers an opportunity to consider the 'enmeshed processes' of objects and the apparatuses that both destroy and (re)produce them. To this end, the article asks geographers to imagine objects in emergent sociocultural milieux as already disintegrated. Such an approach can not only facilitate analysis of sites of disarticulation—with their capacity for new formations—but also help ethnographers understand how ruination influences informants' conception of surroundings and their practice within them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1962 war produced the Actual Line of Control, a border, as Gardner points out, based on no particular geographic principle, but nevertheless one central to the Indian nation, even "something to die for" (253). The Frontier Complex: Geopolitics and the Making of the India-China Border, 1842-1962. The Frontier Complex: Geopolitics and the Making of the India-China Border, 1842-1962 by Kyle J. Gardner. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Al-Bahith Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper uses a mixed-method approach to investigate smallholder perceptions of climate change in the Loess Plateau region of China. We combine qualitative and quantitative research methods with climate data analysis to gauge the climatic changes smallholders have perceived over the last 30 years, as well as how these changes have been experienced. At two research sites, each method produced markedly different results. Drawing on the work of feminist political ecologists and other geographers, we suggest that the dissonance between data sets generated using different research methods arises because each method produces knowledge that is partial and situated. To explain the contradictions between smallholder perceptions of climate change across the qualitative and quantitative methods and their disagreement with the climate record, we adopt aspects of assemblage theory and the dwelling perspective to suggest that smallholder knowledge of climate change is structured through their observations of and interactions with dynamic, networked socio-natural assemblages. We argue that a better understanding of the conduits through which perceptions and experiences of climate change come into being, and hence how climate knowledge is shaped, is necessary to account for the multiple epistemologies through which climate change is known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on tourism geographies in China. He offers his observations on Anglo-American tourism geography review papers, the difficulty experienced by tourism geographers in publishing their work in mainstream geographical journals, and the historical background of Chinese tourism geography research.

In the last four decades, climate services (CS) have moved from being limited forecasting tools in their predictive capacity to becoming involved in the shaping of risk assessment instruments with global reach affected to enhance adaptation to climate change. Yet, they have been relatively overlooked by human geographers and critical risk theorists, whose interests have been to document the political processes involved in shaping climate change and the global scientific enterprise it has generated. By looking at the ways in which CS have been developed and exported to countries deemed as climate-vulnerable, the paper sheds light on two simultaneous kinds of knowledge politics that are occurring at the interstices of global human security aspirations and the realpolitik of local practices. The first emerges from the ways in which CS political relevance has been secured by climate scientists in the midst of grand developmentalist and humanitarian ambitions, what we have called beneficent knowledge politics. The second comes from the nitty-gritty of risk management practices in countries to which CS are exported, in this case China, and highlights how a myriad of knowledge and sensitivities involved in shaping risk and science have been overlooked by the superseding ideals underpinning the production of CS and their application to wider climate adaptation agenda. By doing so, the paper contributes to the geographies of risk and emergencies as well as to the geographies of science by enhancing our understanding of the knowledge politics at play in the development of and resistance to technocratic climate governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the achievements of geographer Nikolai I. Vavilov. It says that has participated in botanical expeditions all over the territory of Russia from 1905-1915. It adds that Vavilov organized an expedition to Afghanistan in 1924, which became a true feat of the geography of Russia. Moreover, the geographer has determined that the agricultural biodiversity is coming mostly from eight identifiable nuclei, which include China, Mexico-Guatemala, and the Mediterranean basin.

In this article, we propose a theoretical framework for understanding a type of organizing in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) which is often defined as “non-governmental.” We are inspired by critical feminist writings on the production of knowledge. We draw on geographer Doreen Massey’s conceptualization of space, physicist Karen Barad’s theory of agential realism and notion of “intra-action,” and grounded theorist Adele Clarke’s understanding of context. Our analysis is based on the case of the Yunnan Reproductive Health Research Association, an organization approaching the issue of gender from the perspective of reproductive health. We contend that the organization is entangled with foreign development aid donor organizations and party-state institu-tions and that the three entities (the association, donor organizations, and party-state institutions) lack independent, self-contained existence in their joint involvement in performatively bringing the knowledge and practice of what we call nongovernment-initiated organizing into being. Our position is that, while donors and party-state, respectively, may have vested interests in claiming separation from nongovernment- initiated organizations, academic analysis need not, and should not, uncritically replicate that particular representation of separation. Nongovernment-initiated organizing is local and “Chinese,” in the sense that it is territorially situated in the PRC. We argue that the “local” phe-nomenon of bottom-up organizing is not closed or self-constitutive. On the contrary, it is relational, and the relations involve the intra-active entanglement not only with the domestic party-state but also with for-eign development aid donors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Recognized as one of the most influential and instrumental contributions by geographers to tourism studies, the Tourism Area Life Cycle model has long been subject to continuous application and modification, and meanwhile, cultural heritage tourism, especially the sustainability issue of it, has been increasingly drawing attention from researchers. Proceeding from the argument that not only is the TALC model a conceptual and managerial framework to be employed in tourist destinations, but it is also applicable to research of tourism products, this paper performed an empirical study on the life cycle of cultural heritage tourism with the study area of Macau, by means of such methods as literature study, field survey and in-depth interview. The affecting factors were identified and classified into categories of supply side and demand side, both of which were examined in detail. It was argued that distinctions of cultural heritage tourism lie in that the primary issues concerned are preservation and maintenance, rather than physical exploitation of the heritage resources, so the constructions normally concentrate on supporting facilities and creation of atmosphere in the destination, and that the combined factors of heritage value and government support often reduce the possibility of real decline. The life cycle of cultural heritage tourism was divided into four stages, namely, introduction, growth, maturity and consolidation, with characteristics and relevant strategies of each stage summarized. Accordingly, the evolution of cultural heritage tourism of Macau was illustrated, with its current status concluded at the beginning of maturity stage. In accordance with these findings, a series of development recommendations were proposed to enhance its sustainability, including to strengthen conservation efforts, to diversify marketing approaches through tourism engineering techniques, to deliver personalized service to tourists, and to rationalize the design of itineraries, and finally, discussion, as well as conclusion, was also presented to enlighten future research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Bai Meichu was a famous geographer in China. Geographical Philosophy published in 1923 was one of his representative works. In this book, he claimed that geography belongs to natural science which could be applied to the field of humanities and social sciences. In his view, geography is characterized by being macroscopical, changeable from time to time and from place to place, and temporarily effective for a given period of time and having a strong educational function. He advocated doing geography studies from the perspective of man-environment relationship. Many of the ideas in Geographical Philosophy have strong practical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xuxiake is a well-known geographer, explorer of travel and writer of travel notes, whose masterpiece-Xuxiake Travel Pamphlet, is regarded as an encyclopedia in the later Ming Dynasty. The book records what Xuxiake saw and heard during his journey as well as words and deeds of the Buddhist monks, which plays important roles in understanding the ecological culture of Buddhism of that time and related customs and institutions. Moreover, this book also demonstrates a certain number of characteristics of Buddhism and Xuxiake's views on ecological thoughts and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the study conducted by an American urban geographer that explores whether a commercial and urban redevelopment model was successful in Beijing, China. The study also examines the potential benefits outweigh the costs of dismantling the traditional commercial core of the provincial capital of Xining. The Xining project is investigated in the context of globalization and the diffusion of urban planning and development practices in the country. It found that the biases in Chinese planning practice towards method employed in large eastern cities are considered in light of global trends for neoliberalism and the new regionalism.

The article features the evaluation of an American specialist and a noted geographer to an essay . The commentator is an equally outstanding specialist who advocates reflexive activism, a method planned to bring forth pertinent studies on China. The author of the said evaluation focuses the value of the empirically based work, emphasizing numerous share of geographers in the study of China's transition from doctrinaire communism to "socialism with Chinese characteristics". Although he did not deny the necessity for geographical research focusing the deficiencies of social and environmental justice, he disfavors undue activism which may leave out advances in economic development and accomplishments of China's administration.

This paper reviews the discipline of China geography and the contributions China geographers have made to the field of China studies, focusing primarily on the period since World War II and on China geographers working in North America. Outside of the PRC and North America, other key centers arc in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. China geographers (outside of China) arc relatively few in number, but have been increasingly productive ever since the opening of China in the late 1970s and the resulting expanded opportunities for doing fieldwork and collaboration with scholars there. This paper provides synopses of leading China geographers in order to offer insights into the scope and evolution of the discipline. The field has become increasingly sophisticated and the practitioners are increasingly Chinese émigrés Publications have been heavily focused on urban geography, as well as various aspects of economic geography, environmental studies, and cultural geography. Major gaps remain in cultural, historical social population, and political geography. These gaps arc areas of greatest interest to other China scholars--thereby accounting, in part, for the low visibility of China geographers. Collaborative research, especially in these areas, greater involvement in the Association for Asian Studies (AAS) and similar organizations, and more publications in China studies journals could help to raise visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the state of geography as a subject in higher education in China. It also discusses the difficulties facing human geography in the country and outline priorities for future research on the topic. Human geography in the country has experienced many setbacks. Some branches of human geography such as geopolitics were totally ignored and cultural geography was heavily criticized. Only economic geography has survived and thrived in the country. Now most Chinese geographers recognize that human geography should be refreshed and developed. There is a need to pay more attention to urban and population geography also. The geography of tourism and the geography of ethnic minorities have also begun in the Geographical Institute of Sinica in Beijing. There are also plans to pay attention to political, cultural and military perception and behavioral geography. There is also scarcity of space and equipment in the universities and colleges teaching geography. The academic community is also attempting to reform the structure of higher education in geography which would give the universities greater autonomy from the state and the Communist Party.

Profiles geographer Hsia-ke Hsu in China. Family background; Travels; Diary.

The article covers issues related to geodesy. It outlines the topics addressed at "IAG Newsletter," which is published monthly under the editorial responsibility of the Communication and Outreach Branch of the Institute of Australian Geographers (IAG). Professor Chris Rizos will receive the 2012 Fellow Membership at the Institute of Navigation (ION) International Technical Meeting in California. An international symposium on deformation monitoring will be hosted by PolyU in Hong Kong, China.