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The main objective of this paper is to analysis how endogenous road capacity, in term of an increase in road accessibility and traffic demand (“induced effect”), exogenous efficiency policies and technological progress, in term of an increase in fuel efficiency (“rebound effect”), affect fuel consumption and thereby exhaust emission finally, the empirical estimate a simultaneous equations system of the road traffic demand, fuel consumption, exhaust emission, using the annual data of 1985–2013, we discuss the transmission mechanism of effects caused by road capacity and fuel efficiency policies, and we estimate the induced effect and rebound effect further than the previous studies, and found that the rebound effect and induced effect in China are larger than most studies of the U.S. We also prove the effectiveness of fuel efficiency policies to improve fuel efficiency, however, little help to reduce vehicle emission. In view of the pricing policy, we found that high price of new vehicle cannot inhibit Chinese demand for cars currently, what's more, rising fuel price did not encourage people to purchase energy-saving vehicles in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life cycle inventory (LCI) compilations of large and medium-sized equipment manufacturing is labor intensive and time consuming due to complexities involved in data collection processes. Process based Life Cycle Assessment (P-LCA) methods can provide accurate inventory results with up-to-date data; however, it also suffers from several problems including system boundary identification, high cost, data confidentiality, and long timespans. Economic Input-Output (EIO) based inventory is fast and operable method for applying data on a national level which helps to negate truncation errors. This paper conducts an IO based hybrid inventory analysis for a diesel engine manufactured in China with Chinese Economic Input-Output Table and Life Cycle Database. The energy requirements and quantifications regarding air pollutants of the engine's entire life cycle are identified. Moreover, the differences between the LCI results achieved by IO based hybrid approach and process based analysis methods are also presented. Sensitivity analysis of various fuel efficiencies is conducted to demonstrate the effect of fuel efficiency on overall impacts of the engine through its life cycle. Finally, Monte Carlo Simulation is adopted to analyze the uncertainties of various data sources on the LCA results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domestic combustion of smoky (bituminous) coal in the Chinese counties of Xuanwei and Fuyuan, are responsible for some of the highest rates of lung cancer in the world. Cancer rates vary between coal producing regions (deposits) in the area, with coals from Laibin exhibiting particularly high risks and smokeless (anthracite) coal exhibiting lower risks. However, little information is available on the specific burning characteristics of coals from throughout the area. We conducted an extensive controlled burning experiment using coal from multiple deposits in either a traditional firepit or ventilated stove, accompanied by a detailed examination of time-weighted and real-time size-aggregated particle concentrations. Smoky coal caused higher particle concentrations of all sizes than smokeless coal, with variations observed by geological source. Virtually all particle emissions were in the PM 2.5 fraction (98% - mass based), and 75% and 46% were in the PM 1 and PM 0.3 fraction respectively. Real-time concentrations of PM 1 and PM 0.1 peaked after coal was added and declined afterwards. Ventilation reduced particle concentrations by up to 15-fold and increased the coal burning rate by 1.9-fold. These findings may provide valuable insight for reducing exposure and adverse health effects associated with domestic coal combustion., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)