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Baijiu is a unique distilled spirit in China. The bulk Baijiu market has been experiencing issues related to counterfeit and substandard products, raising concerns about food safety. Detecting liquor adulteration is crucial for eliminating fraud in the bulk Baijiu market. In this study, we proposed using fluorescence hyperspectral Technology (FH) combined with machine learning (ML) to detect Baijiu adulteration quickly and non-destructive. Due to the similarity of fluorescence spectral features between adulterated Baijiu and real Baijiu, it was difficult to distinguish them based on the fluorescence feature parameters alone. The data preprocessing methods were used and then principal component analysis (PCA) was adapted. The principal components were used as inputs to ML models to establish the qualitative and quantitative detection models. In the qualitative detection models, the Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) model demonstrated the best performance with 98.08% precision, 100% recall and 99.03% F1-score. In the quantitative detection models of adulterations concentration, the AdaBoost model after Wavelet denoising(WDS) processing yielded the best results with R2 of 0.9740 and RMSEP of 0.0247. The results demonstrated that the combination of FH and ML can efficiently detect adulterated bulk Baijiu, showing promising applications and feasibility in the nondestructive detection of adulterated substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginseng is one of the rare traditional Chinese medicine in China, with a long history of application. There are many prescriptions of ginseng recorded in ancient traditional Chinese medicine books, yet the name, origin, place of origin, collection and processing, and quality identification of ginseng have changed with the changes of the times. In this paper, the origin and development of ginseng is re-examined, which is convenient for clinical clarification of confusion and forgery. And the modern clinical research of ginseng is summarized to provide reference for the inheritance, use and resource development of ginseng. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unlike other counterfeit products, automotive components are hidden from view and, at least by the lay person, little understood. While the potential scale, scope and impact of the problem is vast, knowledge of this illicit trade is limited. In seeking to contribute to the existing literature on the counterfeiting of auto components, this article focuses on China, a major and growing economy with an expanding vehicle market, a ready internal market for counterfeits and a frequently identified source country of counterfeit goods. Rested upon empirical data from published court judgments in China and open source materials, this article critically explores the counterfeiting of motor vehicle parts inside the country, from manufacture to sale, including identifying the parties involved in the illegitimate business, the counterfeiting process and what motivates the players to engage in it, to gain insights into the social organisation of the illicit trade. Our findings suggest that the trade in counterfeit automotive components does not appear robust from an organisational viewpoint, which tends to be carried out by individuals on the basis of necessity and opportunity rather than authority and formal rationality. The article's findings forge a link between counterfeiting and social inequality and help argue that given the current socio-economic settings and a booming market of used vehicles, the dirty economy is likely to persist. Furthermore, as the empirical data shows, currently, the nature of the trade in dangerous counterfeit goods is not duly recognised in law enforcement and legal practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multinational companies (MNCs) with valuable trademarks in China seek criminal enforcement against counterfeiting because other available avenues of relief, such as administrative and judicial remedies, have proven to be ineffective. While MNCs prefer enforcement through China's Police, the Public Security Bureau (PSB), many MNCs are unaware of the significant hidden dangers of using the PSB. Most MNCs will delegate enforcement of trademark rights to their Chinese subsidiaries. These subsidiaries are known to make illegal payments to the PSB that may violate the laws of the PRC as well as the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). These acts expose MNCs to draconian penalties under PRC law and the FCPA. MNCs can be unaware of these illegal practices because many MNCs organize their business structures and intellectual property (IP) management strategies in ways that shield MNCs from reviewing some of the on-the-ground actions by their Chinese subsidiaries. This Article exposes these risks, explains how some of these risks arise, and makes suggestions on how MNCs can structure their business organizations and IP management structures in China to eliminate or mitigate these risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of aspirin, prasugrel HCl and clopidogrel bisulfate in the presence of clopidogrel-related compound (impurity-A) in focus on counterfeit. This method was used to determine counterfeited antiplatelet drugs in two substandard Indian pharmaceutical products sold on the market in Yemen and two traditional herbal medicines sold on the market in China. Thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry of counterfeit herbal medicines have additionally been carried out to verify the identification of adulterants. Chromatographic separation was performed on Inertsil ® ODS-3 C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) with isocratic mobile phase elution containing a mixture of acetonitrile: (25 mM) potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, pH 2.7 adjusted with 0.1 M o -phosphoric acid (79: 21, v/v), at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV detection at 220 nm. Designs of experiment methodology, Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken designs were used for the screening and optimization of the mobile phase composition. The method validation was also performed in accordance with the International Council on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The method developed for routine analysis was found to be sensitive, simple, accurate and highly robust. The results were statistically compared to reference methods using Student's t -test and variance ratio F -test at P  < 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only a few studies have examined the relationship between consumers' self–brand connection and the intention to purchase counterfeit luxury brands in emerging economies. The current research explores the decision taken by consumers who are self‐connected to a brand to purchase counterfeit luxury brands. A survey‐based study was conducted among potential counterfeit buyers in nine malls in three cities in China. A sample of shoppers who physically shop in malls (n = 1,230) was used to test the hypotheses by using the structural equation model. Conspicuous consumption and emotional attachment were examined as mediators between self–brand connection and intention to purchase a counterfeit luxury brand. Creatively, this research used perceived counterfeit detection to determine how important people reflect their decision to purchase counterfeit luxury brands. The study also tests the moderation effect of economic benefit in the relationship between self–brand connection and counterfeit luxury brand purchase. Results demonstrate that consumers who are eager to build their self‐concept may decide to purchase counterfeit luxury brands. The mediation results show that conspicuous consumption and emotional attachment mediate the relationship. Interestingly, because of the involvement of perceived counterfeit detection, the effect is greater than the effect before mediation. Moreover, the economic benefit was found to increase the desire for counterfeit luxury brand purchases in emerging markets. The implication for managers is to customize the marketing campaigns that match the environment where the problem persists in reducing the consumer desire on counterfeit luxury brands and enhance the desire for the original luxury brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes on three research objectives to better understand the pertinent issues involving the purchase decision regarding counterfeit as well as authentic luxury brands. Specifically, the first objective concerns regional differences across three cities in terms of the three factors affecting the purchase of counterfeit luxury products. i.e., collectivistic influence, brand awareness, and brand involvement.Second, we seek to examine whether regional differences play a role in purchase decision regarding luxury brands. Third, we aim to compare the research models on consumer's decision making process across three cities to provide critical implications pertinent to geographic particularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this qualitative study is to understand the risk-reducing strategies used by Chinese consumers in a collectivistic culture to balance the psychological dichotomy they face when consuming counterfeit luxury products to construct their social identities. Consumers, on the one hand, are tempted to buy counterfeit luxury products due to their remarkable price advantages, while on the other hand they are reluctant to use these products given the fear of being socially caught out. This dissonance intensifies in a collectivistic culture, where the concept of social face is important. The study involved reviewing a large volume of literature on the research of non-deceptive counterfeit luxury consumption, based on which 26 semi-structured in-depth interviews among Chinese consumers were conducted to explore strategies used by consumers to construct their social identity through using counterfeit luxury products. In addition, the ways they select and use these products to avoid being caught out in order to maintain their constructed social identity were investigated. The data were analyzed by adopting (Mitchell in Manag Decis 30(3):26–31, 1992) risk reduction framework, and the findings illustrate the different strategies taking place through two separate consumption phases: pre-purchase and post-purchase. This research offers new insights into non-deceptive counterfeit consumption by introducing perceived risk and risk-reducing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical argument behind the "pro-insured" or "pro-insurer" debate contains elements of contract law, business law, and consumer law. This article reexamines the insurance misrepresentation rule under the RLLI, ands compares it to insurance law in China. This comparison demonstrates the struggle between preference for insured or insurer. We have reconsidered the subtopics of misrepresentation, including innocent misrepresentation, materiality, reliance, remedy, contribute-to-the-loss approach and others, from not only the perspective of either party of the insurance contract, but also the overall efficiency of the insurance market and society. For the structure and remedy of insurance misrepresentation, we recommend a reasonable rule, which allows rescission for any kind of misrepresentation, but this is not equivalent to a rule that an insurer can rescind contract for any mistake of a policyholder. Rather than presetting remedies for misrepresentations, this rule asks a court to decide the proper remedy according to any important circumstances of the case, including severity of misrepresentation, accountability of policyholder, factual causation and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesame oil is popular in China and many other Asian countries due to its pleasant flavor and high nutritional value. Sesame oil essence is often illegally added to other vegetable oils to counterfeit sesame oil. This study aimed to propose a rapid and cost-effective method, which could help to identify the sesame oil and counterfeit sesame oil. For this purpose, the counterfeit samples were prepared by adding essence to inferior oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, corn oil), all oil samples were examined and their Raman spectra served as data for the construction of the soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) models and the important variables for distinguishing between authentic and counterfeit sesame oil were selected by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. The results showed that SIMCA is a strong chemometric technique for classification of authentic sesame oils and the types of counterfeit sesame oil samples based on Raman spectra, and a total 100% correct classification rate of sesame oil could be achieved. The methods allowed the identified counterfeit sesame oil in commercial sesame oil samples, opening the door to further research into the counterfeit detection of other liquid foods. • A rapid detection method for counterfeit sesame oil based on Raman spectra was developed. • OPLS-DA was successfully applied for the selection of important variables from Raman spectra. • The model based on the selected variables by SIMCA yielded the perfect results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanitas Taiwanica is the property of National Taiwan University, Humanitas Taiwanica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was applied to study the elemental information of geological samples with the assistance of chemometric techniques. Samples of genuine Hetian Jade from Xijiang Province of China, counterfeit jade samples purchased at the neighborhood market, and granitoid samples from the same geographic location of genuine Hetian Jade were analyzed using INAA. The preliminary study indicates that INAA, with the help of principal component analysis (PCA), can be applied to obtain the multi-elemental concentrations of geological samples with high sensitivity, thereby effectively differentiating genuine Hetian Jade from counterfeit ones. • Hetian Jades have given high significance to Chinese civilizations and are expensive in par with diamonds. • Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) is a multi-elemental radioanalytical technique with high sensitivity and minimum possibility of chemical contamination. • INAA was applied to extract elemental information for determining the authenticity of Hetian Jade with the assistance of Principal Component Analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of legal regulations to address professional sports corruption in China. It explains that professional corruptions in China is the reflection of social corruption and the problem that exists in the birth and developments of professional sports which can be seen in game manipulation and athlete qualification forgery. It also cites that legal regulations should be intensified and sports law should be revised to perfect the anticorrupion system in the country.

• This study investigates the relationships between six identified dimensions of perceived risk and the overall risk, and also their explanatory power to the overall risk when purchasing counterfeit brands in two different contexts. Using a self-administered instrument, a total of 525 responses were collected, 230 from the UK and 295 from China. The results support the hypothesised significant interrelationship between the dimensions of perceived risk in both contexts. However there are some differences. The models have a different exploratory power, with the one based on the British sample being stronger, while a somewhat different combination of the risk dimensions seems to predict the overall risk in each context. The psychological risk is the only dimension of risk that with no doubt contributes to the formation of the overall risk in both contexts. Although one could argue that when purchasing counterfeits social risk could be an issue, the evidence reported in this study does not support the view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carl Nagin's recent query concerning the authenticity of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's recently acquired Chinese painting, "The Riverbank," attributed to the Five Dynasties (907-960) master, Dong Yuan, and donated by Francis Y. Tang in May, 1997 from the C. C. Wang family collection, has touched off a controversy. In his article for "The New Yorker" magazine (August 11, 1997), Nagin notes that this invaluable landscape painting, likened by C. C. Wang to Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa," should be considered a forgery, possibly executed by the late notorious Chinese artist, forger, and art dealer Zhang Daqian (1899-1983). In support of this argument, Nagin's article cites a critical evaluation given by James Cahill, a leading Chinese art historian at the University of California, Berkeley. Cahill's doubts about "The Riverbank" first surfaced in his "Index of Early Chinese Painters and Paintings" in 1980. Based on Cahill's article, Nagin claims that the scroll now hanging on display at the entrance of the Museum's Chinese-painting galleries cannot be accepted as a ten-century painting, because of its fuzzy brushwork, structural incoherence, and unreadability. It is instead a fake sold by Zhang Daqian to the New York connoisseur C. C. Wang in 1956, both of whom, Nagin stresses, have cooperated for decades in peddling forgeries into the United States.