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[Display omitted] • The Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary interval at Pingyin in South China records a deepwater euxinia. • Expanded deepwater euxinia occurred in the Nanhua Basin during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. • The expanded deepwater euxinia probably resulted in the extinction of Ediacaran fauna. Global anoxia of shallow seawater during the Ediacaran–Cambrian (EC) transition has been interpreted as being caused by the upwelling of H 2 S-bearing deep seawater. This hypothesis implies the possible widespread occurrence of H 2 S-rich deep seawater during the EC transition. However, due to a lack of detailed investigation of environmental information recorded across the EC boundary (ECB) at deep-water facies sections, the occurrence of widespread H 2 S-rich deep seawater in paleo-basins during the EC transition is uncertain. The Pingyin section in South China is a deep-water-facies section for which the position of the ECB has been constrained by high-precision zircon chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry U–Pb ages. Therefore, this section is a favourable site for obtaining information about deep seawater during the EC transition. In this paper, we present redox sensitive element (RSE) concentrations and Fe speciation of cherts from this section to study the redox condition of deep seawater recorded in the ECB at Pingyin. The results show dramatic differences of redox proxies in the cherts in the ECB from those underlying ones. The enrichment factors of U, V and Mo of the underlying samples are 2.08–6.89, 0.82–1.52 and 3.36–7.32, much lower than those of cherts in the ECB which are 16.52, 3.65 and 48.60, respectively. The underlying samples have Th/U ratios of 0.69–2.29, much higher than the cherts in the ECB with Th/U ratios of <0.30. The V/(V + Ni) ratios of most of the samples below the ECB are <0.84, whereas those of the samples at the ECB are >0.84. The Ce/Ce* values of the chert samples show an upward-decreasing trend below the ECB, but change to an increasing tendency immediately above the boundary. Almost all of the chert samples from the topmost Liuchapo Formation have Fe HR /Fe T ratios of >0.38. The Fe PY /Fe HR ratios of the samples underlying the ECB are lower than 0.80, whereas those of the samples around the ECB are higher than 0.80. These various indicators show that the ECB at Pingyin records an ancient deep-water redox turnover from anoxic ferruginous to sulphidic conditions. Combining the new findings with previous data, we conclude that the ECB in South China records the extensification of euxinia in deep water of the investigated paleo-basin. This event, which may have been global in extent, could have had a profound influence on early marine life and was likely a major cause of Ediacaran faunal extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the increasingly serious ecological and environmental crisis, China has upgraded its national strategy from environmental protection to ecological civilization. China has carried out comprehensive publicity and education on ecological civilization. Many universities also arrange ecological civilization courses for students, or infuse ecological civilization into traditional courses. This paper investigates Chinese university students' ecological civilization cognition and behavior. Based on the 13404 questionnaires of 152 universities and using the multinomial logit regression model, the authors explored the relationship between Chinese university students' cognition and behavior. This paper divides the students' ecological civilization cognition into two parts, one being the common-sense cognition that comes from China's long-term public ecological and environmental education and the other one being the cognition of national ecological civilization strategy that comes from the recent intensive and comprehensive political publicity. This paper finds that university students with the latter cognition show a stronger willingness to implement ecological civilization behavior. This result reveals the role of China's political publicity on ecological civilization in terms of influencing its citizens' behavior, and provides inspiration for other countries to publicize environmental politics and promote public environmental protection via mass media. • The multinomial logit regression model is used to analyze the factors of ECB. • ECC is divided into common-sense and national strategy cognition. • China's political publicity has played a certain role in influencing ECB. • Courses involving ecological civilization knowledge can promote ECB. • Personal characteristics should be taken into account for educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides international new briefs for September 2011. The European Central Bank spread U.S. dollars throughout Europe's banking system. Southwestern China was struck by a severe drought that gave rise to doubt about the Chinese government's water transportation plans. The right to vote in Saudi Arabia will be extended to women in 2015.

The digital payments space saw vigorous investment activity during 2020 and there have been a plethora of announcements about account based Central Bank Digital Currencies. The cryptocurrency market can be roughly divided into two segments: traditional cryptocurrencies and fiat-backed digital currencies, including stablecoins and central bank digital currencies. 2021 may be the year we see the world's first sovereign digital currency. China's digital yuan or DCEP (short for Digital Currency/Electronic Payments) looks to be nearing completion. DCEP allows China to push forward into the digital era, while still retaining control over its financial instruments. The European Commission and European Central Bank are working together to investigate the policy, legal and technical questions emerging from a possible introduction of a digital euro. But creating a digital currency is actually the easy part. What is more important is how it is linked into the wider ecosystem to ensure the circulation of money and cash flows. Digital currencies are likely to have big implications for the role of central banks and retail lenders and could change the face of the entire financial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of digital currencies has drawn attention to the need for strict rules to protect consumers and prevent illegal activities. The article will give an overview of existing rules and regulations in terms of certain global perspectives (China, US, EU, etc.) relevant to digital currencies, in addition to setting appropriate models to deal with the difficulties and opportunities presented by this new technology. The report analyzes the regulation environment for digital currencies, weighing the benefits and inconveniences of the current legislation and highlighting the fields that require reform. The paper provides a framework for effective regulation of virtual currencies that incorporates innovation and risk management, protects the interests of all stakeholders and relies on the best global practices. Moreover, it will be carried out a detailed analysis of the differences between Centralized Digital Currency (CBDC) and Decentralized Digital Currency (Cryptocurrencies). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article offers information on various reports related to political science in Great Britain. Topics discussed blunders which are considered as one form of government failure or policy error, the leadership transition completed by the Communist Party of China in 2012, and the opposition of the dissident republicans in the peace process in Northern Ireland. Also mentioned are eurozone crisis, European Central Bank (ECB), and European Union (EU).

The UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight the role of debt sustainability in achieving sustainable development. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an international cooperation effort that is endorsed by over 150 countries and organizations. Given the alignment between BRI development goals and the SDGs, the issue of debt sustainability in BRI countries warrants attention. While existing studies focus on sovereign risk in debt sustainability, there is a lack of emphasis on currency risk, indicating a need for further investigation to mitigate risks and comprehensively evaluate debt stability. Using data from 142 countries, this study examines currency risk reduction in BRI countries by assessing currency competitiveness. We find that the US dollar (USD) is the most competitive currency among BRI countries, followed by the Euro (EUR), Chinese yuan (CNY), sterling pound (GBP), and Japanese yen (JPY). The USD maintains its competitive edge over time, making it the preferred choice, with the EUR as a less optimal option and the CNY showing potential. Geographically, the EUR's close ties with BRI countries lend it prominence, followed by the USD, with the CNY gaining traction. GBP and JPY are considered conservative choices. Recommendations for currency selection vary based on countries' competitiveness, bilateral relationships, and development status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the occurrence of the global financial crisis in 2008, the U.S. unconventional monetary policy affected the Chinese market. Based on a monthly data sample from 2008M1 to 2015M12, in this paper we identify U.S. and Chinese monetary policy shocks by using a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model with multi-external instrumental variables along with principal component analysis (PCA) combined with high-frequency financial market data. The empirical results show that the unconventional monetary policies had a negative effect on China's inflation and output due to the signal effect, and China's stock and commodity markets increased in the short term. During the same period, China's monetary policy had a greater impact on the domestic economy and financial markets. The conclusion of this paper provides a significant reference for relevant departments to make decisions amidst the new wave of unconventional U.S. monetary policies due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining the stability of the financial system is of great significance to a country's economic security, and accurate measurement of systemic financial risks is the basic premise. This paper selects nine important factor index data in China's five markets, uses the credit weight method and extreme value method to construct a time-sensitive China financial stress index. It is concluded that the change of the financial stress index precedes the change of the economic development trend, which proves the guiding significance of constructing the stress index to economic development. Finally, reasonable suggestions were put forward to relevant departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the present paper is study the level and dynamics of foreign direct investments (FDIs) in Poland and China as countries that have been growing at completely different rates in the last 11 years. This is largely the effect of different transformation variants implemented by both countries in the second half of the XX century. In order to evaluate a given economy’s ability to export capital abroad and to absorb capital imported from other countries, it is especially important to analyse the investment balance in terms of inflow to the country and outflow abroad. Methodology: The review of source materials and literature as well as statistical and comparative analysis methods were used in the paper. The base for analysis included documents published by the National Bank of Poland (NBP), Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China (MOFCOM), OECD and World Bank statistics. Findings: Taking into account the differences between Poland and China in terms of the GDP and FDI dynamics, the following research questions were asked: - do the GDP dynamics correspond to the dynamics of investment in the form of foreign direct investments (FDIs) in both of the aforementioned countries? - if the investment balance classifies Poland as a capital importer and China as a capital exporter, then how did this classification change in 2010-2021? - did the pandemic affect the investment dynamics in 2020? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borders and mobilities have played key roles in the transformations of capitalism that have accompanied the COVID-19 pandemic. We attempt to distinguish novel developments in the control of movements of bodies, labour, and capital from processes of renationalisation, financialisation, and platformisation that were in train before the outbreak. Focusing on logistical techniques and technologies that govern the global circulation of people and things, this article explores the spatial shifts and ruptures that have marked the capitalist crisis occasioned by the pandemic. We give empirical attention to movements and struggles of migration in China, India, the Americas, and the Mediterranean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs Bayesian vector autoregressive method to investigate spillover effects from China's monetary policy to Asian economies through the exchange rate, domestic demand, and financial channels. The domestic demand channel plays dominant role to the transmission of China's monetary spillover. While the weak impact of the exchange rate channel could be explained by the positive correlated response of Asian currencies to renminbi shock, the limited influence of the financial channel is due to low financial development and high restrictions on capital flows of China. We suggest Asian authorities should reduce the export reliance on China and prepare macro-prudential instruments to minimize their economies' vulnerability to foreign shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article relies on an original institutional economics perspective of the international monetary system to argue that contrary to what is generally maintained in international relations literature, China's effort to internationalize the renminbi has not stalled after its inclusion in the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) Special Drawing Rights in 2015. This argument rests upon on the evaluation of the global petroleum market as a possible reinforcement of China's establishment of the renminbi as an international unit of account and means of payment through its participation in both fossil and renewable energy markets. To that end, we analyze China's energy-yuan strategy aimed at both fostering renminbi internationalization and securing energy provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using daily data since 2017, we disentangle China-specific structural shocks driving Chinese financial markets and examine spillovers across global markets. The novelty of this paper consists of simultaneously identifying China shocks with shocks emanating from the United States and shocks to global risk sentiment - two major forces driving global financial markets - to ensure that China spillover estimates do not reflect common factors. Our results show that shocks originating in China have material impacts on global equity markets, although spillovers are much smaller than those following shocks in the United States, or those triggered by shifts in global risk sentiment. By contrast, shocks from China account for a significant proportion of variation in global commodity prices, more on a par with those of the United States. Nevertheless, spillovers from China can be significantly amplified in an environment of heightened global volatility, or when the shocks are large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]