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The key scientific problem to be solved in this paper is the optimal development and utilization model and the economic evaluation model of China's land-phase shale oil and gas resources, and the purpose of the research is to promote the large-scale commercial development and utilization of China's shale oil and gas resources, and to safeguard China's oil and gas energy security and the sustainable development of the economy. The article proposes to adopt the small surface element volume method (oil content rate method) to evaluate the pure shale oil resources, adopt the Cobb–Douglas production function model as the optimization model to measure the boundary production capacity of shale oil and gas, construct the optimal development and utilization model for shale oil and gas resources considering the five first-level safeguard indexes, namely, science and technology (A), capital (K), talents (L), reserves (S) and ecological environment (E), and establish the basic constraint model for the optimal development and utilization of shale oil and gas resources. The basic constraint model, as well as the evaluation model of economic coefficients for the development and utilization of shale oil and gas resources were established. The pure shale oil resources are mainly calculated based on the movable oil content of shale. In the paper, the S1 of normal pyrolysis (300 °C) is regarded as movable oil, and the sum of S1 and evaporated hydrocarbon (light hydrocarbon) loss is the movable oil content of shale. The integrated geological-physical exploration-engineering comprehensive evaluation of China's land-phase shale oil-rich and high-yielding "sweet spot" is an important prerequisite for the realization of shale oil and gas resources to build production scale and effective development, and the least-squares method is used to estimate the average production function, the distance to the maximum value of the residuals, and the boundary capacity production function. The average production function and residual maximum distance are estimated by the least squares method, and the production function of the boundary capacity is derived, and the quotient of the boundary capacity and the actual capacity is calculated to get the capacity utilization rate, which can be used to analyze the potential of future shale oil and gas growth. The development of shale oil and gas resources in a target block requires comprehensive consideration of the first-level guarantee indicators such as science and technology (A), capital (K), talents (L), reserves (S) and ecological environment (E), as well as more than 10 s-level indicators and a number of third-level indicators, in order to ensure that the oil companies maximize their profits by organizing the development and production. The economic coefficient can be expressed as the ratio of economically recoverable resources to geological reserves. The larger the economic coefficient for the development and utilization of shale oil and gas resources is, the better the economy of the area is, and the larger the proportion of shale oil and gas resources that can be exploited. There is little special literature on the optimal development and utilization model of shale oil and gas resources and energy security among many research results at home and abroad. The evaluation of pure shale oil using the small surface element volume method (oil content rate method) and the construction of the boundary capacity calculation model, the optimal development of the basic constraints model and the economic evaluation model that we have determined, although they can not yet fully cover all the links and factors related to the development and utilization of shale oil and gas resources, are not yet fully covered by our research work. However, our research work has given the model more geological and economic theoretical connotations, and provided an economic basis and technical reference for the large-scale and commercial development and utilization of shale oil and gas resources as an effective alternative to oil imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Esophageal carcinoma is a type of cancer that occurs in the esophagus. For patients with locally advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who have either experienced disease progression following first-line standard chemotherapy or are intolerant to it, the prognosis is typically poor. Additionally, these patients often bear a substantial economic burden during the course of their treatment. Tislelizumab is a selective PD-1 inhibitor with efficacy proven in locally advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of tislelizumab versus camrelizumab as the second-line treatment in locally advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients in China. Methods: From the perspective of China's healthcare system, the partitioned survival model with three health states was established in a 3-week cycle and a lifetime horizon. Anchored matching adjusted indirect comparison was used for survival analyses based on individual patient data from RATIONALE 302 trial and the published ESCORT study due to the lack of head-to-head clinical trials. Only direct medical costs were included. Costs and utility values were derived from local charges, the published literature, and related databases. Sensitivity analyses and a scenario analysis were also performed to verify the robustness of the model results. Results: Compared with camrelizumab monotherapy, tislelizumab monotherapy incurred a lower lifetime cost ($8,346 vs. $8,851) and yielded higher quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) (0.87 vs. 0.63), which resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of -$2,051/QALY. Tislelizumab monotherapy is a dominant option over camrelizumab monotherapy in China. The three primary parameters upon which this result was most sensitive were the unit cost of camrelizumab, the unit cost of tislelizumab, and the duration of reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation (RCCEP). According to the probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA), tislelizumab monotherapy was 100% cost-effective when the WTP was 1–3 times GDP per capita in China($11,207/QALY∼$33,621/QALY). Scenario analysis showed that the result was consistent. Conclusion: Tislelizumab monotherapy is a dominant option compared with camrelizumab monotherapy as the second-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic ESCC in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has the largest number of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the world, but current levels of diagnosis and treatment are low. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of various universal HCV screening and treatment strategies in China and inform decisions on health policy. A cost-effectiveness analytical study. We developed a Markov model to investigate cost-effectiveness of different HCV screening and treatment strategies in China. We simulated several screening scenarios for Chinese people aged 18–70 years. We estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of different intervention scenarios compared with status quo. Expanded HCV screening and treatment strategy with prioritisation for high-risk groups (Scenario S5) was the most cost-effective strategy (ICER: USD $11,667.71/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] gained), which resulted in great reduction in HCV-related diseases and deaths, with a 67.11% reduction in cases of chronic HCV. Universal HCV screening and treatment implementation remains a cost-effective strategy when delayed until 2025 (ICER: USD $17,093.69/QALY), yet the delayed strategy is less effective in reducing HCV-related deaths. Expanded HCV screening and treatment strategy with prioritisation for high-risk groups is the most cost-effective strategy and has lead to a significant reduction in both HCV morbidity and mortality in China, which would essentially eliminate HCV as a public threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Telemedicine can alleviate the problems faced in rural settings in providing access to specialist stroke care. The evidence of the cost-effectiveness of this model of care outside high-income countries is limited. This study aimed to conduct: (a) a systematic review of economic evaluations of telestroke and (b) a cost–utility analysis of telestroke, using China as a case study. Methods: We systematically searched Embase, Medline Complete and Cochrane databases. Inclusion criteria: full economic evaluations of telemedicine/telestroke networks examining the use of thrombolysis in patients with acute ischaemic stroke, published in English. A cost–utility analysis was undertaken using a Markov model incorporating a decision tree to simulate the delivery of telestroke for acute ischaemic stroke in rural China, compared to no telestroke from a societal and healthcare perspective. One-way deterministic sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of results. Results: Of 559 publications found, eight met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review (two cost-effectiveness analyses and six cost–utility analyses, all performed in high-income countries). Telestroke was a cost-saving/cost-effective intervention in five out of the eight studies. In our modelled analysis for rural China, telestroke was the dominant strategy, with estimated cost savings of Chinese yuan 4,328 (US$627) and additional 0.0925 quality-adjusted life years per patient. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the base case results. Discussion: Consistent with published economic evaluations of telestroke in other jurisdictions, telestroke represents a cost-effective solution to enhance stroke care in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake is a key barrier to cervical cancer elimination. We aimed to evaluate the health impact and cost-effectiveness of introducing different HPV vaccines into immunization programs and scaling up the screening program in Guangdong. We used a dynamic compartmental model to estimate the impact of intervention strategies during 2023–2100. We implemented the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in costs per averted disability-adjusted life year (DALY) as an indicator to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. We used an age-standardized incidence of 4 cases per 100,000 women as the threshold for the elimination of cervical cancer. Compared with the status quo, scaling up cervical cancer screening coverage alone would prevent 215,000 (95% CI: 205,000 to 227,000) cervical cancer cases and 49,000 (95% CI: 48,000 to 52,000) deaths during 2023–2100. If the coverage of vaccination reached 90%, domestic two-dose 2vHPV vaccination would be more cost-effective than single-dose and two-dose 9vHPV vaccination. If Guangdong introduced domestic two-dose 2vHPV vaccination at 90% coverage for schoolgirls from 2023 and increased the screening coverage, cervical cancer would be eliminated by 2049 (95% CI 2047 to 2051). Introducing two doses of domestic 2vHPV vaccination for schoolgirls and expanding cervical cancer screening is estimated to be highly cost-effective to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer in Guangdong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc acts as an important cofactor in the body and is essential for normal functions. Several zinc interventions have been implemented worldwide to improve the public's zinc status, but limited studies have assessed their cost‐effectiveness. To help inform decision‐making on zinc interventions to maximize benefits within a fixed budget, we took China as an example and evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of three interventions, that is, supplementation, food fortification, and biofortification. As an essential group at high risk of zinc deficiency, children aged 5–14 years, who account for 10% of the Chinese population, were selected as the target group in this study. We constructed a decision‐analytic Markov model to determine the cost‐effectiveness of interventions in China under different scenarios. In our model, biofortification through conventional breeding was shown to be the most cost‐effective approach in most scenarios. Compared with other interventions, zinc supplementation gained fewer quality‐adjusted life years at a higher net cost, suggesting that this common approach may not be optimal for large‐scale, long‐term implementation at the national level. While the robustness of the results was further confirmed by the sensitivity analysis, more research is needed to assess the cost‐effectiveness of addressing zinc deficiency with other interventions. Further clinical trials are also expected to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc interventions in reducing pneumonia cases [EconLit Citations: I18, Q16, Q18]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The majority of patients with perinatal depression (PND) in China do not receive adequate treatment. As forming a therapeutic alliance with patients is crucial for depression treatment, shared decision-making (SDM) shows promise in promoting patients' uptake of evidence-based mental health services, but its impact on patient outcomes and implementation in real-world maternal care remain uncertain. Therefore, this study aims to develop and evaluate an interprofessional shared decision-making (IP-SDM) model for PND to enhance maternal mental health services. Methods: This study contains four research phases: feasibility testing (Phase 1), toolkit development (Phase 2), usability evaluation (Phase 3), and effectiveness evaluation (Phase 4). During the development stage, focus group interviews will be conducted with expectant and new mothers, as well as maternal care providers for feasibility testing. A toolkit, including a patient decision aid along with its user guide and training materials, will be developed based on the findings of Phase 1 and syntheses of up-to-date evidence and appraised by the Delphi method. Additionally, a cognitive task analysis will be used for assessing the usability of the toolkit. During the evaluation stage, a prospective randomized controlled trial embedded in a mixed methods design will be used to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the IP-SDM care model. The study targets to recruit 410 expectant and new mothers who screen positive for depression. They will be randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group in a 1:1 ratio. Participants in the intervention group will receive decision aid, decision coaching, and clinical consultation, in addition to usual services, while the control group will receive usual services. The primary outcome is the quality of decision-making process, and the secondary outcomes include SDM, mental health service utilization and costs, depressive symptoms, and health-related quality of life. In-depth interviews will be used to explore the facilitating and hindering factors of SDM. Discussion: This study will develop an IP-SDM care model for PND that can be implemented in maternal care settings in China. This study will contribute to the understanding of how SDM impacts mental health outcomes and facilitate the integration of mental health services into maternal care. Trial registration: ChiCTR2300072559. Registered on 16 June 2023. Contributions to the literature: This study aims to develop a culturally relevant and responsive IP-SDM care model for PND that can be implemented in maternal care settings in China. For instance, the IP-SDM model will involve family members in the decision-making process between patients and providers. This study will contribute to the understanding of how SDM impacts mental health outcomes. This study will not only investigate the effects of SDM on mental health outcomes but also explore the potential mechanisms underlying such impacts, using causal mediation analysis. Lastly, this study will conduct a randomized controlled trial design to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the care model, providing evidence for implementing SDM in clinical practice within the context of integrated mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic benefits and risk premiums significantly affect the production system decision making of farmers and government departments. This study evaluated the economic feasibility and estimated the risk premium of 12 rainfed soybean production systems with various planting densities, fertilization rates and planting patterns by considering the impact of soybean price fluctuation. There were two planting densities (D1: 160,000 plants ha−1 and D2: 320,000 plants ha−1), two fertilization rates (F1: 20 kg ha−1 N, 30 kg ha−1 P, 30 kg ha−1 K; F2: 40 kg ha−1 N, 60 kg ha−1 P, 60 kg ha−1 K) and three planting patterns (F+W0: flat cultivation with no irrigation; R+W0: plastic-mulched ridge-furrow cultivation (PMRF) with no irrigation; R+W1: PMRF with supplemental irrigation of 30 mm at the pod-filling stage). Based on the two-year (2019–2020) field data in a semi-humid drought-prone region of northwest China and soybean price fluctuation from January 2014 to June 2021, the net income (NI) was calculated by considering the impact of soybean price fluctuation and assuming constant soybean production costs. The net present value (NPV) method and the stochastic efficiency with respect to a function (SERF) method were used to evaluate the profitability of protective alternatives and the risk of these alternatives. The results showed that the 12 proposed soybean production systems were economically feasible. Reducing the fertilization rate reduced the input costs, but it did not necessarily result in a decrease in soybean yield and NI. The payback period of all production systems was within two years for farmers investing through loans. High-fertilizer and high-density production systems made personal investment obtain the highest economic benefit in this study, which was not the best investment strategy from the perspective of production-to-investment ratio and environmental protection departments. The preferences of farmers with various risk aversion and environmental protection departments in terms of risk premium were also proposed. The economic and risk assessment framework of this study can enhance the understanding of the adjustment of production systems from different perspectives, and provide strategies for promoting the protection of economic, environmental and socially sustainable agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zhejiang Electric Power is the property of Zhejiang Electric Power Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the Late Permian period, the coal from the Jiashun Mine in Xingren City, Guizhou Province, China, is characterized by a high sulfur (5.84%) and lithium (Li) (94.5 μg/g) content. Lithium is a critical metal in the context of global energy transition. Considering the importance of environmental protection and resource utilization, the mode of occurrence and distribution of trace elements in different coal preparation products were investigated. The obtained results indicated the following: (1) The minerals in Jiashun coal were mainly composed of veined and epigenetic pyrite, quartz, and kaolinite. Most of the minerals could be effectively removed from the cleaned coal through gravity separation. (2) The mode of occurrence of rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) in the coal was relatively complex, and they were mainly found in middlings from gravity separation and in flotation tailings. (3) The mode of occurrence of the trace elements in the coal significantly influenced their removal rate. The removal rate was significantly higher for trace elements removed through gravity separation compared to those removed using flotation. The trace elements mainly found in fine-grained minerals wrapped by organic matter or combined with organic portions had better removal results through flotation. The trace elements that occurred both in the minerals and organic matters had low removal rates (<25%) using two coal preparation methods. (4) Li was more enriched in the middlings from gravity separation (98 μg/g) and in flotation tailings (102 μg/g), reaching the marginal grade (80 μg/g) of Li in coal. (5) Li in Jiashun coal may be derived from intermediate-felsic rocks at the top of the Kangdian Upland and late hydrothermal solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Geology & Exploration is the property of Xian Research Institute of China Coal Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Secondary prevention of stroke is a leading challenge globally and only a few strategies have been tested to be effective in supporting stroke survivors. The system-integrated and technology-enabledmodel of care (SINEMA) intervention, a primary care-based and technology-enabled model of care, has been proven effective in strengthening the secondary prevention of stroke in rural China. The aimof this protocol is to outline themethods for the cost-effectiveness evaluation of the SINEMA intervention to better understand its potential economic benefits. Methods: The economic evaluation will be a nested study based on the SINEMA trial; a cluster-randomized controlled trial implemented in 50 villages in rural China. The effectiveness of the intervention will be estimated using quality-adjusted life years for the cost-utility analysis and reduction in systolic blood pressure for the cost-effectiveness analysis. Health resource and service use and program costs will be identified, measured, and valued at the individual level based on medication use, hospital visits, and inpatients' records. The economic evaluation will be conducted from the perspective of the healthcare system. Conclusion: The economic evaluation will be used to establish the value of the SINEMA intervention in the Chinese rural setting, which has great potential to be adapted and implemented in other resource-limited settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the health and economic impact of diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis vaccine (DTwP) and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) vaccination on pertussis prevention and control in China during the 40 years from 1978 to 2017. We conducted cost-benefit analyses with a decision tree model populated with historical vaccination coverage levels and pertussis incidence and mortality data from before 1978 and during 1978 to 2017. We modeled 40 birth cohorts from birth until death. Costs and benefits were estimated from direct cost and societal perspectives (direct and indirect costs). Costs and benefits were adjusted to 2017 US dollars (USD), and future values were discounted at a 3% annual rate. We calculated net benefit values (net savings) and benefit-cost ratios of pertussis vaccination of children younger than 5 years. We conducted sensitivity analyses by varying key parameters within plausible ranges. Without DTwP and DTaP vaccination, there would be an estimated 115.76 million pertussis cases and 426 650 pertussis deaths in the 40 cohorts. With DTwP/DTaP vaccination, pertussis cases and deaths were decreased by an estimated 92.57% and 97.43%, saving 46 987.81 million USD in direct costs and 82 013.37 million USD from societal perspective. Pertussis vaccination program costs were 2168.76 million USD and 3961.28 million USD from direct cost and societal perspectives. Benefit-cost ratios were 21.67:1 from the direct cost perspective and 20.70:1 from the societal perspective. Sensitivity analyses showed the results to be robust. Over the lifetime of 40 birth cohorts, China's immunization program is preventing 93% of pertussis cases and 97% of pertussis deaths, resulting in substantial savings to the healthcare system and society. • This study aimed to evaluate the economic impact of diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis vaccine and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine vaccination for children on the prevention of pertussis in China's 40-year immunization program. • Without the implementation of the pertussis immunization program in China, the model estimated 115.76 million pertussis cases and 426 650 deaths in the 40 newborn cohorts. • In the presence of the program, the number of cases and deaths of pertussis would decrease by 92.57% and 97.43%, respectively, and USD 46 987.81 million and USD 82 013.37 million would be averted from direct cost and societal perspective, respectively. • The benefit-cost ratios for preventing pertussis were 21.67:1 from the direct cost perspective and 20.70:1 from the societal perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the financial performance of the first group of nine infrastructure real estate investment trusts (REITs) that went public in mainland China in June 2021. Under the short-term event study framework, this research compares the abnormal returns and correlations of nine Chinese REITs with three groups of competitors (i.e., 49 quasi-REITs, 54 infrastructure asset-backed securities (ABSs), and 132 Wind utility firms). Three approaches are used to evaluate the performance of REITs: Risk-return indicators (e.g., Sharpe ratios and Jensen's alphas) and raw returns measure the preliminary results, and panel data analyses capture the relative advantages of REITs over their competitors within the infrastructure industry. REITs are small-cap firms with the largest Sharpe ratios and greater diversification potential than the ABSs. Despite beating the market, they did not start to trade with a premium until the first month after their initial public offerings (IPOs). Post-event annualized abnormal returns are more than 15% against the ABSs and close to zero against Wind utility firms after controlling for key financial variables, and three mechanisms behind the REIT IPOs (i.e., asset type, taxation, and liquidity) are verified. Therefore, REITs outperform quasi-REITs and infrastructure ABSs as well as the market proxies, and their launch brought out favorable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen energy is increasingly incorporated into long-distance transportation systems. Whether the coupled hydrogen-based transportation system can achieve a sustainable business operation mode requires quantification of environmental and economic performance by a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. This study proposes a cost-based life cycle assessment method to evaluate the environmental and economic benefits of hydrogen-based long-distance transportation systems. The innovative cost assessment method introduces internal and external economic costs to conduct a multi-scenario assessment. According to the key factors of mileage, government subsidies and hydrogen fuel prices, this research identifies the key cost component of the hydrogen-based transportation system in China by using a multilevel comparison with cell-driven and oil-fueled vehicles. The results show that hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles are competitive in terms of both fuel costs and environmental costs. As hydrogen costs are expected to be gradually reduced by 43% in the future, hydrogen logistics vehicles and heavy trucks are expected to have better life-cycle economics than other energy vehicles by approximately 2030. Hydrogen buses will outperform other vehicles by approximately 2033, while hydrogen passenger cars will have a reduced life-cycle cost per kilometre within 0.1 CHY/km compared to other vehicles by approximately 2035. Ultimately, fuel consumption, average annual mileage, and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle policy are three factors that have greater impacts. Policy implications are put forward to implement optimal investment plan for hydrogen transportation systems. [Display omitted] • A cost-based life cycle method to evaluate the hydrogen transportation systems. • The cost assessment method introduces internal and external economic costs. • Environmental factors are monetized by governance costs. • FCEVs is more economically competitive in the commercial vehicle sector. • FCEVs and BEVs have correlation dependence in the field of passenger cars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar to many energy projects, the evaluation of investments in natural gas projects is influenced by technical and economic uncertainties. These uncertainties include natural resource characteristics, production, decline laws, prices, taxes, benchmark yield, and so on. In China, conventional natural gas is still the dominant energy source. The investors are mainly large state-owned energy companies. Therefore, it is necessary to include the technical and economic uncertainties, as well as the investment decision and optimization problems of the enterprises in a unified analytical framework. To this end, this paper innovatively constructs such a framework. Using numerical simulations of approaches, the process of investment decision optimization by companies based on technology assessment and price forecasting is visualized in detail. The results suggest that the investment decision of the enterprise needs to consider technical and economic uncertainties in an integrated manner. It also needs to combine the business strategy and social responsibility of the enterprise in order to construct the objective function. With the availability of data, the framework and its algorithms can be used for practical evaluation of investment plans and decision supports for conventional natural gas projects. The framework can also integrate the analytical perspective of the macroeconomic and political environment to bring in a more comprehensive range of uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• The regional applicability of triangular solar air collector is analyzed. • The thermal efficiency of the optimal collector is increased by 5.6%. • A novel optical model for non-concentrating solar collector is proposed. • Two kinds of optical efficiency are defined and compared. • The economy and carbon emissions of the whole life cycle are calculated. Improving the applicability of solar air collectors in different climatic regions is important for its popularization. In this study, a novel triangular solar air collector (TSAC) was proposed. The insulation material (TSAC_1), transparent cover plate (TSAC_2) or double transparent cover plate (TSAC_3) could be fitted on the side of TSAC to adapt to different climates. The optical model and heat transfer model of the TSACs were established and verified. Two optical efficiencies were defined and the optical properties of three TSACs were compared. The effect of environment temperature, global solar radiation, solar azimuth angle and insulation material absorption on the thermal performance of TSACs were analyzed. Based on meteorological parameters of eight cities in different climate and solar energy distribution regions, the applicability of TSACs was compared, and their life-cycle economics and CO 2 emission reduction capacity were assessed. Results indicate that the TSAC_2 has the highest optical efficiency, and 15.2 % higher than that of TSAC_1. Three TSACs are suitable for different climatic regions, the average thermal efficiency of the optimal TSAC applied to the eight cities is 47.3 % during the heating period, which is 5.6 % higher than that of the single TSAC_1. TSACs have good economics in all climate regions, and the average net CO 2 emission reduction of whole life cycle is 3230.3 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the photovoltaic (PV) systems of rural buildings have been demonstratively applied in severe cold areas of China. However, the lack of power generation performance and economic evaluation results is not conducive to the PV promotion. This study innovatively presented the performance and economic evaluation of the grid-connected rural building applied PV (BAPV) system in Hailar, China from the predicted and measured data. The measured monthly PV outputs were counted and analyzed from the year 2020 to 2021. The ambient temperature, solar radiation and predicted output were obtained by the software of PVSYST. The performance ratio (PR), efficiency and loss were investigated, and their relationship with temperature and sunshine was analyzed. According to the measured data and theoretical calculation, the payback periods and profits were calculated. The results indicate that the measured output yields are 14,123.70 kWh in 2020 and 13,265.10 kWh in 2021, which are 6.05%~11.76% lower than the predicted value due to snow cover in the cold months. The monthly predicted array output is about 3.4% higher than the energy output. The array capture loss (LC) is 14.99–34.80 kWh and the system loss (LS) is 29.6–5.81 kWh. The PR is 83.30%-99.80%. The average system efficiency and array efficiency are 16.15% and 15.62%. The lower PR and efficiency are caused by the high temperature. The measured and theoretical payback periods are 6.7 and 5.6 years, respectively. The theoretical annual rate of income is 4828.15 Chinese yuan (CNY). These results provide an important reference for the promotion of rural residential BAPV in severe cold areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the reporting quality of published economic evaluations of the negotiated oncology drugs listed for China's 2020 National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL).Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted to identify economic evaluation studies of negotiated oncology drugs listed in China's 2020 NRDL using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, SinoMed, and WanFang Database up to March 31, 2021. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist scored the reporting quality between 0 and 100. A linear regression analysis was employed to examine the influence of various characteristics on the reporting quality scores.Results: Eighty papers were included in the study, with the majority published during the past decade. Furthermore, more than half of the articles (57.5%, or 46 out of 80) were written in English. The average CHEERS score was 74.63 ± 12.75 and ranged from 43.48 to 93.75. The most inadequately reported items included choice of model, characterization of heterogeneity, and discussion, as well as currency, price date and conversion. Higher scores were associated with articles published from 2019 to 2021 and English publications.Conclusion: The economic evaluation studies of negotiated oncology drugs listed in 2020 NRDL had moderate reporting quality. The Chinese economic evaluation publications could improve the reporting quality if the CHEERS checklist is consistently implemented. Also, the Chinese journals maybe explore introducing a reporting standard for economic evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely acknowledged that the 10-year World Bank Loan Project (WBLP) on schistosomiasis control in the People's Republic of China played an important role in raising the public and political profile of schistosomiasis, particularly regarding its prevention, control, and elimination. The WBLP adopted large-scale administration of praziquantel as the main control measure. At the end of the 10-year project in 2001, data from high-, medium-, and low-endemic areas suggested that the infection rates of both humans and domestic animals had fallen to the expected levels. However, major floods in the Yangtze River basin, coupled with reduced funding for schistosomiasis control, resulted in a rebound of the disease in endemic areas. Since 2005, a steady decline in infection rates was observed and it was hypothesized that the experiences and technological advances accumulated during the WBLP played a role. Nonetheless, relatively little is known about the long-term effects of the WBLP on schistosomiasis, particularly management mechanisms, technological innovations, epidemiological changes, and long-term economic impact. To fill these gaps, we systematically searched the literature for articles in English and Chinese on the WBLP on schistosomiasis from 1 January 1992 to 30 July 2022. Relevant studies were analyzed for short-, mid-, and long-term epidemiological and economic effects of the WBLP on schistosomiasis prevention, control, and elimination. Overall, 81 articles met our inclusion criteria, of which 17 were related to management mechanism reform, 20 pertained to technological innovation, and 44 examined epidemiological changes and economic effects. Most papers documented the WBLP as a positive contribution to schistosomiasis prevention and control in the People's Republic of China. Regarding the long-term effects, there was a significant contribution to the national schistosomiasis control and elimination programme in terms of renewed management mechanisms, talent development, and technological innovation. In conclusion, the WBLP contributed to enhanced control of schistosomiasis and shaped the ultimate response towards schistosomiasis elimination in the People's Republic of China. Experiences and lessons learned might guide schistosomiasis control and elimination elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meningococcal vaccination strategies in China are intricate, including multiple vaccines targeting different serogroups. The current National Immunization Program (NIP) includes two polysaccharide vaccines for serogroups A and C (MPV-A and MPV-AC), covering limited serogroups and requiring adaptation. This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of replacing the current strategy with alternative strategies utilizing non-NIP vaccines to inform policy decisions. From a societal perspective, a decision tree-Markov model was constructed to simulate the economic and health consequences of meningococcal disease in a 2019 birth cohort with four vaccination strategies. Epidemiology, vaccine efficacy, cost, and other parameters were derived from previous studies. We conducted sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the findings and explored prices for non-NIP vaccines that enable cost-effective strategies. Compared to the current strategy, alternative strategies using quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine (MPV-4), bivalent conjugate vaccine (MCV-AC), and quadrivalent conjugate vaccine (MCV-4) could avoid 91, 286, and 455 more meningococcal cases. The ICERs were estimated at approximately $250 thousand/QALY, $450 thousand/QALY, and $1.5 million/QALY, all exceeding the threshold of three times GDP per capita. The alternative strategies were not cost-effective. However, if vaccine prices were reduced to $3.9 for MPV-4, $9.9 for MCV-AC, and $12 for MCV-4, the corresponding strategy would be cost-effective. The current meningococcal vaccination strategy in China could effectively prevent the disease at a low cost, but with limited serogroup coverage. Strategies using MPV-4, MCV-AC, or MCV-4 could increase health benefits at a substantial cost, and might become cost-effective if vaccine prices decrease.

Background: Poor adherence to chronic cardiovascular treatments can impede targeted clinical outcomes. This study estimates the potential benefits of improving adherence among patients with cardiovascular disease requiring secondary prevention in Mexico, Thailand, and China., Methods and Results: We performed Markov model simulation for patients with cardiovascular disease in 3 countries from health care and societal perspectives over a lifetime horizon. Two scenarios were compared: (1) optimal adherence based on a meta-analysis of 51 randomized controlled trials and (2) status quo. The association between adherence and cardiovascular disease outcomes derives from a dose-response meta-analysis of 4 051 338 patients. Outcomes include the accumulated number of cardiovascular events and associated costs in 2022 US dollars, life years, and quality-adjusted life years. Optimal adherence could prevent 42 (95% credible interval [CrI], 29-56) cardiovascular events in Mexico, 34 (95% CrI, 24-50) in Thailand, and 63 (95% CrI, 43-89) in China per 1000 patients over a lifetime. Incremental effectiveness per patient was 0.60 (95% CrI, 0.47-0.74) life-years in Mexico, 0.68 (95% CrI, 0.37-0.94) quality-adjusted life years in Thailand, and 0.93 (95% CrI, 0.44-1.27) quality-adjusted life years in China. Cost savings from societal perspective amounted to $412 (95% CrI, $211-$723), $316 (95% CrI, $187-$541), and $700 (95% CrI, $355-$1144) per patient for Mexico, Thailand, and China, respectively. Findings remained cost saving in deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses., Conclusions: Achieving optimal adherence in patients with cardiovascular disease requiring lipid-lowering therapy saves costs and improves health outcomes in Mexico, Thailand, and China. These findings support national health care systems implementing strategies to improve adherence in these countries.

Background and purpose: The TASTE trial indicated that patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) using edaravone dexborneol have a significantly higher proportion of 90-day good functional outcomes (mRS 0–1) than those using edaravone. This study compared the cost-effectiveness of the aforementioned interventions in treating AIS in the Chinese setting, aiming to inform treatment decisions in clinical practice. Methods: A model combining a decision tree and a Markov model was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of edaravone dexborneol versus edaravone for AIS over a 30-year time horizon from the Chinese healthcare system’s perspective. Both efficacy and safety data were extracted from the TASTE study. Local costs and utilities were derived from publications and openaccess databases; both cost and effectiveness were discounted at a rate of 5% per year. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure robustness and identify the main drivers of the result. Results: Compared with edaravone, edaravone dexborneol for AIS was found to be cost-effective in the first year and highly cost-effective as the study time horizons extended. In the long term (30 years), edaravone dexborneol yielded a lifetime gain of 0.25 (0.07–0.45) quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) at an additional cost of CNY 2201.07 (-3,445.24–6,637.23), yielding an ICER of CNY 8823.41 per QALY gained under the willingness-to-pay (WTP) of 1.5 times per capita GDP (121,464 CNY). The result is robust in both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) methods, with the advantage of the edaravone dexborneol strategy increasing over time. Specifically, the probability of edaravone dexborneol dominant dexborneol is 76.30%, 98.90%, and 99.50% over 1-, 5-, and 30-year time horizons. Conclusion: Both short- and long-term economic analyses suggest that edaravone dexborneol is highly likely to be a cost-effective alternative to treat AIS compared with edaravone in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is highly prevalent among adults in rural China and better management of those populations is of vital importance for viral hepatitis elimination. Adult immunization has been the subject of much controversy in previous studies. This study estimates the cost-effectiveness of population-based hepatitis B screening, treatment, and immunization strategy (comprehensive strategy) in rural areas with high prevalence under the national policy of sharp-drop drug prices. Methods: We constructed a Markov model comparing 4 strategies in a 30-year horizon from the healthcare payer perspective: (1) the conventional pattern; (2) screening and treating infected (treatment); (3) screening and immunizing susceptible individuals (immunization); and (4) the comprehensive strategy. Screening intensity ranged from 50% to 100%. Outcomes were measured by costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), and clinical outcomes. Results: The costs for the conventional pattern, treatment strategy, immunization strategy, and comprehensive strategy were US$ 341, 351, 318, and 323, respectively. In addition, effects were 17.45, 17.57, 17.46, and 17.58 QALYs, respectively. The ICER of the comprehensive strategy was US$ 35/QALY gained at 50% screening intensity and 420 US$/QALY gained at 100%. The net monetary benefit increased with increasing screening intensity and declined after 90%, with the highest value of US$40 693. All new infections and 52.5% mortality could be avoided from 2020 to 2049 if all patients were properly treated and all susceptible individuals were immunized. The results were stable within a wide range of parameters. Conclusion: It was cost-effective to implement the mass hepatitis B screening, treatment, and immunization strategy in areas of rural China with high prevalence, and the strategy gained the most net monetary benefit at a screening intensity of 90%. Although it was impractical to fulfill 100% coverage, efforts should be made to obtain more people screened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Pharmacoeconomics evaluation (PE) is increasingly used in the healthcare decision-making process in China. Little is known about PE conducted in Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs). We aimed to systematically review trends, characteristics, and quality of PE of CHMS. Methods: We systematically searched both Chinese (CNKI, WanFang, and VIP) and English (Pubmed) databases. Studies were included if they were PE studies comparing both costs and outcomes between two or more interventions published in Chinese or English. Assessment of the quality of studies was conducted using the Quality of Health Economic Analyses (QHES) instrument. T -test and Chi-square tests were used to compare the studies before and after the first edition of China Guidelines for PE published in 2011, and between studies published in Chinese and English. Results: A total of 201 articles were included. There was an increasing trend of PE studies on CHMs during the study period. The top three studied diseases were central nervous system (CNS), mental, and behavioral disorders; cardiovascular diseases; and blood, immune and endocrine diseases. The average QHES score for the included studies was 63.37. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) accounted for the majority (76.6%) of the included studies. Only a quarter of the articles (27.4%) were funded, and there were significantly more studies funded after the publication of China guidelines for PE. About 96.5% of studies did not specify evaluation perspectives and 89.6% of studies had a sample size of less than 300. Around half of the studies (55%) used incremental analysis, but only a few of them considered using a threshold. Half of the studies lacked sensitivity analysis. There was no significant improvement in the quality of studies published after the publication of China Guidelines for PE , and English articles had significantly higher quality than Chinese articles. Conclusion: This study identified several problems in PE studies on CHMs, including having small sample sizes, lacking necessary research elements, and using single evaluation methods. The quality of PE studies on CHMs was not sufficient. Researchers need to understand the standardized way to conduct PE studies and improve the quality and level of PE studies on CHMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is taking initiative in energy transition to cope with the long-term controversy of its enormous energy consumption, aiming to use less carbon. Wind power, especially offshore wind energy, has become a prevailing alternative due to its low carbon emissions, renewability, competitiveness, and operation security. The layout of a transmission channel is a key consideration in marine project implementation. This paper investigates the technical characteristics, application status, and viable advantages of a conventional AC transmission, voltage source converter-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission, gas-insulated line (GIL) transmission, and hybrid HVDC transmission. A component-resolved evaluation model was proposed to estimate the costs to be incurred of four electrical transmission options for offshore wind power along the coast of Eastern China, with technical feasibility and economical considerations. Cost comparisons and component sensitivity analyses were developed with different transmission distances and capacities. Results suggest HVAC transmission and VSC-HVDC are the preferable solutions for present offshore wind farm development in Eastern China, and the economic potential of the hybrid HVDC makes it feasible for future deployment. Some conclusions can be applied in disparate regions across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Liver disease has high prevalence, number, and disease burden in China, and polyene phosphatidyl choline (PPC) is a widely used liver protective drug. We aim to explore the effectiveness and economy of PPC in patients with liver diseases based on real-world research and compare with other hepatoprotective drugs. Methods: This is a "three-phase" study from three medical centers, including descriptive study of patients using PPC injection, self-control case study of patients using PPC injection, and specific-disease cohort study of patients using PPC injection or control drugs. The major measurements of liver function for effectiveness analysis were the alanine transaminase (ALT) level changes and recovery rate. The main statistical methods were Wilcoxon signed rank test, χ 2 test, and Mann–Whitney U test. Propensity score matching was applied to reduce bias. Cost-effectiveness analysis, cost minimization analysis, and sensitivity analysis were used for economic evaluation. Results: PPC alone or in combination with glutathione and magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate shows less total hospitalization cost (p < 0.05) and smaller cost-effectiveness ratio and was effective in protecting liver function, especially in patients with liver transplantation or postoperation of nontumor liver disease (ALT decreased significantly after PPC treatment; p < 0.05). Glutathione and magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate combined with PPC could enhance the protective function of liver. Conclusion: PPC was an effective and economic liver protective drug in patients with specific liver diseases, and PPC could enhance the liver protective function of glutathione and magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effectiveness of Sacituzumab Govitecan (SG) for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) has been demonstrated. We aimed to evaluate its cost-effectiveness on mTNBC from the Chinese and United States (US) perspective. Methods: A partitioned survival model was developed to compare the cost and effectiveness of SG versus single-agent chemotherapy based on clinical data from the ASCENT phase 3 randomized trial. Cost and utility data were obtained from the literature. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was measured, and one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were performed to observe model stability. A Markov model was constructed to validate the results. Results: In China, SG yielded an additional 0.35 quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) at an additional cost of Chinese Renminbi ¥2257842. The ICER was ¥6375856 ($924037)/QALY. In the US, SG yielded the same additional QALY at an extra cost of $175393 and the ICER was $494479/QALY. Similar results were obtained from the Markov model. One-way sensitivity analyses showed that SG price had the greatest impact on the ICER. PSA showed the probability of SG to be cost-effective when compared with chemotherapy was zero at the current willing-to-pay threshold of ¥217341/QALY and $150000/QALY in China and the US, respectively. The probability of cost-effectiveness of SG would approximate 50% if its price was reduced to ¥10.44/mg in China and $3.65/mg in the US. Conclusion: SG is unlikely to be a cost-effective treatment of mTNBC at the current price both in China and the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This meta‐analysis was performed to compare the safety, efficacy, and pharmacoeconomic of bivalirudin versus heparin in high‐risk patients for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Earlier meta‐analysis comparing bivalirudin and heparin during PCI demonstrated that bivalirudin caused less bleeding with more stent thrombosis. However, little data were available on the safety of bivalirudin versus heparin in high‐risk patients for PCI. Thus, we performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety in the "high‐risk" patients. A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted up to July 30, 2020. The Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool was used to assess the quality of included studies. The primary outcomes were all‐cause death and major adverse cardiac events (MACE); secondary outcomes were major and minor bleeding, followed by a cost‐minimization analysis comparing bivalirudin and heparin using a local drug and medical costs reported in China. Subgroup analysis was based on the type of disease of the high‐risk population. Finally, a total of 10 randomized controlled trials involved 42,699 patients were collected. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was employed to appraise the research quality. No significant difference was noted between bivalirudin and heparin regarding all‐cause death and MACE. However, subgroup analysis showed that bivalirudin caused less major bleeding in female (OR:0.65, 95% CI:0.53–0.79), diabetes (OR:0.55, 95%CI:0.42–0.73), and CKD (OR:0.59, 95%CI:0.63–1.65). The scatterers of the included literature were approximately symmetrical, and no research was outside the funnel plot. Additionally, cost‐minimization analysis showed that heparin was likely to represent a cost‐effective option compared with bivalirudin in China, with potential savings of 2129.53 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per patient for one PCI. Overall, the meta‐analysis showed that although bivalirudin appeared to have a lower risk of major bleeding rate, the overall effectiveness and safety between the two groups showed no significant difference in high‐risk patients for PCI. But the results of the cost‐minimization analysis showed that heparin could be a potential cost‐saving drug than bivalirudin in patients for PCI in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Since the economy of the energy storage system (ESS) participating in power grid ancillary services is greatly affected by electricity price factors, a flexible control method of the ESS participating in grid ancillary services based on electricity price forecasting is proposed in this paper, and the economic evaluation of the ESS participating in ancillary services is realized by the net present value (NPV) method. To improve the accuracy, the Markov chain is adopted to correct the predicted electricity price value obtained by the combination of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and back propagation (BP) neural network according to the systematic errors in the modelling process. Based on the compatibility of each ancillary service, taking the maximum revenue of the system as the objective function, a flexible control model of the ESS participating in ancillary services based on electricity price forecasting is established, and the YALIMP+CPLEX software toolbox in MATLAB is adopted to solve the problem of electricity price forecasting, and the capacity division of the ESS under the ancillary service application scenarios is realized. The NPV method is used to evaluate the economics of the ESS participating in ancillary services under this strategy. The simulation analysis of the actual operation data from a power grid in China validates the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results show the proposed method can provide theoretical support for the ESS participating in power grid ancillary service markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is an economic evaluation on the family-based Helicobacter pylori screen-and-treat strategy (FBHS) in China. This study aimed to compare the cost-effectiveness of the FBHS with the traditional H. pylori screen-and-treat strategy (TBHS)., Materials and Methods: A seven-state microsimulation model, including H. pylori infection and gastric cancer states, was constructed on the basis of the target family samples from 29 provinces in China. Taking a lifetime horizon from a healthcare system perspective, the long-term costs and health outcomes of the FBHS and TBHS screening strategies were simulated separately, and economic evaluations were performed. The model parameters were primarily derived from real-world data, published literature, and expert opinions. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) expressed as cost/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. One-way sensitivity analysis, probabilistic sensitivity analysis, and scenario analysis were performed to assess the uncertainty of the results., Results: The base-case analysis revealed that the average costs for FBHS and TBHS were 563.67 CNY and 574.08 CNY, respectively, with corresponding average QALYs of 14.83 and 14.79. The ICER for the comparison between the two strategies was -214.07, indicating that FBHS was an absolutely dominant strategy with better cost-effectiveness. The results of both one-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were robust. When taking into account the added benefit of the higher H. pylori eradication rate in FBHS, the average costs were further reduced, and the average QALYs were increased, solidifying its position as an unequivocally dominant strategy., Conclusion: The FBHS is an absolutely dominant and cost-effective strategy that enables an optimized allocation of screening resources. Decision-makers should prioritize FBHS when developing H. pylori prevention and control strategies., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: A study has analyzed the long-term cost-effectiveness of fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol combination therapy (FF/UMEC/VI) versus umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol dual therapy (UMEC/VI) in the treatment of moderate or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), providing evidence for decision-making in COPD treatment., Methods: From the perspective of the whole society, a Markov model based on the severity of COPD was established, consisting of four states: moderate, severe, very severe, and death. The cycle of the model is three months, and the time frame of the study is 20 years. Data such as initial states, transition probabilities, costs, and utilities were collected from published literature, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) COPD economic report, Yaozh database, and the National Statistics Office. The discount rate is 5 %, and the willingness to pay threshold is set at three times the per capita GDP of China in 2022. TreeAge Pro 2011 was used to obtain the results of multiplication analyses, and one-way factor analysis and probability sensitivity analysis were conducted., Results: The study findings demonstrate that for patients treated with FF/UMEC/VI and UMEC/VI, the 20-year treatment costs amount to $10,126.46 and $10,685.74, respectively. Similarly, the effectiveness is 32.94 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and 32.19 QALYs, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is $-745.70/QALY, which is lower than the willingness to pay threshold. The tornado plot from one-way factor analysis indicates that the first two factors impacting the results are the utility values for severe COPD of UMEC/VI and FF/UMEC/VI. Probability sensitivity analysis indicates that FF/UMEC/VI compared to UMEC/VI can be considered a more cost-effective treatment at the willingness to pay threshold of $35,806.96., Conclusion: The triple therapy (FF/UMEC/VI) is more affordable than dual therapy (UMEC/VI) when compared to China's three times GDP per capita criterion., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Yuan Zhou, Shujing Duan, Lei Zhang, Fangchen Peng declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Intense pulsed light (IPL), as a therapeutic approach for rosacea, had advantage in removing erythema and telangiectasia and was gradually accepted by rosacea patients, but there have been few studies on economic evaluation of this therapy. Purpose: This study aimed to detect willingness-to-pay (WTP) of IPL treatment for rosacea and to conduct a benefit–cost analysis (BCA) among the Chinese population, so as to provide an economic reference for doctors to make treatment decisions. Materials and Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study assessed respondent's demographic characteristics and willingness-to-pay (WTP) of IPL and rosacea patients' clinical data and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). WTP was obtained by contingent valuation (CV) method. In brief, contrast figures of three cases treated with IPL (Case1, Case2, and Case3 represented the increasing severity of rosacea) were showed and WTP was inquired. The costs were obtained according the market and compared with WTP (benefits) to get a benefit–cost ratio (BCR). Predictors of cost-effective WTP were identified using the multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 303 rosacea patients and 202 controls were included in the study. The average cost of a single IPL treatment for rosacea was USD 208.04 in Changsha, China. The mean WTP for Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3 was USD 201.57, 214.64, and 221.74, respectively. WTP was statistically lower for Case 1 than that for Case 2 or Case 3 (P< 0.05). The BCRs were 0.85, 1.03, and 1.06 for Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3, respectively. WTP is significantly associated with household monthly income, previous treatment cost, and DLQI after adjustments for demographic characteristics (P< 0.05). Conclusion: IPL is an acceptable treatment for rosacea with moderate to severe erythema. For patients with relatively high income or severely impaired quality of life, IPL is an economically feasible therapy and deserves to be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to conduct clinical and economic evaluation of salvianolate injection for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in comparison to Danhong injection and alprostadil injection. Method: This was a retrospective study using National Health Insurance Data about inpatients diagnosed with CHD in China in 2015 who met the inclusion criteria. The recruited patients were divided into two samples: surgery and non-surgery. The exposed group received salvianolate injection, while the control group received either alprostadil injection or Danhong injection. The medical cost per hospitalization, hospitalization duration, and the rehospitalization rates were used as outcome indicators. Heterogeneity was processed according to disease stratification. Propensity score matching and multivariate analysis were used for statistical analysis to control potential confounding factors. Results: The hospitalization duration of salvianolate injection group was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than that of Danhong injection group in the non-surgery sample. The hospitalization duration of salvianolate injection group was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than those of alprostadil injection group in both surgery and non-surgery samples. In the non-surgery sample, the medical cost per hospitalization of salvianolate injection group was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of alprostadil injection group. However, there were no statistical differences of rehospitalization rates in salvianolate injection group versus alprostadil injection group or salvianolate injection group versus Danhong injection group in both surgery and non-surgery samples. Conclusion: Salvianolate injection showed advantages in reducing hospitalization duration for inpatients with CHD when comparing with alprostadil injection and Danhong injection. The results of this real-world study can help to inform clinical practice for CHD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The feasibility of lithium-ion battery remanufacturing is evaluated. • Remanufacturing of electric vehicle batteries is environmentally beneficial. • The potential cost saving is about $1.87 kg−1 cell produced. • The purchase price for spent batteries is a crucial factor to the profitability. The environmental threats posed by spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and the future supply risks of battery components for electric vehicles can be simultaneously addressed by remanufacturing spent electric vehicle LIBs. To figure out the feasibility of battery remanufacturing, this paper quantifies the environmental impacts and costs of the remanufacturing of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide battery cells and compares the results with the production of batteries from virgin materials. Based on the EverBatt model, a China-specific database of hydrometallurgical remanufacturing process is established. The results indicate that the reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by battery remanufacturing are 8.55% and 6.62%, respectively. From the economic standpoint, the potential cost-saving from battery remanufacturing is approximately $1.87 kg−1 cell produced. Through a sensitivity analysis, LIB remanufacturing is found to be economically viable until the purchase price of spent batteries rises to $2.87 kg−1. Furthermore, the impact of battery type variability is prominent, whereas the influence of recovery efficiency is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2009, a workplace-based hypertension management program was launched among men with hypertension in the Kailuan study. This program involved monitoring blood pressure semimonthly, providing free antihypertensive medications, and offering personalized health consultations. However, the cost-effectiveness of this program remains unclear., Methods and Results: This analysis included 12 240 participants, with 6120 in each of the management and control groups. Using a microsimulation model derived from 10-year follow-up data, we estimated costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), life-years, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for workplace-based management compared with routine care in both the study period and over a lifetime. Analyses are conducted from the societal perspective. Over the 10-year follow-up, patients in the management group experienced an average gain of 0.06 QALYs with associated incremental costs of $633.17 (4366.85 RMB). Projecting over a lifetime, the management group was estimated to increase by 0.88 QALYs or 0.92 life-years compared with the control group, with an incremental cost of $1638.64 (11 301.37 RMB). This results in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $1855.47 per QALY gained and $1780.27 per life-year gained, respectively, when comparing workplace-based management with routine care. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, with a threshold willingness-to-pay of $30 765 per QALY (3 times 2019 gross domestic product per capita), the management group showed a 100% likelihood of being cost-effective in 10 000 samples., Conclusions: Workplace-based management, compared with routine care for Chinese men with hypertension, could be cost-effective both during the study period and over a lifetime, and might be considered in working populations in China and elsewhere.

With the premise of drug safety and effectiveness, pharmacoeconomic evaluation can provide optimal solutions for diversified decision-making application scenarios from different research perspectives while maximizing the rational utilization of existing healthcare resources. Chinese patent medicine is an essential component of pharmaceutical utilization in China and a significant part of healthcare expenditure in China. However, the economic evaluation of post-marketing Chinese patent medicine is lacking. These evaluations often lack standardization, exhibit varying quality, and are unable to effectively support healthcare decisions, indicating a need for improvement in overall quality. Given this situation, this project has gathered leading experts from China and has strictly adhered to the requirements of the group standards set by the China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine in developing Guidelines for economic evaluation of post-marketing Chinese patent medicine, aiming to provide methodological guidance for the post-market pharmacoeconomic evaluation of Chinese patent medicine, enhancing the standardization of pharmacoeconomic evaluations of Chinese patent medicine and the scientific validity of research results, and thereby elevating the overall quality of pharmacoeconomic evaluations for post-marketing Chinese patent medicine. The guidelines adhere to the framework provided by relevant laws and regulations in China and technical guidance documents. It is based on guidance from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theories, focusing on the unique characteristics of TCM. It covers various aspects of pharmacoeconomic evaluation, including fundamental principles, research topic selection, research question definition, study design type selection, cost identification and measurement, health outcomes, and evaluation methods. The guidelines offer methodological recommendations and decision guidance to address common issues and challenges in the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of post-marketing Chinese patent medicine.

A novel project solution for large-scale hydrogen application is proposed utilizing surplus wind and solar generated electricity for hydrogen generation and NG pipeline transportation for hydrogen-natural gas mixtures (called HCNG). This application can practically solve urgent issues of large-scale surplus wind and solar generated electricity and increasing NG demand in China. Economic evaluation is performed in terms of electricity and equipment capacity estimation, cost estimation, sensitivity analysis, profitability analysis and parametric study. Equipment expenses are dominant in the construction period, especially those of the electrolysers. Electricity cost and transportation cost are the main annual operating costs and greatly influence the HCNG and pure hydrogen costs. The project proves to be feasible through the profitability analysis. The main influence items are tested individually to guarantee project profitability within 22 years. The project can reduce 388.40 M Nm3 CO 2 emissions and increase 2998.52 M$ incomes for solar and wind power stations. • Proposed a novel solution for solving the unbalanced energy distribution in China. • Investigated the sensitivity and profitability of cost parameters and profit targets. • Distinguished influence items and obtained limit values of key parameters. • Identified positive economic benefits, energy optimization and emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A quantitative evaluation method for selecting recycling methods was developed. • An economic evaluation model for each recycling method was established. • Pavement recycling decision system was developed based on the. Net platform. • Case study showed that the recycling decision system was feasible and reasonable. Asphalt pavement recycling technology is widely used in China and other countries due to its economic and environmental benefits. Pavement recycling methods can generally be divided into central plant hot recycling, hot in-place recycling, central plant cold recycling, and cold in-place recycling. However, no quantitative evaluation method and calculation program for selecting an optimal recycling method are available for existing asphalt pavements. In this study, a quantitative evaluation approach for recycling method selection was proposed in consideration of pavement performance and construction cost. An asphalt pavement recycling decision system was established, and a corresponding calculation program was developed based on the. Net platform. Case study showed that the asphalt pavement recycling decision system developed based on the analytic hierarchy process in this study is feasible and reasonable. The system can help pavement managers make efficient maintenance decisions in practical projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nedaplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy became an alternative doublet treatment strategy to cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with locoregional, advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Materials and Methods: Using a Markov model, we simulated patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma from disease-free to death. Input data for the model were collected from published literature and the standard fee database of West China Hospital. The outcome was expressed in quality-adjusted-years (QALYs), net monetary benefit at the threshold of $25,841, three times the Gross Domestic Product of China in 2017. The costs and benefits were discounted at 3% annually and a half-cycle correction was considered. The input parameters were varied in one-way sensitivity analysis to confirm the robustness of the model. All of the primary analyses used second-order probabilistic sensitivity analysis to capture the impact of parameter uncertainty based on 10,000 Monte-Carlo simulations.Results: The mean QALYs of treatment in stage II-IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma were comparable: 2.90 QALYs for nedaplatin and 3.12 QALYs for cisplatin. Nedaplatin cost $34,505 compared with $27,167 for cisplatin, generating an incremental net monetary benefit of nedaplatin versus cisplatin of $-13,357 at the ceiling ratio of $25,841. The results of nedaplatin remained cost-ineffective over the majority of the sensitivity analyses. The cost-effectiveness curve showed that the probability of strategies being cost-effective were 0% for nedaplatin and 100% for cisplatin in stage II-IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma at any willingness-to-pay threshold.Conclusions: Nedaplatin is a dominated, cost-ineffective alternative to concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage II-IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma compared with cisplatin from the perspective of Chinese society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the economic impact of the current measles vaccination program in Zhejiang Province, east China. A decision tree-Markov model with parameters from published literatures, government documents and surveys was developed and used to simulate over 40 years of a birth cohort in Zhejiang Province during the year 2014. The expected cost and effectiveness of the current measles vaccination program was compared against no vaccination. Costs were assessed from the payer's perspective. Benefits were defined as savings on the direct cost of measles treatment, and the effectiveness was measured according to the number of measles cases and deaths averted. The net present value (NPV), benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were also calculated. A threshold for cost-effectiveness of less than 3 times the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita was used. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed to assess parameter uncertainties. The total vaccination cost was estimated to be $2.52 million. The BCR of the current measles program was found to be 6.06 with a NPV of $73.38 million. It was also calculated that a total of 195,165 measles cases and 191 measles-related deaths would be prevented by vaccination. The ICER was approximately $12.91 per case averted and $13,213.43 per death averted, respectively, which was cost-effective. The models were proven to be robust. The current measles vaccination program appeared to be cost-effective and to offer substantial benefits. The results of this analysis sought to contribute to the justification of future investments to achieve the goal of measles elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Purpose: To derive children and adolescents' preferences for health states defined by the Chinese version of Child Health Utility 9D (CHU9D-CHN) instrument in China that can be used to estimate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for economic evaluation.Methods: A profile case best-worst scaling (BWS) and a time trade-off (TTO) method were combined to derive a Chinese-specific tariff for the CHU9D-CHN. The BWS survey recruited students from primary and high schools using a multi-stage random sampling method and was administered in a classroom setting, whilst the TTO survey adopted an interviewer-administrated conventional TTO task and was administered to a convenience sample of undergraduate students. A latent class modelling framework was adopted for analysing the BWS data.Results: Two independent surveys were conducted in Nanjing, China, including a valid sample of 902 students (mean age 13 years) from the BWS survey and a valid sample of 38 students (mean age 18 years) from the TTO survey. The poolability of the best and the worst responses was rejected and the optimal result based on the best responses only. The optimal model suggests the existence of two latent classes. The BWS estimates were further re-anchored onto the QALY scale using the TTO generated health state values via a mapping approach.Conclusion: This study provides further insights into the use of the BWS method to generate health state values with young people and highlights the potential different decision rules that young people may employ for determining best vs. worst choices in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract As a key industry promoting the transformation of the labour force and proving labour cognitive level, education and training has strong economic externality with positive external effects on socio-economic development according to many economists. However, the research on the economic evaluation of education and training industry is very limited. From the Western economics perspective of externality, this paper analyses education and training industry on the basis of the important role of human capital in China's economic transformation. The difference between education training's spillover effect and the relative marginal production factor's productivity is calculated by using the fidelity model. In this way, labour cognitive level can be quantified. The more people who receive education training, the more they can promote the economic efficiency of enterprises, and the more they can promote the harmonious development of the entire society and economy. Education and training industry has a positive externality effect that can improve labour cognitive level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although recent studies demonstrated that fulvestrant is superior to anastrozole as first-line treatment for hormone receptor ( HR)-positive advanced breast cancer, the cost-effectiveness of fulvestrant versus anastrozole remained uncertain. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of fulvestrant compared with anastrozole in the first-line setting. A Markov model consisting of three health states (stable, progressive and dead) was constructed to simulate a hypothetical cohort of patients with HR-positive advanced breast cancer. Costs were calculated from a Chinese societal perspective. Health outcomes were measured in quality-adjusted life-year ( QALY). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ( ICER) was expressed as incremental cost per QALY gained. Model results suggested that fulvestrant provides an additional effectiveness gain of 0.11 QALYs at an incremental cost of $32,654 compared with anastrozole, resulting in an ICER of $296,855/ QALY exceeding the willingness-to-pay threshold of $23,700/ QALY. Hence, fulvestrant is not a cost-effective strategy compared with anastrozole as first-line treatment for HR-positive advanced breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are substantial differences between the costs of medical masks and N95 respirators. Cost-effectiveness analysis is required to assist decision-makers evaluating alternative healthcare worker (HCW) mask/respirator strategies. This study aims to compare the cost-effectiveness of N95 respirators and medical masks for protecting HCWs in Beijing, China.Methods: We developed a cost-effectiveness analysis model utilising efficacy and resource use data from two cluster randomised clinical trials assessing various mask/respirator strategies conducted in HCWs in Level 2 and 3 Beijing hospitals for the 2008-09 and 2009-10 influenza seasons. The main outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per clinical respiratory illness (CRI) case prevented. We used a societal perspective which included intervention costs, the healthcare costs of CRI in HCWs and absenteeism costs.Results: The incremental cost to prevent a CRI case with continuous use of N95 respirators when compared to medical masks ranged from US $490-$1230 (approx. 3000-7600 RMB). One-way sensitivity analysis indicated that the CRI attack rate and intervention effectiveness had the greatest impact on cost-effectiveness.Conclusions: The determination of cost-effectiveness for mask/respirator strategies will depend on the willingness to pay to prevent a CRI case in a HCW, which will vary between countries. In the case of a highly pathogenic pandemic, respirator use in HCWs would likely be a cost-effective intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-powered membrane distillation is a promising desalination technology that can provide accessible and reliable freshwater for coastal and island households. However, high installment cost and low efficiency are two main hindering factors restricting the widespread application of this technology. To solve these issues, a low-cost air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) desalination system powered by efficient evacuated U-tube solar collector (EUSC) is put forward to theoretically predict its effectiveness. A system-scale mathematical model for the proposed hybrid system is established and validated. The system performance is predicted under the weather conditions of southeast China (Ningbo city). The maximum permeate flux, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency are, respectively, 3.16 kg m − 2 h − 1 , 56.71% and 0.38%, showing a bright application prospect. Numerous parametric studies are undertaken to explore how to further enhance the performance of this technique. The long-term running performance for the year of 2021 and last 41 years is also revealed. The yearly average production is about 6452 kg, which can satisfy the drinking water demand for a household of 6 members. Furthermore, economic study is presented and the levelized cost of water is only 8.54 $ / m 3 . The proposed EUSC/AGMD coupling system is an efficient and economic alternative for small-scale solar seawater desalination. • An efficient and economic solar powered air gap membrane distillation is proposed. • Daily and monthly average freshwater yield of Ningbo city is predicted in 2021. • The average yearly freshwater yield for the last 41 years is about 6452 kg. • The levelized cost of water for the proposed system is as low as 8.54 $ / m 3 . • Some helpful suggestions on boosting the whole system performance are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) may result in different degrees of physical and psychological pain. Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD), continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and hemodialysis (HD) as the main treatment methods lead to a heavy burden on social economic and family financial. However, there are few studies on the economic evaluation of the three dialysis methods in China., Methods: Cost-effectiveness analyses were performed using Markov models based on longitudinal data for 15 years of different modalities in Kunshan City, China. Direct cost derived from medical insurance information system, and indirect cost referred to as loss of productivity. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to study uncertainty., Results: The per capita total cost of CAPD was 664,027.00 yuan, the per capita utility is 5.9105. The per capita total cost of APD was 858,800.65 yuan, the per capita utility is 6.4548. The per capita total cost of HD was 1,281,213.64 yuan, the per capita utility is 6.1356. When CAPD was compared with HD, Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) was 1,323,389.53 yuan per QALY, compared with APD, ICER was 357,848.13 yuan per QALY. ICER value suggests that APD was cost-effective compared with CAPD and HD at a willingness-to-pay threshold of 538,200 yuan., Conclusion: Our research showed that APD is the most appropriate and HD is the worst in terms of cost-effectiveness. However, in fact, HD accounts for a high proportion in China, so some relevant policy suggestions need to be implemented to change the current situation., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)