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Background: Wild rats have the potential to hold zoonotic infectious agents that can spread to humans and cause disease., Aim: To better understand the composition of gut bacterial communities in rats is essential for preventing and treating such diseases. As a tropical island located in the south of China, Hainan province has abundant rat species. Here, we examined the gut bacterial composition in wild adult rats from Hainan province., Methods: Fresh fecal samples were collected from 162 wild adult rats, including three species ( Rattus norvegicus , Leopoldamys edwardsi , and Rattus losea ), from nine regions of Hainan province between 2017-2018., Results: We analyzed the composition of gut microbiota using the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We identified 4903 bacterial operational taxonomic units (30 phyla, 175 families, and 498 genera), which vary between samples of different rat species in various habitats at various times of the year. In general, Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla, followed by Bacteroidetes (15.55%), Proteobacteria (6.13%), and Actinobacteria (4.02%). The genus Lactobacillus (20.08%), unidentified_ Clostridiales (5.16%), Romboutsia (4.33%), unidentified_ Ruminococcaceae (3.83%), Bacteroides (3.66%), Helicobacter (2.40%) and Streptococcus (2.37%) were dominant., Conclusion: The composition and abundance of the gut microbial communities varied between rat species and locations. This work provides fundamental information to identify microbial communities useful for disease control in Hainan province., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)