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Nocturnal owls exhibit adaptations thought to be evolutionarily associated with their diets, morphologies (sensory and flight), and diel activity patterns. However, that evolutionary history is not so simple, as demonstrated by an exquisitely preserved partial skeleton of an owl from the late Miocene of China that represents the first fossil evidence for diurnal behavior among owls. The fossil from the high-elevation Liushu Formation preserves most of the skeleton including the scleral ossicles. Osteological features place the holotype specimen as a member of the strigid clade Surniini. In contrast to the largely nocturnal owls, nonnocturnal (diurnal and crepuscular) species are concentrated within the Surniini as a likely evolutionary reversal in diel activity patterns. Analyses of the preserved scleral ossicles in the fossil demonstrate that it exhibits a large exterior scleral ossicle ring diameter with a large orbital length, supporting the hypothesis that this extinct owl was largely diurnal in its habits. Furthermore, stochastic character mapping, combined with Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction of the activity patterns of extant birds, demonstrates higher posterior probabilities of diurnal behavior among early diverging Surniini, and the addition of this extinct taxon into analyses enhances the hypothesis of this clade's diurnal origin. The fossil and associated analyses of the eye and behavioral evolution point to a long evolutionary history of nonnocturnal behavior among owls that has yet to be studied in detail. This diurnal owl joins a growing Liushu avifauna that would have hunted small mammals in the savanna-like habitats adjacent to the rising Tibetan Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pinus tabuliformis adapts to cold climate with dry winter in northern China, serving as important commercial tree species. The TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, and PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR family(TCP)transcription factors were found to play a role in the circadian clock system in Arabidopsis. However, the role of TCP transcription factors in P. tabuliformis remains little understood. Results: In the present study, 43 TCP genes were identified from P. tabuliformis genome database. Based on the phylogeny tree and sequence similarity, the 43 TCP genes were classified into four groups. The motif results showed that different subfamilies indeed contained different motifs. Clade II genes contain motif 1, clade I genes contain motif 1, 8, 10 and clade III and IV contain more motifs, which is consistent with our grouping results. The structural analysis of PtTCP genes showed that most PtTCPs lacked introns. The distribution of clade I and clade II on the chromosome is relatively scattered, while clade III and clade IV is relatively concentrated. Co-expression network indicated that PtTCP2, PtTCP12, PtTCP36, PtTCP37, PtTCP38, PtTCP41 and PtTCP43 were co-expressed with clock genes in annual cycle and their annual cycle expression profiles both showed obvious seasonal oscillations. PtTCP2, PtTCP12, PtTCP37, PtTCP38, PtTCP40, PtTCP41, PtTCP42 and PtTCP43 were co-expressed with clock genes in diurnal cycle. Only the expression of PtTCP42 showed diurnal oscillation. Conclusions: The TCP gene family, especially clade II, may play an important role in the regulation of the season and circadian rhythm of P. tabuliformis. In addition, the low temperature in winter may affect the diurnal oscillations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and specific conductivity (spc) were measured in a time interval of 15 min in a karst spring and the spring-fed pool with flourishing submerged plants in Guilin, SW China under dry weather for periods of 2 days. Measurements allowed calculation of calcium and bicarbonate concentrations ([Ca2+] and [HCO3 − partial pressure ( $$ P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} $$ ) and saturation index of calcite (SIc). Results show that there were not any diurnal variations in the physico-chemical parameters of the water for the spring. However, during daytime periods, pool water $$ P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} $$ decreased to far less than the spring water in a few hours, pH and SIc increased to greater than the spring, and [Ca2 partial pressure ( $$ P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} $$ ) and saturation index of calcite (SIc). Results show that there were not any diurnal variations in the physico-chemical parameters of the water for the spring. However, during daytime periods, pool water $$ P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} $$ decreased to far less than the spring water in a few hours, pH and SIc increased to greater than the spring, and [Ca2+] and [HCO3 −] decreased to less than the spring. During nighttime periods, pool water $$ P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} $$ returned to or even increased to greater than the spring, pH and SIc decreased to less than the spring, and [Ca2+] and [HCO3 −] increased to greater than the spring. The decrease in [Ca2+] and [HCO3 −] to less than the spring during daytime periods implies daytime deposition of calcium carbonate, while the increase in [Ca2+] and [HCO3 −] to greater than the spring during nighttime periods implies nighttime dissolution of calcium carbonate. The direction of the observed changes depended essentially on the illumination, indicating that daytime photosynthetic and nighttime respiratory activities in the pool aquatic plant ecosystem, which were further evidenced by the increase and decrease in DO during daytime and nighttime periods respectively, were the main processes involved. The large variations of the components of the carbonate system imply considerable changes of the capacities of CO2 and O2 in water. The finding has implications for water sampling strategy in slow-flowing karst streams and other similar environments with stagnant water bodies such as estuaries, lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands, where aquatic plant ecosystem may flourish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SignificanceOwls, with their largely nocturnal habits, contrast strikingly with the vast majority of diurnal birds. A new spectacular late Miocene owl skeleton from China unexpectedly preserves the oldest evidence for daytime behavior in owls. The extinct owl is a member of the clade Surniini, which contains most living diurnal owl species. Analysis of the preserved eye bones documents them as consistent with diurnal birds, and phylogenetically constrained character mapping coincides with a reconstruction of an early evolutionary reversal away from nocturnal habits in this owl group. These results support a potential Miocene origin of nonnocturnal habits in a globally distributed owl group, which may be linked to steppe habitat expansion and climatic cooling in the late Miocene.