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Carbon capture, carbon utilization and storage (CCUS) technology is an important potential technical support for coal power plants to maintain existing production structure while simultaneously achieving near-zero carbon emissions with the current energy structure in China being dominated by coal. However, CCUS technology is still at the early demonstration stage, and there are many uncertainties in the carbon trading market, technology and policy incentives that the traditional method is no longer able to handle. Based on the binomial tree real option model, this paper establishes a CCUS technology investment evaluation model that incorporates the uncertainties with carbon price, government subsidy, technological progress and carbon dioxide utilization ratios into the model, and investigates the influence of government incentive on CCUS technology investment in two scenarios in China. The numerical results in case study show that (1) If the subsidy is too low, no matter how high the lower limit of carbon price is set, enterprises will not invest. (2) When the proportion of government subsidy exceeds 0.33, a specific and accurate minimum carbon price is given to promote coal-fired plants immediate investment in CCUS technology based on the model. (3) Only the government subsidies cannot stimulate CCUS investment at this demonstration stage. These findings provide a reference for public policy decision-making and promotes the development and large-scale deployment of CCUS technology in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Robust city-level CO 2 emission inventory for China was benchmarked for 2005. • A combination of CHRED database, statistical data and survey data was considered. • Megacities or dominant coal/iron/steel-producing cities had high CO 2 emissions. • Industrial structure, city scale and climate greatly affected per capita CO 2 emissions. Abstract Year 2005 is important because it is the base year for the international carbon reduction commitment and national development plans for China. However, accurate and robust CO 2 emission data for 2005 remain limited, particularly for city-level emissions. To address these gaps, we established a uniform city-level CO 2 emission inventory for all the 287 prefecture-level cities in China for 2005, combining the High-Resolution Emission Gridded Database (CHRED) 2.0, statistical data and onsite survey. The results showed that Shanghai, Tangshan, Beijing, Tianjin, Jining, Handan, Chongqing, Suzhou, Shijiazhuang and Wuhan were the ten cities with greatest CO 2 emissions in 2005, with total CO 2 emissions of 205, 184, 145, 126, 116, 103, 96, 93, 90 and 81 Mt, respectively. These cities were either megacities or those dominated by coal, iron or steel production. However, the three cities with the highest CO 2 emissions per GDP and CO 2 emissions per capita were Jiayuguan, Wuhai and Shizuishan, which were dominated by industry, small- or medium-sized, and exhibited a high demand for heat and cooling. Cluster analysis revealed that industrial energy consumption was the dominant emission source for most cities, except Haikou and Lhasa, for which indirect CO 2 emissions were dominant. This study will greatly contribute to the city level CO 2 emission inventory and research on China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A GHG emissions inventory for 305 Chinese cities is compiled for 2015. • Emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, and fluorinated GHGs are separately accounted. • The uncertainty of city-level GHG emissions is analyzed. Accounting and understanding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the city level are of great importance because cities are the focus of future mitigation and adaption activities to address climate change, especially in developing nations like China. However, existing studies have not yet provided a complete and updated emissions inventory of city-level GHGs for China in terms of city and GHG-type coverage. In this paper, we rigorously assemble a dataset that contains GHG emissions including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated GHGs for 305 Chinese cities, based on a high-resolution emissions database (China High-Resolution Emission Database, CHRED 3.0) and first-hand on-site data collection and verification by 19 groups of 137 researchers using a bottom-up method, and analyze the uncertainty of the emissions. Results show that total GHG emissions are high in cities in eastern China and low in cities in west, while per capita GHG emissions are high in northern cities and low in southern cities. The emissions of four types of GHGs (CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O and fluoridated GHGs) share different spatial distributions, due to variant industrial structure, energy structure, industry point sources and agricultural surface sources, etc. The uncertainty of GHG emissions is highly related to the source data of cities. Finally, we propose policy recommendations, including improving data quality and strengthening competitions of city-level emission reduction, to improve city-level emissions data integrity and low-carbon development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]