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One approach that shows promising for producing hydrogen fuel from solar energy is photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The main challenge is to design effective photoanodes. Although bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is an ideal photoanode in terms of absorbing visible light, serious electron–hole recombination and poor charge transport limit its application as a photoanode of PEC. Dye sensitization is the key method to improve electron transfer and light utilization. Herein, an enhanced dye (rhodamine B, RhB)-sensitized BiVO4/BiOCl system was explored. The results show that the process of RhB sensitization BiVO4 requires BiOCl as a bridge. The RhB-sensitized BiVO4/BiOCl system exhibits excellent photoelectrochemical activity, which is attributed to its enhanced photoinduced electron transport and wider visible light response range. This inspiration comes from the mythical story of China, "Cowherd and the Weaver Girl Meet at the Magpie Bridge". The combination of dye sensitization and BiVO4/BiOCl heterojunction explored an energy-saving, efficient and green light-induced system to improve the PEC efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To quantify the PPD content in hair dyes by measuring the PPD concentration after mixing the ingredients of commercial hair dyes. Methods: A total of 290 permanent hair dyes were tested. RP-HPLC-DAD analysis was performed to determine and quantify the PPD content. Results: The estimated mean of the PPD limit was 0.89 (95% CI [0.81– 0.96]). Of the 290 tested hair dyes, 7.2% (n = 21) exceeded the recommended PPD concentration after mixing. Significantly more hair dyes manufactured in India and China had a PPD content exceeding 2% after mixing compared to dyes from other regions (P = 0.001). Moreover, hair dyes manufactured in India and the UAE were more likely to have incomplete descriptions of the conditions of use and warnings on the label (P = 0.002). Conclusion: The effectiveness of the current regulations relevant to these products should be reevaluated. Moreover, through the use of good manufacturing procedures (GMPs), research, and the reporting of adverse reactions, hair dyes should be subjected to better control and monitoring in terms of their safety and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advantage of being eco-friendly, plant dyes have been noticed by textile practitioners and the public. However, as a result of the rapid advancements in industrial manufacturing, the traditional knowledge of plant dyes is dying, which demands heightened attention and protection. To document this traditional knowledge in the Baiyi community, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 288 informants from four villages (Five stars village, Hedong village, Nanpo village, and Shang' eping village) of the Liuhe Yi Nationality Township, Heqing County, Dali Prefecture. Based on the ethnobotanical investigation of plant dyes, there were 11 plant species from 11 genera in 10 families that have been used as dyes. The Baiyi Indigenous peoples mainly extract the dye from the roots, leaves, fruits, etc., of the herbaceous plants. Through quantitative analysis, the frequency of use (f value) and cultural importance indices (CI value) of Viburnum cylindricum are the highest. The optimal conditions for dyeing cotton fabric with V. cylindricum were found to be a pH of 5, dyeing for 30 min at 60 °C by an orthogonal array design. As for the dyeing properties, biomordants provided better properties when used in dyeing cotton fabric with V. cylindricum compared with metallic mordants. This study reveals the great potential of the application of plant dyes in the Baiyi Indigenous peoples community; it will be beneficial to the economic development of ethnic areas, the inheritance of ethnic culture and the protection of biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To gain a better understanding of the use of sentinel lymph node mapping by Chinese oncologists for endometrial cancer staging and analyze factors influencing its application. Methods: Questionnaires were collected online before and by phone after the symposium to evaluate the general characteristics of oncologists who participated in the endometrial cancer seminar and factors associated with the application of sentinel lymph node mapping in endometrial cancer patients. Results: Gynecologic oncologists from 142 medical centers participated in the survey. 35.4% of doctors employed sentinel lymph node mapping for endometrial cancer staging, 57.3% chose indocyanine green as the tracer. Multivariate analysis revealed that cancer research center (odds ratio = 4.229, 95% CI 1.747–10.237), physician familiarity with sentinel lymph node mapping (odds ratio = 126.188, 95% confidence interval 43.220–368.425) and the use of ultrastaging (odds ratio = 2.657, 95% confidence interval 1.085–6.506) were related to the doctors' selection of sentinel lymph node mapping. There was a significant difference in the surgical procedure for early endometrial cancer, the number of removed sentinel lymph node, and the reason for not adopting sentinel lymph node mapping before and after the symposium. Conclusions: The theoretical knowledge of sentinel lymph node mapping, the use of ultrastaging, and cancer research center are related to a higher acceptance of sentinel lymph node mapping. Distance learning is conducive to the promotion of this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conducted an advanced and comprehensive scientometric analysis of worldwide trends in decolorizing synthetic dyes by laccase. Articles were collected, analyzed, and classified according to the different substrates, enzymes, supports, immobilization procedures, and reactors involved. These studies were carried out in 200 institutions across 58 countries, with only 10 concentrating 88% of the total publications. China, India, and Turkey were identified as the main contributors to this research theme. Additionally, 26% of the institutions surveyed published only one article in the analyzed period. The results of the presented analysis encompassed data generated from 1999 to 2021, spanning more than two decades of specialized research. A ranking of article publications in scientific journals involving laccase, immobilization, enzymes, and dyes is listed. Also listed are the ranking of the 10 most prolific countries in the area of immobilized enzymes and the 10 most cited articles on the immobilization of enzymes with dyes. This analysis includes information related to the methods of support and costs of manufacture involving enzyme and immobilization routes. Finally, a discussion is presented exploring the fact that innovative technologies have been developed to render enzyme production more sustainable and economically viable. • Laccase for the decolorization of dyes is assessed via the bibliometric method. • China, India, and Turkey are the main contributors to the decolorization of dyes via laccase. • Support and manufacturing costs involving laccase immobilization routes are presented. • Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology were the most common research topic. • A growing application of laccase in the commercial area was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the different motivation, intention and behaviour between Chinese and Japanese consumers in naturally dyed fashion consumption we collected 301 Chinese samples and 302 Japanese samples and used a structural equation model (SEM) to analyse the consumption behaviour of naturally dyed apparel based on the planned behaviour theory (TPB) and cross-cultural sustainable consumption framework (CCSC). The results indicate that attitude, social norms and perceived behaviour control (PBC) impact naturally dyed fashion consumption intention and behaviour. Among these relations, intention has a controlling influence on the relationship between subjective factors and actual consumption behaviour. PBC directly affects consumer behaviour. Moreover, the belief system and material source have a significant influence on all TPB constructs, wherein material source has more influence. Comparing China and Japan, attitude has a stronger impact on intention for Chinese than Japanese, but PBC influences Japanese intention more. Theoretically, this paper analyses the factors forming the difference in the strength of the TPB model from a cross-cultural perspective. The differences in Chinese and Japanese consumption behaviours also offer practical insights for the industrial development of natural dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preoperative prediction of severe cholecystitis (SC), including acute gangrenous cholecystitis (AGC) and acute purulent cholecystitis (APC), as opposed to acute exacerbation of chronic cholecystitis (ACC), is of great significance, as SC is associated with high mortality rate.Methods: In this study, we retrospectively investigated medical records of 114 cholecystitis patients, treated in Shanghai No. 6 People's Hospital from February 2009 to July 2020. Gallbladder wall thickness (GBWT), indexes of blood routine examination, including white blood cell (WBC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the percentage of neutrophil, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), fibrinogen (FIB), gamma-glutamyl transferase, prothrombin time and total bilirubin were evaluated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate significant differences between a certain kind of SC and ACC to select a prediction index for each kind of SC. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to identify the prediction effectiveness of these indexes and their optimal cut-off values.Results: Higher WBC and lower ALP were associated with AGC diagnosis (P < 0.05). Higher percentage of neutrophils was indicative of APC and AGC, while higher GBWT was significantly associated with APC diagnosis (P < 0.05) The optimal cut-off values for these indexes were established at 11.1*109/L (OR: 5.333, 95% CI 2.576-10.68, P < 0.0001, sensitivity: 72.73%, specificity: 66.67%), 79.75% (OR: 5.735, 95% CI 2.749-12.05, P < 0.0001, sensitivity: 77.92%, specificity: 61.9%) and 5.5 mm (OR: 22, 95% CI 4.757-83.42, P < 0.0001, sensitivity: 78.57%, specificity: 85.71%), respectively.Conclusion: We established a predictive model for the differentiations of APC and AGC from ACC using clinical indexes, such as GBWT, the percentage of neutrophil and WBC, and determined cut-off values for these indexes based on ROC curves. Index values exceeding these cut-off values will allow to diagnose patients as APC and AGC, as opposed to a diagnosis of ACC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many centuries, traditional grass cloth has been used as an important raw material for home textiles in China, but its market can be expanded by incorporating color. Reactive Red 2 (R2), Reactive Blue 194 (B194), and Reactive Orange 5 (O5) were used in this work to explore the dyeing behavior of sustainable traditional grass fiber using industrial dyeing methods. Initially, an L16 (4^4) orthogonal design was schematically applied to carry out the dyeing process and it was determined that the total dye fixation rate (T%) of B194 dye was the best among the three dyes. Accordingly, a statistical Taguchi technique was analyzed on a larger scale to optimize the dyeing process parameters (salt concentration, fixation time, fixation temperature, and solution pH) of B194, in which solution pH was found to be the most influential factor in achieving the highest T%. This phenomenon was also verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA), where the solution pH was found to be the biggest contributor (50%) and statistically significant (p < 0.05). Finally, confirmation tests were conducted under optimized conditions and a higher T% (53.18%) was determined compared to initial conditions (48.40%). Later, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the structural characteristics and found that grass cloth was chemically stable, yet gummy materials were still observed on their surface, which was also confirmed from digital photographs. Generally, the color coordinates and fastness properties were also satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qian Cao (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae) is a perennial grass with red and yellow pigments in its roots. It has been used since ancient times for fabric dyeing and painting, and it’s the oldest red dye in both Europe and China. Xi Yang Qian (Rubia tirctorum L.) spread from the East to the West, while Zhong Guo Qian (Rubia cordifolia L.) spread from the West to the East. Both were integral in the development of Chinese and Western color cultures. Nowadays, although it is no longer commonly used in dyes and paints, Qian Cao is still used in clinical medicine as a medicinal herb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The wooden bowl is an important symbol of the Tibetan cultures, yet, in China, little has been documented regarding the raw materials used to make these items as well as their cultural significance in Tibet. This study explores the ethnobotanical uses of plants used to make wooden bowls to understand their sustainability, cultural significance, and current status of related traditional knowledge in Gyirong Town, which is one of the most famous places for wooden bowl making. Materials and methods: Between 2019 and 2021, key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews, and participatory observations were used to conduct ethnobotanical field surveys in Gyirong Valley. The field work was performed with the assistance of local guides. In this study, we utilized a use-report (UR) to reflect the number of mentions of a species by locals. Results: Our results show that 16 different plants are used during the wooden bowl making process, of which nine are used as raw materials, three for dyeing, and four for varnishing. Although communities rely heavily on these plants, good management and collection methods were observed. We also documented the use of Fallopia denticulata as a red dye and four species of Impatiens as wood varnishes for the first time. Conclusion: The wooden bowl craftsmen and their housewives have a wealth of traditional knowledge of using plants to make wooden bowls in Gyirong Town. And the wooden bowls are now also offering benefits to the locals as well. The government and local people are committed to the protection and development of traditional knowledge related to wooden bowls, and this knowledge maintains a healthy degree of vitality. This research can provide insights into the vitality of traditional handicrafts that are facing challenges and promote their protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Red flower oil is a group of herbal medicinal liniments widely used in China and Southeast Asia. The color of red flower oil is adjusted to red or brownish-red by adding natural dyes. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify and quantify the synthetic dyes illegally used in red flower oil. Methods: Thirty-two batches of red flower oil (from nine manufacturers) were collected from different cities in China. Highperformance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS) analysis was performed to identify the chemical dyes in the samples, and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was used to quantify the chemical dyes. Results: Sudan I, Sudan IV, and Solvent Red 207 were detected in nine batches of preparations (from three manufacturers) with concentration ranges of 101.7-214.9 lg/mL for Sudan I, 24.0-41.0 lg/mL for Sudan IV, and 147.5-221.7 lg/mL for Solvent Red 207. Conclusion: In present study, sudan I, sudan IV, and solvent red 207 were detected in red flower oil. The control of chemical dyes in food and drug should be further studied and not limited to sudan dyes. Highlights: It is the first report about the detection of solvent red 207 in food and drug. The illegal use of those chemical dyes should be regarded as serious violation of good manufacturing practice (GMP) and might be dangerous for the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Baiku Yao is a branch of the Yao nationality in China. The unique dying process of traditional clothing employed by these people has distinct national characteristics, a profound impact on the production and life of local people, and important research value. For this reason, it is important to investigate and document the dyeing plants and the traditional knowledge involved in the dyeing of Baku Yao traditional clothing. Methodology: Information on dyeing plants was obtained using the free-list method and interviews with 61 Baiku Yao informants in Guangxi and Guizhou from January 2020 to August 2021. Based on the free-list method, we evaluated and screened out important plants by calculating the cognitive salience value of each plant. Results: The results showed that the people of Baiku Yao have accumulated rich traditional knowledge of dyeing plants and long-term dyeing and other processes. We collected 23 species and recorded the related traditional knowledge, such as the Baiku Yao name, life form, habitat, part(s) used, application type, usage, and area used. The utilization of dyeing plants has a strong relationship with ethnic culture. The Baiku Yao uses unique anti-dyeing material (Ailanthus vilmoriniana) in the cotton dyeing process, they call it "the mother tree". As well as, the results also showed that 15 plants (65.2%) have medicinal value and can be used to treat 18 aliments, and wild plants play a very important role in the life of the Baiku Yao. Conclusion: These plants not only meet the color needs of the Baiku Yao people but also have health care effects, aligning with the trends toward green dyeing and the health contentiousness of modern people. This study provides a reference for the inheritance and development of Baiku Yao traditional clothing dyeing culture, will aid the identification of new natural, safe and healthy textile dyes, and is of positive significance in promoting regional economic development, national cultural inheritance, and biodiversity protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative hair dyes consist of two components (I and II) that are mixed before use. Aromatic amines in component I and their reaction with hydrogen peroxide after mixing them with component II have been of primary concern. In addition, two in vitro genotoxicity assays are still required for the approval of the final products of oxidative hair dyes in China, and the substance in the oxidative hair dye that causes the high rate of positive results in genotoxicity tests, especially the Ames test, has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the formulation of 55 different oxidative hair dyes from 7 color series and performed Ames tests in the strain TA98 with the S9 mix (oxidative hair dyes No. 1–30) and in strain TA97a without the S9 mix (oxidative hair dyes No. 31–55). We found that toluene-2,5-diamine sulfate (2,5-diaminotoluene sulfate, DATS) in component I may be the cause of mutagenicity in TA98, and hydrogen peroxide in component II may be the cause of mutagenicity in TA97a, and their positive concentrations were consistent with those that we calculated from Ames tests. The results suggest that the positive results for the oxidative hair dye in the Ames test were inevitable because of the existence of DATS in component I and of hydrogen peroxide in component II. Therefore, we should carry out safety assessments on each raw material and carry out risk assessments on the final products of oxidative hair dyes instead of genotoxicity tests in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (1001-1803) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: As one of the oldest traditional dyes, people worldwide have used natural indigo for centuries. Local people have unique knowledge about indigo identification, which is crucial for indigo quality control and determining the dyeing effects. However, such traditional knowledge is rarely documented and explained. Therefore, the aims of this study were to document and assess the traditional knowledge used by local people when identifying natural indigo paste as well as quantitatively explore the characteristics and material basis of such traditional knowledge. Method: Three field surveys were conducted between 2019 and 2020. A total of 283 traditional indigo-paste artisans were interviewed in Guizhou, Yunnan, and Fujian Provinces. The frequency of citation, mention index, and fidelity level of each indigo-paste quality criterion were calculated to determine the most commonly used, recognized, and important quality criteria. To explore the characteristics and material basis of the traditional knowledge, we analyzed 21 indigo-paste samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD), pH, and particle size analyses. Results: Local people possess unique knowledge to identify natural indigo. Based on this knowledge accumulated over thousands of years, four criteria (color, taste, touch, and dyeing ability) were chosen by local people, and using these criteria, nature indigo was divided into five quality grades. The best quality indigo paste was judged according to the following folk criteria: dark blue in color with a purple-red luster; smooth and difficult to wipe off; having a sweet, bitter or spicy taste; and easy cloth dyeing. Additionally, the higher the contents of indigo and indirubin—especially indirubin—the better is the quality of the indigo paste. Within the pH range of 9–12, high-quality indigo-paste was more acidic. There was no significant relationship between particle size and quality. Conclusion: The ancient methods used by local people for identifying natural indigo are comprehensive and unique. By documenting the various folk quality criteria and conducting quantitative analyses, this study revealed the importance of indirubin and pH for assessing the quality of indigo paste. These findings differ from existing quality standards for synthetic indigo. Amid rapid modernization, traditional knowledge remains invaluable as a world heritage of humanity that warrants preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the innovation application of modern printing and dyeing art in knitwear design, this paper summarized the historical innovation and development of printing and dyeing art in China, and analyzed its aesthetic characteristics from the aspects of color, pattern and technology. The research shows that the application of printing and dyeing art in knitwear design should follow the aesthetic characteristics of color, pattern and technology aspects. Though systematic· comprehensive application and personalized (lesign techniques, the application path of printing and dyeing art in knitwear design was constructed, and the specific performance of printing and dyeing art in knitted clothing design was explored. It can enrich the expression ways of printing and dyeing art in knitwear design and promote the development of printing and dyeing art in knitwear design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to their relative isolation, the previous studies of Monpa plant use were only conducted in north-east India. In October 2013, Mêdog County was no longer remote, thanks to completion of a highway into the county. This study of plant species used by the Monpa had three research objectives. These were (i) to identify and record local names and uses of plants in Mêdog County, (ii) to assess which of these were uses of endemic or near-endemic species within this part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, and (iii) to assess how plant uses reflect socio-economic change in Mêdog County? Methods: Field surveys were conducted in 12 villages of four townships in Mêdog County, Tibet, China. Two field visits were made. The first field trip was in November 2017 and the second field trip was in May 2018. We interviewed 64 key informants between 21 and 84 years old. Most of them were the village leaders and other local people who are knowledgeable about plants. After transect walks with knowledgeable local people, we used free listing, key informant interviews, and semi-structured interviews during the field work. Plants traditionally used by the Monpa were documented. Utilization frequency was used to assess the significance of each species, and the Cultural Importance index was used to estimate the cultural significance of the species in common. We also used the informant consensus factor (FIC) to determine the homogeneity of the informants' knowledge of medicinal plants. Results: One hundred ninety-four plant species belonging to 82 families and 158 genera were recorded and collected. One hundred twenty-two species, primarily fruits, were food plants. Forty-five species were used as traditional medicines. This included highly valued species collected in alpine areas (Paris polyphylla) and brought to villages in Mêdog, which are at a lower altitude (between 728 and 1759 m a.s.l). Seven edible plant species were also used as herbal medicines. We also recorded 39 species used for other purposes in Monpa daily life. These included nine species that were used to make agricultural tools, five species for dyes and mordants, four species for timber, three species for fuelwood, four species for religious ritual use, three species for washing, two species for incense, two species for thatching, two species for fiber (rope and paper), two "calendar plants" were used to indicate seasons for agricultural purposes, two fish poison plant species, and one species were used as a tobacco substitute. Based on taxonomic insights and from studies elsewhere, we suggested that fiber species were under-reported (c. 14 species were used vs. one species reported used). Even though these plant species are rich and diverse, the use of endemic or near-endemic species was rarely recorded in previous studies. These species included Arenga micrantha (used for starch), Hornstedtia tibetica (fruits), Castanopsis clarkei (edible nuts) and Gnetum pendulum (edible nuts), Ophiorrhiza medogensis (vegetables), Derris scabricaulis (fish poison), Radermachera yunnanensis (agricultural tools), Litsea tibetana (seed oil), Dendrocalamus tibeticus (wine strainers and implements for administering medicine), Zanthoxylum motuoense (spices), Cinnamomum contractum (tobacco substitutes), Morus wittiorum (medicines), and Garcinia nujiangensis (funeral rituals). Despite the absence of roads until 2013 and the impression of "isolation," Monpa knowledge of plant use reflects three categories of change. Firstly, oral histories of plants used in Bhutan were also encountered by Monpa people after their migration from Bhutan to south-eastern Tibet. Secondly, a "slow change" through centuries of exchange of knowledge (for example of Chinese and Tibetan medical systems), seeds of introduced crops (finger millet (indigenous to Africa), maize (from Meso-America)), and experimentation and use of introduced medicinal plants (such as Datura stramonium, which originates from North America). Thirdly, "fast change" over the past decade. This is reflected in changes in traditional architecture and in rising commercial trade in selected plant resources such as Dendrobium orchid stems and Paris polyphylla rhizomes which are in demand in China's Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) markets). Conclusions: Monpa people in the south-eastern Tibet have detailed knowledge of the diverse plant resources. But that traditional knowledge is now faced with a crisis because of the modern socio-economic change. In addition, Monpa knowledge of plants reflects slower changes in knowledge as well. For example, Monpa ethnomedicine has been influenced by traditional Tibetan and Chinese medicine over a longer period in time. Overall, this study provides a deeper understanding of the Monpa peoples' knowledge on wild plants, including endemic and near-endemic species whose uses have not been previously recorded. Several of these narrowly distributed species, such as the fish poison Derris scabricaulis, could be the focus of further studies. Some wild edible plants may also have interesting dietary constituents which need in-depth studies. These detailed studies could enable the Monpa people to benefit from the use of their traditional plant-derived culture and therefore support the biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To develop an effective, low-cost, single-visit cervical screening strategy incorporating a modified Pap test and visual inspection with acetic acid and Lugol's iodine for low-income settings.Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort trial. Two low-income Muslim Uyghur communities in China's far western Kashi Prefecture served as pilot and validation study sites, respectively, and 4,049 women (aged 30-59 years) were screened. The conventional Pap test was modified using a cotton swab to collect cervical cells without scraping the cervix using an Ayre spatula, allowing visual inspection with acetic acid (and visual inspection with Lugol's iodine if visual inspection with acetic acid was negative) to be performed in a single visit. Results from both tests were available within 1-2 hours. Women positive for either or both underwent same-day biopsy that was shipped by a courier service to a central pathology laboratory.Results: Single-visit screening incorporating both a modified Pap test and visual inspection achieved a sensitivity of 96.0% (95% CI 91.6-100), which was superior to Pap testing (76%, 95% CI 66.3-85.7; P<.001) or visual inspection with acetic acid-visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (48%, 95% CI 36.7-59.3; P<.001) alone in detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or worse lesions. Rapid interpretation of both diagnostic procedures facilitated efficient same-day biopsy that achieved a negative predictive value of 98.2% in detecting CIN 2 or worse lesions. The increased sensitivity and minimized loss of follow-up allowed this approach to identify an extremely high prevalence of CIN 1 (2,741/100,000, 95% CI 2,238-3,245/100,000), CIN 2 or 3 (1,457/100,000, 95% CI 1,088-1,826/100,000), and cervical cancer (395/100,000, 95% CI 202-589/100,000) among these underscreened, at-risk women.Conclusion: Single-visit cervical screening with both a modified Pap test and visual inspection has greater sensitivity to detect high-grade CINs, reduces loss of follow-up, and could be an efficient low-cost strategy for low-resource settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bai people in the Dali Prefecture of Northwest Yunnan, China, have a long history of using plant extracts to dye their traditional costumes and maintain this culture for posterity. However, the development of modern technology, while vastly improving the dyeing efficiency, is also replacing indigenous knowledge which threatens the indigenous practice, causing the latter disappearing gradually. This study sought to examine the indigenous knowledge of plants used for textile dyeing in Bai communities, so as to provide a foundation for their sustainable development. Methods: We conducted a semi-structured interview among 344 informants (above age 36) selected through a snowball sampling method. Free lists and participant observation were used as supplementary methods for the interviews. Three quantitative indicators (informant consensus factor [ICF], use frequency, and cultural importance index [CI]) were used to evaluate the indigenous knowledge of the dye-yielding plants. Results: Twenty-three species belonging to 19 plant taxonomic families were used for dye by Bai communities. We summarized them into four life forms, eight used parts, five colors, three processing methods, and four dyeing methods. Among them, Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) O. Kuntze was the most traditional dyeing plant and has an important cultural value. Location, age, and gender were found to have a significant effect on indigenous knowledge, and the dyeing knowledge was dynamic and influenced by social factors. Conclusions: Diverse plant resources and rich indigenous knowledge of textile dyeing persist at settlements of Bai communities in Dali Prefecture. However, high labor costs and thinning market of traditional products that use plant dye cause repulsion toward traditional practice. To that, a good income in other profession attracts indigenous people to shift from their tradition of making plant-based dye and associated cultural systems at risk of extinction. More research for market development for products that use plant-based dye is necessary for the conservation of this valuable knowledge and biodiversity protection in Bai communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photothermal effect is one of the most promising photonic procedures currently under development to successfully treat several clinical disorders, none the least some kinds of cancer. At present, this field is undergoing a renewed interest due to advances in both photothermal materials and better-suited light sources. However, scientific studies in this area are sometimes hampered by the relative unavailability of state-of-art materials or the complexity of setting up a dedicated optical facility. Here, we present a simple and affordable approach to do research in the photothermal field that relies on a commercial NIR laser pointer and a readily available everyday pigment: China ink. A proof-of-concept study is presented in which mice bearing intradermal LM3 mammary adenocarcinoma tumors were successfully treated in vivo employing China ink and the laser pointer. TUNEL and Ki-67 post-treatment tissue assessment clearly indicates the deleterious action of the photothermal treatment on the tumor. Therefore, the feasibility of this simple approach has been demonstrated, which may inspire other groups to implement simple procedures to further explore the photothermal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colour has long held a special significance in Chinese culture, especially for textiles in the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) Dynasties, the period when imperial handicrafts reached their production peak. This paper makes the first attempt to compare systematically historical Chinese records of textile dyeing to understand its practice. The paper presents research into the dyes and dyeing methods recorded in four important historical manuscripts of dye recipes from the periods of interest by examining the range and frequency of dyes and dyeing methods using statistical analysis methods. Issues such as the reliability of the historical resources of dyeing, the combination of raw materials, factors affecting the choices of dyes and dyeing methods and advances in dyeing are discussed. The findings of this research significantly promote the knowledge of textile dyeing for historical Chinese textiles research. They also have important implications for the understanding of world textile dyeing history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gardenia jasminoides, grown in multiple regions in China, was commonly used as a natural yellow dye but has been one of the popular traditional Chinese medicines since the discovery of its biological property a few decades ago. It has been reported that G. jasminoides possess multiple biological activities, such as antioxidant properties, hypoglycemic effect, inhibition of inflammation, antidepression activity, and improved sleeping quality. In this review, our aim was to have a comprehensive summary of its phytochemistry including the extraction, isolation, and characterization of volatiles and bioactive molecules in G. jasminoides, focusing on the two major phytochemicals, genipin and crocin, which possess potent medicinal properties. Furthermore, this study attempted to establish a structure--activity relationship between the two major series of molecules with two pharmcophores and their biological activities, which would serve further exploration of the properties of phytocompounds in G. jasminoides as potential functional foods and medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe demographic features and clinical and imaging characteristics of inflammatory choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a Chinese population.Methods: A retrospective case review of patients with CNV secondary to uveitis from 2002 to 2013.Results: A total of 125 patients (150 eyes, 166 CNVs; bifocal CNVs in 16 eyes), 64% of whom were women, were reviewed. The mean age was 35.86 years. The proportions of patients with punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC), multifocal choroiditis (MFC), and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) were 50.4, 22.4, and 8%. All of the cases were classic CNV in fluorocein angiography and type 2 CNV in OCT. The proportion of subfoveal lesions in active CNV (30.09%) was less than that in inactive CNV (60.38%).Conclusions: PIC, MFC, and VKH were the three primary specific types of uveitis with inflammatory CNV in this study. Inflammatory CNV tended to break though the retinal pigment epithelium and beneath the neurosensory retina. Moreover, inflammatory CNV was usually nonsubfoveal when it occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyes derived from plants have an extensive history of use for coloring food and clothing in Dong communities and other indigenous areas in the uplands of China. In addition to use as coloring agents, Dong communities have historically utilized dye plants for their value for enhancing the nutritive, medicinal and preservative properties of foods. However, the persistence of plant-derived dyes and associated cultural practices and traditional knowledge is threatened with rapid socio-economic change in China. Research is needed to document the ethnobotany of dye plants in indigenous communities towards their conservation and potential commercialization as a sustainable means of supporting local development initiatives. Methods: Semi-structured surveys on plants used for coloring agents and associated traditional knowledge were conducted in fifteen Dong villages of Tongdao County in Hunan Province of South Central China during 2011-2012. Transect walks were carried out with key informants identified from semi-structured surveys to collect samples and voucher specimens for each documented plant species for taxonomic identification. Results: Dong households at the study sites utilize the flowers, bark, stems, tubers and roots of 13 plant species from 9 families as dyes to color their customary clothing and food. Out of the documented plants, a total of 7 are used for coloring food, 3 for coloring clothing and 3 for both food and clothing. Documented plants consist of 3 species that yield black pigments, 3 for brownish red / russet pigments, 3 for red pigments, 2 for dark blue pigments and 2 for yellow pigments. In addition to dyes, the plants have multiple uses including medicinal, ornamental, sacrificial, edible, and for timber. Conclusions: The use of dyes derived from plants persists at the study sites for their important role in expressing Dong cultural identity through customary clothing and food. Further research is needed to evaluate the safety of dye plants, their efficacy in enhancing food items and their commercial potential. Conservation policies and management plans are called for to preserve these ethnobotanical resources in a sustainable manner that supports local livelihoods while maintaining cultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional grass cloth, which has a long history in China, is primarily constructed of raw ramie yarns. In this study, the dye adsorption of three reactive dyes (Reactive Red 2, Reactive Blue 194, and Reactive Orange 5) onto raw ramie yarns indicated that the high-temperature type of reactive dye was more suitable for dyeing raw ramie yarn. The adsorption kinetics for the sorption of Reactive Orange 5 onto raw and degummed ramie yarns was studied by applying pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics and the intraparticle diffusion model. The kinetics study revealed that adsorption primarily followed the pseudo-second-order model in the case of both yarns, and the adsorptions were spontaneous and exothermic. The adsorption isotherms were studied by applying Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and found that the Freundlich isotherm model was better fitted. The dyeing performance of Reactive Orange 5 on raw ramie fiber was investigated and compared with that of the degummed ramie yarn. The dyed fiber surface and cross-section were investigated using an optical microscope to understand the structural characteristics. The influences of different dyeing conditions and soap washing on gummy substance removal were also investigated. The tensile strength, stiffness, and colorfastness were also evaluated after raw ramie yarn washing. After the dyeing and soaping processes, gummy substances in the fiber were removed, and notably, they did not affect the water absorbency, tensile strength, and stiffness of ramie yarn. [Display omitted] • Orange 5 showed the best dye adsorption for raw ramie yarn. • Dyeing performances of raw and degummed ramie yarns with Orange 5 were similar. • Pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models showed the best fits. • Microscopic images confirmed the feasible penetration of dyes into raw ramie yarn. • Gummy material removal after dyeing and soaping did not alter physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wrightia laevis Hook. f. is a great tree of Apocynaceae. It is mainly distributed in Southeast provinces of China and Southeast Asian countries. It is a plant that combines dyestuff and economic value. There is no study on the genome of W. laevisso far. Here we report and characterize the complete plastid genome sequence of W. laevis in order to provide genomic resources useful for promoting its conservation. The complete chloroplast genome of W. laevis is 155,274 bp in length with a typical quadripartite structure, consisting of a large single-copy region (LSC, 85,463 bp), a single-copy region (SSC, 18,181 bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,815 bp). There are 133 genes annotated, including 88 unique proteincoding genes, 8 unique ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 transfer RNA genes. The overall G/C content in the plastome of W. laevis is 38.05%. The complete plastome sequence of W. laevis will provide a useful resource for the conservation genetics of this species as well as for phylogenetic studies in Apocynaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caesalpinia sappan Linnaeus is a great tree of Fabaceae. It is mainly distributed in the Southern provinces of China and Southeast Asian countries. It can be used to extract dyes. The heartwood has dyestuff and medicinal value. There is no study on the genome of C. sappan so far. Here, we report and characterize the complete plastid genome sequence of C. sappan in an order to provide genomic resources useful for promoting its conservation. The complete chloroplast genome of C. sappan is 160,176 bp in length with a typical quadripartite structure, consisting of a large single-copy region (LSC, 89,710 bp), a single-copy region (SSC, 18,357 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 26,054 bp). There are 129 genes annotated, including 84 unique protein-coding genes, eight unique ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 transfer RNA genes. The overall G/C content in the plastome of C. sappan is 36.0%. The complete plastome sequence of C. sappan will provide a useful resource for the conservation genetics of this species as well as for phylogenetic studies in Apocynaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the capabilities of saving energy and reducing pollutant emission of textile printing and dyeing (PD) industry, this article presents a novel agent-based simulation model for assessing the impacts of environmental strategies on a PD enterprise. Two typical PD enterprises in China are simulated with different modelling granularities: one is at a module level, while the other is at an enterprise level. The module-level simulation model depicts detailed production processes in a PD enterprise and evaluates five candidate strategies on their capabilities of improving energy usage and waste emission. The enterprise-level simulation model views a PD enterprise as an agent and assesses three tax strategies for waste discharge. The simulation results show that the proposed general model could be a valuable tool to explore potential solutions to saving energy and reducing waste emission in PD enterprises, after being calibrated to a real case. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article analyzed the current situation of dyeing and finishing industry in China with a scientific and development angle based on extensive data and cases. It pointed out that the ecological and environmental safety issue of the modern textile industry is a worldwide problem. Nowadays, China's dyeing and finishing industry has made great achievements in energy efficiency and emission reduction and eco-security performance improvement of products, and additionally, is in the leading level on some respects all over the world. However, the contradictory and pressure still exist between the increasing demands of market and development and the restriction of resources and environment. To get out of this predicament, the industry has to make transition and upgrade itself, strengthen the source-control and tightly manage the supply chains, and ultimately realize zero-using and zero-emission of hazardous substances in this industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-color stenciling printing is a Chinese traditional handwork dyeing craft, and it's two thousand years old. But as time goes on, this handicraft is losing the vivosphere, and gradually being forgotten by the people. Thanks to the unique local wedding tradition, Tongxiang, a city at the north of Zhejiang Province, still keeps the antiquity handicraft. The process flows, technical points and artistic features have been investigated and analyzed through substantive document study, on-the-spot investigation, example analysis and together with the craft tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Various extraordinary textiles were excavated from a graveyard at Yingpan, Xinjiang, on the middle route of the ancient Silk Road. Applications of western motifs and designs to traditional Chinese textiles led to the emergence of compound woven textiles with central Asian characters. For a better understanding of the cultural exchanges and textile trade between the West and the East in ancient times, identifications of archaeological fibres and dyes were carried out for various funerary textile objects by using multiple analytical techniques, such as high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode detection, optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Fibre identifications were performed for 35 archaeological textile samples, and the results showed that the ancient textiles were mostly made from Bombyx mori silk and wool. The SEM and FT-IR experimental results revealed that these ancient textiles remained morphologically intact due to the special (very dry) climate in Xinjiang, but noticeably degraded at the molecular level due to long time thermo-ageing and/or biodegradation. The principal colouring matters, such as alizarin, purpurin, indigotin and luteolin, were respectively characterised for nine archaeological textile samples. The yellow dyestuffs derived from luteolin-based plants were assumed to have been imported to China from the Middle East and Western Asia through the Silk Road. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (MBR) with a capacity up to 400 L/d was used for treatment of dyeing wastewater from a printing and dyeing factory in Changzhou, China. The MBR device was operated continuously for 100 days. The removal ratio of COD reached 90% and the COD values of effluent from the reactor were 52-97 mg/L, when the COD values of inlet were 600-1200 rag/L, 10-20% of which were rejected by membranes. The removal ratios for NH3-N and colour were 90-95% and 60-75%, respectively, The result of this work could be used as a reference for the application of MBR technology to dyeing wastewater treatment on an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Four types of soil clays from different sites in China have been chosen to simulate chemical remediation of soils contaminated with dyes by light-assisted Fenton-like method. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) and electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements indicated that these soil clays contain iron oxides such as magnetite and hematite, where nondistorted iron active sites (ESR spectra, g =2.3) predominate. Upon visible or UV irradiation, the soil clays were very effective for the degradation of nonbiodegradable cationic dyes such as Rhodamine B (RhB) by activating H2O2 at neutral pH. The photodegradation rates of RhB were closely related to total Fe content in clays and H2O2 dosage, indicating the mineral-catalyzed Fenton-like reactions operated. Soil organic matters (SOM) would remarkably inhibit the photodecomposition of RhB dye. The reaction products were some low-molecular-weight dicarboxylic acids and their derivatives, all of which are easily biodegradable. A possible mechanism was proposed based on the results obtained by spin-trapping ESR technique. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the concentration, distribution and movement of organic dyes in water, crop and soil systems of the Chinese coast. The average concentration of total organic dyes in the water of the ponds differed from the concentrations found in wetlands. The highest concentration of total organic dyes was found in the water of a wetland near a printing and dyeing enterprise in Guangzhou. In the water of East Lake, which is located at Shaoxing, reactive X-3B red dye was also detected. The concentration of total organic dyes in surface soils was inversely proportional to the distance from a wastewater entrance.

Three successive (representative) values of fluorescein-instillation TBUT (tear break-up time) were obtained from a group of young Hong Kong (HK)-Chinese. The median TBUT1, TBUT2 and TBUT3 were 3.2, 3.8 and 4.5 sec. respectively. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed that TBUT1 was significantly different from TBUT2 and TBUT3, but there was no difference between TBUT2 and TBUT3. It is therefore important, when measuring the TBUT, to specify which TBUT value was taken as the representative TBUT. Fluorescein was reapplied about six mm after the first application, and the TBUT value re-determined (TBUTR). The median TBUTR was not significantly different from TBUT1. The subjects were requested to return another day and TBUT values (TBUTW) were determined, with the subjects opening their eyes as wide as possible, such that the palpebral aperture size was increased. The mean ± SD normal palpebral aperture size was 10.0 &plusmnn; 1.3 mm, and the mean &plusmnn;SD palpebral aperture size with the eyes wide open was 11.4 ± 1.5 mm. The median TBUTW (3.6 sec) was significantly longer than the median TBUT1 (3.0 sec), but this difference appeared to be due to the extremely long TBUTW of one subject; no significant difference was found between the median TBLUTW (3.4 sec) and TBUT1 (2.8 sec) when data from this subject were excluded. There was no significant correlation between changes in palpebral size and IBUT value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the results of the study on the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in some bleached pulps that were taken from five paper mills in China. Raw materials from the mills are pulped with the use of the kraft process, bleached and then converted into paper. It was found out that the content of 2378-tetrachlorodibenco-p-Dioxin in the pulps is higher than that of softwood pulps and bleached hardwood. The quantity of PCDFs is low compared to PCDDs. The study also revealed that dibenzo-p-dioxin,dibenzofuran and chlorinated phenols are not precursors of PCDD's and PCDF's in the bleaching of non-wood fiber pulps with hypochlorite.

In promoting the process of energy saving and emission reduction, the China's worsted wool enterprises actively introduce the new equipment, new technology and new method to obtain good effect in saving energy, reducing pollution and increasing benefit. The conventional way of dyeing which is wasting the energy and polluting the environment are briefly summarized in this paper. Also the new equipment, new technology and new method which are applied widely at present are introduced. The achievement and problems encountered in the process of application of reactive dyes, low temperature dyeing process, achieving the small liquor ratio dyeing by updating the equipment are introduced in details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home textile product design trends have been evolving towards a more concise direction since 2008. New technology of environmental protection textile and mixed use of manifold dyeing technology has become unique feature of the use of new technologies in this exhibition. More and more manufacturers are focusing on building brand culture, and the styles of design supported by brand culture become an irreversible tide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower seedlings were used to discriminate two morphologically similar species of Phytophthora namely P. melonis and P. drechsleri. All isolates of P. melonis from different sources could not infect safflower seedlings under high inoculum potential whereas all isolates of P. drechsleri from various hosts attacked safflower within a short period. Of 31 authentic Phytophthora species inoculated to safflower seedlings only seven species including Phytophthora asparagi, Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora drechsleri, Phytophthora erythroseptica, Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora quercina caused hypocotyls infection. All cucurbit isolates of Phytophthora from different parts of Iran and one from China could not infect safflower seedlings and were identified as P. melonis which had been confirmed previously by molecular analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Historically, indigo-yielding plant species were important cash crops from Central Asia to the southern United States and Central America. Indigo-dyed textiles were widely traded along the legendary Silk Road that linked China to Europe. Today, due to the labor-intensive nature of indigo extraction at the household level, lifestyle changes and the widespread availability of commercially produced indigo paste, traditional indigo extraction methods have declined in villages. Yet Li textile weavers on Hainan Island are internationally recognized as producers of indigo-dyed textile using warp ikat techniques. In contrast, Hainan Miao weavers produce indigo-dyed textiles using batik (wax resist) techniques. The aim of this study was to document the indigenous knowledge on indigo-yielding plant species used by both Hainan Miao and Li people on Hainan Island, China. Method: Ethnic uses were documented during three field surveys, through a questionnaire survey of 193 respondents, comprising 144 Hainan Miao and 49 Li traditional dyers. Mention index (QI), Availability index (AI), and Preference ranking (PR) of each indigo-yielding plant species were calculated to screen out plant resources with potential development value. Results: Five indigo-yielding plant species (from four plant families and four genera) were historically used by Hainan Miao and Li dyers. However, just four species are still in use. Strobilanthes cusia was the main indigo source for Hainan Miao dyers. Li dyers also commonly use Indigofera species (I. tinctoria and I. suffruticosa) for indigo extraction. Wrightia laevis is less commonly used as a contemporary indigo source. Indigo extraction by steeping in water to which lime is added to increase the pH is sharing by the five indigo-yielding plant species. Strobilanthes cusia had the highest QI, AI and PR values in Hainan Miao villages. Indigofera tinctoria had the highest QI and AI values, but Indigofera suffruticosa was preferred by Li dyers. Conclusion: In the process of modernization and urbanization, some Hainan Miao and Li dyers retain the traditional indigo extraction methods. We found that Strobilanthes cusia and Indigofera tinctoria have the most potential for sustainable indigo production in the future. Furthermore, this study documents the details of extraction method from Wrightia laevis for the first time and the use of Ricinus communis seeds in that process. As one of the last places globally where Wrightia laevis is still used for indigo production, the may also be a nice market among textile collectors and museums that keeps the tradition of Wrightia laevis production and use for indigo extraction alive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]