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With the improvement in living standards and growing appreciation for flaxseed's nutritional value, global demand for flaxseed and its economic significance are continuously increasing. As a major flaxseed producer and exporter, China plays a crucial role in the development of its agricultural economy. Flaxseed, one of China's five key oil crops, is renowned for its rich nutritional content. This study employed a literature review to systematically examine the research status of key flaxseed dehulling technologies in China. It explored the characteristics, efficiencies, and quality differences among various dehulling methods, while also drawing on advanced techniques, such as chemical and ultrasonic dehulling, to provide new perspectives and theoretical support for flaxseed dehulling. Comprehensive analysis revealed that mechanical dehulling (the impact method and rolling and rubbing method) is the primary method used in China. The study also identified the issues in current flaxseed dehulling research in China and offers suggestions to guide future improvements and innovations in flaxseed processing, aiming to enhance the quality and nutritional value of flaxseed to meet diverse market demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a contextual use of the innovative drawing techniques that involved architecture and painting in the Qing court during the first half of the eighteenth century. At this point architectural linear perspective in painting (quadratura) and stage design had become common fields of experimentation for the Chinese and Jesuit artists missionaries. In this conceptual context, Western quadratura was developed in China by Giovanni Gherardini. (1655-1729), and especially by Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1766), who is remembered as an extraordinarily versatile architect-painter. The focus of this paper is on the "illusory mural paintings of architectural perspective in Nantang Church" (Beijing), which has now disappeared, and which spread the influence of theWestern Renaissance. The importedWestern linear perspective and the fundamentals of architectural drawing facilitated the systematization and dissemination of the quadratura as an unknown technique in China. Based on the text described by the contemporary scholar Yao Yuan Zhi, an original interpretation of the architectural perspective mural paintings in Nantang Church is proposed. These paintings provide an important case study of Sino-European collaboration in the eighteenth century from different points of view: the representation of the light in drawings and the fact that the concept of shadow in some respects was unknown to the Chinese artist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A particle element approach based on continuum-discontinuum element method (CDEM) is applied to optimize the automated top-coal drawing techniques in extra-thick coal seams. Numerical models with 100 drawing openings are created according to the field engineering geological conditions of Tongxin coal mine in China. An automated coal drawing control approach in numerical modelling based on time criterion is proposed. The rock mixed rate, top-coal recovery rate and the variance of the drawn top coal amount are counted and set as the statistical indicators to evaluate the top-coal drawing techniques. The traditional top-coal drawing criterion, "rocks appear, close the opening", leads to low recovery of top coal and waste of coal resources in extra-thick coal seams, significantly weakening the transport stability and efficiency of the scraper conveyer. A three-round unequal time top-coal drawing technique is proposed for automated top-coal drawing. Three drawing openings, corresponding to the three top-coal drawing rounds respectively, are working at the same time; in each round, the top-coal drawing sequence is from the first drawing opening at one end of the working face to last drawing opening at another end; the drawing time of each round is not equal and increases with the round number. The numerical inversion approach of iteration steps can be used for real top-coal drawing time estimation and automated drawing process design to achieve a better top coal drawing effect, while the exact time for each drawing round still needs to be corrected by engineering practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]