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In the real-time flood control operation of multi-reservoir systems, it is of great significance to establish a dynamic operating system with high efficiency based on the spatiotemporal variation of flood control situations. This paper proposes a self-adaptive modeling framework for real-time flood control operation of multi-reservoirs based on the cyber–physical system (CPS) theory. Firstly, the random flood samples considering the randomness of both space and magnitude are generated, and then the multi-reservoir real-time flood control hybrid operation (MRFCHO) model is established based on the dynamic identification of effective reservoirs. Then, the CPS theory is introduced to put forward the multi-reservoir real-time flood control hybrid operation cyber–physical system (MRFCHOCPS), which integrates real-time monitoring, control center, database, computation module, and communication network. Finally, the proposed framework is demonstrated in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and adaptability in real-time flood control operations. A case study of the multi-reservoir system upstream of the Lutaizi point in the Huaihe River basin in China reveals that (1) the equivalent qualified rate of the MRFCHO model is 84.9% for random flood samples; (2) the efficiency of solving the MRFCHO model is much higher than the efficiency of solving the MRFCJO model under the premise of ensuring the flood control effect, so it provides a reliable method for the real-time operation of basin-wide floods; (3) the MRFCHOCPS has good adaptability in real-time dynamic modeling and operation of large-scale multi-reservoir systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Energy internet (EI) is a complex coupled multienergy system; it is essential to investigate its multienergy dispatching optimization issues. To this end, this paper first proposes a novel conception of smart dispatching for EI with a complex cyber‐physical‐social system (CPSS) network from the perspective of parallel dispatch, called parallel dispatching robot (PDR), and investigates the implementations of PDR based on smart artificial society (SAS) modeling. First, we introduce EI and describe the dispatching issues of EI. Second, we discuss several important concepts supporting the parallel dispatch conception of EI, including knowledge automation (KA), CPSS, and parallel machine learning (PML). On the basis of these, we elaborate the concept of parallel dispatch. Moreover, we construct a large closed‐loop feedback control framework of parallel dispatch for EI integrating a CPSS network based on KA and PML. Third, we establish an experimental platform for PDR research based on the proposed parallel dispatch framework. Fourth, we develop the PML‐based SAS models of a single PDR in centralized dispatching modes and group PDRs in decentralized dispatching modes to achieve crowd wisdom emergence and performance improvement in current cyber‐physical system frameworks of EI. Moreover, we design an external global closed loop for PDR to evaluate its operation stability. Lastly, we conduct a detailed discussion on PDR and offer some prospects for its engineering implementations. The biggest innovation of this paper lies in systematically proposing the smart dispatching concept and framework for complex CPSS‐based EI from the perspective of parallel dispatch and thoroughly investigating how to use SAS modeling to implement parallel dispatching and control for EI considering human and social factors, which is a major extension and theoretical improvement to existing single smart wide area robot concept and a preliminary attempt in investigating a shift from Energy 4.0 to Energy 5.0 in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Proposing the multiple hierarchical and multiple time scales CPS framework of DSRs. • Depicting the energy flow, information flow and capital flow relationships of DSRs. • Proposing a feasible specific modeling approach based on the CPS model of DSRs. • Planning a multiple time scales DSM digital system which run parallelly. The electricity market reform in China stimulates the capacity of demand-side resources regulation and provides a new approach to promote large-scale renewable energy access to power grid. However, there is no effective modeling method to describe the participation of demand-side resources in power grid regulation, which seriously affects the research on the response strategy of demand-side resources under the electricity market environment. Aiming at the problem above, this paper presents a multiple hierarchical and multiple time scales modeling method of demand-side resources based on cyber-physical system theory. First, a multiple hierarchical and multiple time scales modeling framework of demand-side resources based on cyber-physical system theory is proposed. Second, on the basis of the modeling framework, the multi-dimensional variable coupling relationships of the energy flow, the information flow and the capital flow of demand-side resources are analyzed. Finally, an example of feasible modeling method under this framework is presented, and the correctness of the presented modeling method is verified. This paper gives full consideration to the coupling relationship of multiple hierarchies, multiple time scales and multi-dimensional variables of demand-side resources under the power market environment, and proposes a demand-side response resources model based on cyber-physical system theory, which lays a solid foundation for future research on demand-side resources' participation in power grid regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]