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Aim: This review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the effectiveness of nurse‐led multidisciplinary interventions in primary health care. Methods: The following Chinese and English databases were searched for relevant articles: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), from the establishment of the databases until the last updating search 1 April 2022. Two researchers screened the studies independently and extracted the data. Meta‐analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3 software. Results: A total of 12 studies were included in this review. It was found that nurse‐led multidisciplinary interventions significantly shortened patients' length of stay in hospital (standardized mean differences [SMD] = −1.28, 95%CI: −2.03 to −0.54; P<0.001) and decreased incidences of complications (RR = 0.24, 95%CI:0.10 to 0.54; P = 0.0006) compared to the control group, and lowered patients' anxiety levels (SMD = −1.21, 95%CI: −1.99 to −0.44; P<0.01) and depression levels (SMD = −1.85, 95%CI: −3.42 to −0.28; P<0.0001). Furthermore, the results of subgroup analysis indicated that nurse‐led multidisciplinary interventions had significant effects on patients' self‐management ability (SMD = 4.45, 95%CI:2.45 to 6.44; P<0.0001) and quality of life (SMD = 1.01, 95%CI: 0.63 to 1.40; P<0.0001) compared to the control group. Conclusions: Nurse‐led multidisciplinary interventions had strong effects in primary health care, contributing to shorten patients' length of stay in hospital, decrease incidences of complications and reduce the levels of anxiety and depression. Moreover, nurse‐led multidisciplinary interventions also improved patients' self‐management ability and quality of life. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Chronic diseases with long duration and slow recovery are one of the priorities for management in primary health care.In China and other countries around the world, primary health care is highly regarded for its efforts for the health of all.Several randomized controlled trials have explored the effectiveness of nurse‐led multidisciplinary interventions in primary health care, but the findings of these studies are contradictory. What this paper adds? The review demonstrates that nurse‐led multidisciplinary interventions could shorten patients' length of stay in hospital, decrease the incidence of complications and reduce the levels of anxiety and depression.Nurse‐led multidisciplinary interventions also improve patients' self‐management ability and quality of life.Nurse‐led multidisciplinary interventions are beneficial for promoting health and preventing disease in primary health care. The implications of this paper: Community primary health‐care personnel should be aware of the importance of nurse‐led multidisciplinary interventions in preventing disease and safeguarding health.For people with chronic diseases, community health‐care personnel should adopt multidisciplinary care methods to improve outcomes for patients.High‐quality studies are needed to verify the effects of interventions for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Archean Kongling tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) rocks and Neoproterozoic Huangling granodiorite–monzogranite–tonalite complex occupy the core of the Huangling anticline of the northern Yangtze Craton, South China. These Precambrian felsic rocks have provided crucial clues for understanding the earliest crustal growth in South China. This study presents a set of new zircon U–Pb geochronological and Lu–Hf isotopic data, and whole-rock geochemical data for the mafic dykes, predominantly intruding the Kongling TTG package in the northern Huangling anticline. Our data show that the dykes might be geochemically subdivided into Groups 1 and 2. Group 1 is characterized by low Al2O3, Na2O + K2O, Mg#, Th/Ta, and Sm/Yb but high FeOt and TiO2. In contrast, the Group 2 samples are marked by higher Al2O3, Mg#, Th/Ta, and Sm/Yb but lower FeOt and TiO2. The Group 1 dykes are inferred to be of Paleoproterozoic origin. Group 2 has zircon U–Pb ages of ~ 800 Ma but distinct εHf(t) values among the rock samples, ranging from − 0.3 to − 31.5 and indicating the Neoproterozoic lithospheric mantle being heterogeneous. The Paleoproterozoic Group 1 mafic dykes originated from an enriched and dry lithospheric source. The Neoproterozoic Group 2 mafic dykes were generated by an enriched lithosphere that was modified by slab-released fluid. In addition, a tonalite sample from the southern Huangling anticline is dated at ~ 815 Ma, and has the εHf(t) values ranging from − 19.8 to + 6.9. The wide εHf(t) range suggests the mixing between an enriched lithosphere with a less enriched source. Our data, along with the coeval mafic rocks in NW South China, North Laurentia, and South Australia, indicate that the Neoproterozoic mafic dykes and tonalite in the Yangtze interior are most likely the products in the supra-subduction setting along the Rodinia margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: RgC4H promotes phenolic accumulation inR. glutinosa, activating the molecular networks of its antioxidant systems, and enhancing the tolerance to oxidative stresses exposed to drought, salinity and H2O2 conditions. Rehmannia glutinosa is of great economic importance in China and increasing R. glutinosa productivity relies, in part, on understanding its tolerance to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a key influencing factor for crop productivity in plants exposed to harsh conditions. In the defense mechanisms of plants against stress, phenolics serve an important antioxidant function. Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is the first hydroxylase in the plant phenolics biosynthesis pathway, and elucidating the molecular characteristics of this gene in R. glutinosa is essential for understanding the effect of tolerance to oxidative stress tolerance on improving yield. Using in vitro and in silico methods, a C4H gene, RgC4H, from R. glutinosa was isolated and characterized. RgC4H has 86.34–93.89% amino acid sequence identity with the equivalent protein in other plants and localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. An association between the RgC4H expression and total phenolics content observed in non-transgenic and transgenic R. glutinosa plants suggests that this gene is involved in the process of phenolics biosynthesis. Furthermore, the tolerance of R. glutinosa to drought, salinity and H2O2 stresses was positively or negatively altered in plants with the overexpression or knockdown of RgC4H, respectively, as indicated by the analysis in some antioxidant physiological and molecular indices. Our study highlights the important role of RgC4H in the phenolics/phenylpropanoid pathway and reveals the involvement of phenolic-mediated regulation in oxidative stress tolerance in R. glutinosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The α2-adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a sedative and can be used as an adjunct to hypnotics. The study sought to evaluate the effects of different doses of DEX on the requirements for propofol for loss of consciousness (LOC) in patients monitored via the bispectral index (BIS). Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, three arm parallel group design and placebo-controlled trial, 73 patients aged between 18 and ~ 65 years with a BMI range of 18.0–24.5 kg·m− 2 and an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I or II who were scheduled for general anesthesia at the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University were included in this study. Anesthesiologists and patients were blinded to the syringe contents. All patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive a 0.5 μg·kg− 1 DEX infusion (0.5 μg·kg− 1 DEX group; n = 24), a 1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX infusion (1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX group; n = 25) or a saline infusion (control group; n = 24) for 10 min. Propofol at a concentration of 20 mg·kg− 1·h− 1 was then infused at the end of the DEX or saline infusion. The propofol infusion was stopped when the patient being infused lost consciousness. The primary endpoint were propofol requirements for LOC and BIS value at LOC. Results: The data from 73 patients were analyzed. The propofol requirements for LOC was reduced in the DEX groups compared with the control group (1.12 ± 0.33 mg·kg− 1 for the 0.5 μg·kg− 1 DEX group vs. 1.79 ± 0.39 mg·kg− 1 for the control group; difference, 0.68 mg·kg− 1 [95% CI, 0.49 to 0.87]; P = 0.0001) (0.77 ± 0.27 mg·kg− 1 for the 1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX group vs. 1.79 ± 0.39 mg·kg− 1 for the control group; difference, 1.02 mg·kg− 1 [95% CI, 0.84 to 1.21]; P = 0.0001). The propofol requirements for LOC was lower in the 1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX group than the 0.5 μg·kg− 1 DEX group (0.77 ± 0.27 mg·kg− 1 vs. 1.12 ± 0.33 mg·kg− 1, respectively; difference, 0.34 mg·kg− 1 [95% CI, 0.16 to 0.54]; P = 0.003). At the time of LOC, the BIS value was higher in the DEX groups than in the control group (67.5 ± 3.5 for group 0.5 μg·kg− 1 DEX vs. 60.5 ± 3.8 for the control group; difference, 7.04 [95% CI, 4.85 to 9.23]; P = 0.0001) (68.4 ± 4.1 for group 1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX vs. 60.5 ± 3.8 for the control group; difference, 7.58 [95% CI, 5.41 to 9.75]; P = 0.0001). Conclusion: The study showed that DEX (both 0.5 and 1.0 μg·kg− 1 DEX) reduced the propofol requirements for LOC. DEX pre-administration increased the BIS value for LOC induced by propofol. Clinical trial registration: The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (trial ID: NCT02783846 on May 26, 2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first ±500 kV voltage source converter based high voltage direct current (VSC‐HVDC) grid in the world is being built in China. The half‐bridge submodule‐based modular multilevel converter (MMC), the direct current (DC) circuit breaker (DCCB), and the overhead line are used in the project. Switching overvoltage will occur after the DCCB turns off the short circuit current (SCC) in the VSC‐HVDC grid. The existing average value models (AVMs) of MMC still have some limitations in simulating such a kind of overvoltage. The main reason is that these AVMs cannot accurately simulate the working states of MMC in the VSC‐HVDC grid with DCCB. This article summarizes the possible cases of the action strategies between the DCCB and MMC in the VSC‐HVDC grid. Then, the working states of MMC in the different cases are analyzed. Corresponding to different working states, the limitations of existing AVMs are analyzed. The existing AVMs cannot simulate the alternating current or DC components in the arm current before being blocked and the charging process of the submodule capacitor after being blocked. An enhanced AVM is proposed in this article, which can fully simulate the MMC's working states. Simulation results show that the accuracy of the proposed AVM is highly improved over the existing AVMs. Meanwhile, the simulation efficiency of the proposed model is improved over the detailed equivalent model that is highly accurate but relatively low efficient for VSC‐HVDC grid simulations. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of blood-activating Chinese medicinal compounds and water-draining Chinese medicinal compounds on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κ B) expressions in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) at the acute stage, and to monitor their therapeutic effect and mechanism of action on inflammation and cerebral edema. Methods: A rat model of cerebral hemorrhage was achieved by injecting autologous arterial blood into the caudate nucleus. A total of 168 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: blood-activating medicine group ( n=42), water-draining medicine group ( n=42), sham operated group ( n=42), and the model group ( n=42). A series of brain samples were obtained at days 1, 3 and 5 after ICH from rats in all groups. Protein expression levels of TNF-α and NF-κ B were measured by immunohistochemical staining and gene expression levels of TNF-α and NF-κ B were measured by real-time fluorescent PCR. Results: Compared to the sham operated group, protein expression levels of TNF-α and NF-κ B in the model group significantly increased ( P<0.01). Protein and gene expressions of TNF-α from the blood-activating medicine group and water-draining medicine group significantly decreased when compared to those in the model group P<0.05). Meanwhile, compared to the model group, the expression of NF-κ B in the blood-activating medicine group significantly decreased ( P<0.05), while expression of NF-κ B in the water-draining medicine group did not differ ( P>0.05). Conclusions: Blood-activating Chinese medicinal compounds and water-draining Chinese medicinal compounds can alleviate inflammation of peripheral tissue and cerebral edema. However, the blood-activating Chinese medicinal compounds were more effective than the water-draining Chinese medicinal compounds. The possible effective mechanism may be by means of inhibiting the activation of NF-κ B so as to suppress the transcription of target genes including gene expression of TNF-α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and bisphenol A (BPA) patterns and their sources and transport in different land-use soils from Longtang, South China, a typical electronic waste recycling center. We also studied the reductive debromination of TBBPA in paddy soils. TBBPA and BPA concentrations (on a dry weight basis) were undetected-220 and 0.50-325 ng/g, respectively, and both increased, by similar factors, in the following order: pond sediments < paddy soils = vegetable soils < wasteland < dismantling sites < former open burning sites. BPA concentrations were higher than TBBPA concentrations in all six land-use soils, and they correlated significantly. TBBPA and BPA were transported through the soil profiles, being found at relatively high concentrations in soil 0-40 cm deep, but only at low concentrations in soil 40-80 cm deep. The surface soil concentrations appear to have been strongly affected by crude recycling activities, and former open burning and dismantling sites were the main point sources. The areas surrounding the open burning sites and dismantling sites have been contaminated not only by the dumping of waste residues but also by fly ash deposition, even though the agricultural soils are far from the point pollution sources. Some BPA in the soils is likely to be the reductive debromination product of TBBPA because the long rainy season promotes TBBPA transformation and because BPA can persist for a long time. Incubation experiments confirmed that TBBPA could be transformed into BPA and that BPA could accumulate in waterlogged paddy soils, and this may be why BPA concentrations were higher than TBBPA concentrations in the Longtang area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Western Liaoning Province connects Liaoning Province with Inner Mongolia and Hebei Province, and it serves as the frontier to join the culture of Northeastern China with that of the Central Plains. It's one of the sources from which ancient Chinese civilization originates, and a melting pot for the lives of multiple nationalities. In particular, Chaoyang City plays an important role as the ancient capital of different dynasties. In Chaoyang city, there are various kinds of economy and culture. Here, the agriculture and animal husbandry are interchangeable. The Corridor of Western Liaoning Province serves as an important way of literary writing. It is of significance studying the changes of ecological environment in Western Liaoning Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple sequence repeat ( SSR) marker is a powerful tool for construction of genetic linkage map which can be applied for quantitative trait loci ( QTL) and marker-assisted selection ( MAS). In this study, a genetic map of faba bean was constructed with SSR markers using a 129 F2 individuals population derived from the cross of Chinese native variety 91825 (large seed) and K1563 (small seed). By screening 11 551 SSR primers between two parents, 149 primer pairs were detected polymorphic and used for F2 population analysis. This SSR-based genetic linkage map consisted of 15 linkage groups with 128 SSR. The map encompassed 1587 cM with an average genetic distance of 12.4 cM. The genetic map generated in this study will be beneficial for genetic studies of faba bean for identification of marker-locus-trait associations as well as comparative mapping among faba bean, pea and grasspea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G plays an important role in promoting transplant tolerance and helping human cytomegalovirus (CMV) to subvert host defenses. Strong evidence suggests that HLA-G 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism influences the stability of HLA-G mRNAs and levels of protein expression. We hypothesized that HLA-G 14-bp polymorphism of recipients has an influence on the risk of acute rejection (AR) and CMV infection. We investigated the impact of HLA-G 14-bp polymorphism on a total of 363 unrelated Chinese Han individuals who included 42 kidney transplant recipients with AR, 43 recipients with CMV infection, 102 recipients with stable allograft function (STA), and 176 healthy controls (HC). No statistically significant difference was found between all kidney transplant patients and HC (P=0.149). But, our data showed an increased frequency of homozygous genotype + 14/+14 bp (Pc=0.004) and allele + 14 bp (Pc=0.002) in patients with AR when compared with STA, with the odds ratio of 3.17 and 2.28, respectively. Moreover, we found that the frequency of the -14/-14 bp genotype (Pc = 0.008) and the -14 bp allele (Pc=0.016) was increased in patients with CMV infection when compared with STA, with the OR of 2.66 and 1.96, respectively. Multivariate analysis further demonstrated that HLA-G homozygous + 14 bp and -14 bp genotypes were an independent risk factor for allograft rejection and CMV infection, respectively. In conclusion, this study identified an important genetic risk factor for acute allograft rejection, and it was the first to show a significant correlation between HLA-G 14-bp polymorphism and CMV infection after kidney transplantation from northwestern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The History Seminar of 1st Academic Annual of Liaoning Province Philosophy and Social Science was held in Bohai University East Campus from June 14 2007 to June 15 2007, at which some questions were discussed such as Liaoning regional culture code,prosperity of Liaoning local history, training of history majors and exploration of Dalinghe River history and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The replication and cellular immune responses of a PCV2b strain and a chimeric PCV1–2b strain were compared. • The replication capability of the chimeric PCV1–2b strain was similar to that of the PCV2b-J strain. • The PCV1–2b strain elicited higher levels of PCV2-antibody than the PCV2b-J strain in mice. • The PCV1–2b strain can elicit more IFN-γ-secreting cells and IL-2 than the PCV2b-J strain. However, IL-4 and IL-10 did not differ. • The immune responses to the two strains in the mouse and pig models were not significantly different. A chimeric porcine circovirus (PCV) 1–2b vaccine strain and its parental wild-type PCV2b strain from China (PCV2-J) were used separately to vaccinate BALB/c mice and tissue and serum samples were collected from the mice to investigate whether the replication properties of the viruses differed. The spleen lymphocytes from the infected mice were cultured in vitro; the amounts of interferon-γ-secreting cells (IFN-γ-SCs) and levels of interleukin (IL) 2, IL-4 and IL-10 in the culture fluids were monitored. The results showed that PCV1–2b induced higher levels of antibody production in the infected mice than the PCV2b-J isolate. Viremia declined gradually in both infection groups and the DNA copy numbers were nearly equal in both groups of mouse tissues tested. The IFN-γ-SC levels were clearly up-regulated in both the PCV1–2b- and PCV2b-J-infected mice. In both mouse groups, IL-2 was up-regulated, and IL-10 was detected at low levels, while IL-4 was always below the limit of detection. Similar experiments were performed in pigs and the results showed that when infected with either PCV1–2b or PCV2b-J the pigs experienced high-level antibody responses, with no significant differences between the infection groups. In the pig model, the development of IFN-γ-SCs in response to PCV1–2b and PCV2b-J infections was detected. However, the PCV1–2b strain tended to elicit more IFN-γ-SCs in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population of the infected pigs from 21 to 28 days post infection than the PCV2b-J isolate did. The concentrations of IL-2 were transiently different between the PCV1–2b and PCV2b-J infected pigs, while those of IL-10 and IL-2 were similar in both groups, but were lower than those elicited in mice. These results indicated that BALB/c mouse could be used as an alternate model for evaluating the efficacy of attenuated PCV1–2b vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate forecast of air cargo demand is essential for infrastructure construction planning and daily operation management. Evidently, it is extremely difficult to capture the dynamics of time series impacted by distinct sources. To reduce the complexity of data, the current popular method is to decompose the original data into several modal branches with different characteristic attributes. But the new problem is that the components generated by decomposition are still irregular and unstable, and there is no unified method to predict them. In this paper, a new secondary decomposition-ensemble (SDE) approach with a cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) is proposed for air cargo forecasting. More specifically, the original air cargo time series is decomposed into several components by an enhanced decomposition formwork, which consists of variational mode decomposition (VMD), sample entropy (SE) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Subsequently, the ARIMA and the Elman neural networks (ENN) optimized by CSA are respectively applied to forecast the trend component and the low-frequency components, during which the phase space reconstruction (PSR) is conducted to determine the input structure of neural networks. The final forecasting results are obtained by integrating the predicted values of each component. Besides, the air cargo series from three different airports in China are adopted to validate the performance of our proposed approach and the empirical results show that it is superior to all other benchmark models in terms of the robustness and accuracy. • A new enhanced secondary decomposition-ensemble approach is proposed for air cargo forecasting. • The phase space reconstruction is employed to design the form of Elman neural network. • The cuckoo search algorithm is used to improve the forecasting ability of Elman neural network. • The ARIMA model is applied to predict the trend component of modes. • Empirical results verify that the proposed approach outperforms other considered benchmark models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Lonicera japonica (LJ) is widely used as the local medicine to improve body and prevent ills in China, but mechanisms of its healthy beneficial effects remain largely unclear. Here, we evaluated the anti-aging and healthspan promoting activities of 75% ethanol extract of LJ (LJ-E) in the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results showed that LJ-E (500 μg/mL) treatment enhanced the mean lifespan of worms by over 21.87% and significantly improved age-associated physiological functions in C. elegans. The 500 μg/mL concentration of LJ-E enhanced the survival rates under oxidative and thermal stresses, and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and fat accumulation in the worms. Gene-specific mutant studies showed that LJ-E-mediated lifespan extension was dependent on mev-1 , daf-2 , daf-16 , and hsf-1 , but not eat-2 genes. LJ-E could upregulate stress-inducible genes, viz., hsp-16.2 , sod-3 and mtl-1. Moreover, we found that the D1086.10 protein interacted with superoxide dismutase (SOD)–3 by functional protein association networks analysis according to RNA-sequencing results. It was confirmed that D1086.10 was needed to promote longevity, and positively regulated expression of sod-3 by using D1086.10 mutants. Furthermore, LJ-E significantly delayed amyloid β-protein induced paralysis in CL4176 strain. Given the important role of autophagy in aging and protein homeostasis, we observed that LJ-E could remarkably increase the mRNA expression of autophagy gene bec-1 in CL4176 strain, and decrease expression of autophagy substrate p62 protein by more than 40.0% in BC12921 strain. Finally, we found that combination composed of three major compounds (54 μg/mL chlorogenic acid, 15 μg/mL 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 7.5 μg/mL 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid) of 500 μg/mL LJ-E could significantly delay paralysis in CL4176 worms caused by Aβ toxicity, comparable to that of LJ-E. Overall, our study may have important implications in using Lonicera japonica to promote healthy aging and have a potency to design therapeutics for age-related diseases. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • LJ-E supplementation increased lifespan and improved healthspan in C. elegans. • LJ-E increased resistance of C. elegans to stress conditions, and reduced fat accumulation in C. elegans. • LJ-E-mediated lifespan extension was dependent on mev-1, daf-2, daf-16, and hsf-1, but not eat-2 genes. • LJ-E can upregulate stress-inducible genes, viz., hsp-16.2, sod-3 and mtl-1. D1086.10 gene, found by RNA-Seq, was needed to promote longevity, and regulated expression of sod-3. • LJ-E significantly delayed amyloid β-protein induced paralysis in CL4176 strain. Combination composed of three major compounds of LJ-E can significantly delay paralysis in CL4176 worms caused by Aβ toxicity, comparable to that of LJ-E. • Autophagy was required pathway in the longevity promoting and protection against Aβ-induced toxicity effects of LJ-E. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquake location is essential when defining fault systems and other geological structures. Many methods have been developed to locate hypocenters within a 1D velocity model. In this study, a new approach, named MatLoc, has been developed which can simultaneously invert for the locations and origin times of the hypocenters and the velocity structure, from the arrival times of local earthquakes. Moreover, it can invert for layer boundary depths, such as Moho depths, which can be well constrained by the Pm and Pn phases. For this purpose, the package was developed to take into account reflected phases, e.g., the Pm phase. The speed of the inversion is acceptable due to the use of optimized matrix calculations. The package has been used to re-locate the Lushan earthquake series which occurred in Sichuan, China, from April 20 to April 22, 2013. The results obtained with the package show that the Lushan earthquake series defines the dip of the Guankou fault, on which most of the series occurred, to be 39° toward the NW. Further, the surface projection of the Lushan earthquake series is consistent with the regional tectonic strike which is about N45° E. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Zircon U–Pb–Hf isotope and whole rock geochemical data are used. [•] Paleoproterozoic S-, I, and A-type granites are identified in eastern Cathaysia Block. [•] Paleoproterozoic igneous rocks were formed in different stages of an orogenic cycle. [•] The eastern Cathaysia Block has complex low crust compositions. [•] New data support Archean igneous rocks occurring in lower crust. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Zircon U–Pb dating and Hf-isotope compositions and bulk geochemical analyses of granites and metasedimentary rocks from the NE-striking Pingtan–Dongshan Metamorphic Belt (PDMB), coastal South China, are used to constrain their formation ages and tectonic settings. LA-ICPMS zircon U–Pb dating results reveal four periods of magmatism/metamorphism along the PDMB, including ~187Ma, 133–130Ma and 108–100Ma granitic magmatism in the northern PDMB and 147–140Ma granites and metamorphic rocks in the southern belt. A low P/T metamorphic event at 144–140Ma and two deformation phases at 130–125Ma and 108–100Ma are also recognized. The Early Yanshanian high-K calc-alkaline granites (187–140Ma) are characterized by high contents of SiO2, alkali and low light rare earth element (LREE)/ heavy rare earth element (HREE) fractionation (LREE/HREE=4.82–11.54, (La/Yb)N =3.99–13.53) and weak Eu depletion (0.54–0.61), whereas the Late Yanshanian calc-alkaline granites (140–100Ma) have low A/CNK, middle LREE/HREE ratios (10.13–19.18) and positive to inconspicuous Eu anomalies (0.79–1.95). Granites in both periods are depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti) but enriched in LREE and large ionic lithophile elements (LILE), with low Rb/Ba and Rb/Sr ratios and A/CNK values, indicating that they are typical I-type granites in the arc-related tectonic setting due to subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate. However, both the Early and Late Yanshanian granites have distinct Sr, Nb and K2O contents and La/Yb, Sr/Y and Eu/Eu* ratios, suggesting different P–T conditions. Zircon grains from the granites in the northern PDMB have higher Hf-isotope compositions with ε Hf(t)=+0.01 to +6.47 and Hf model ages (T C DM)=0.82–1.16Ga, whereas those from the granites in the southern PDMB show slightly lower Hf-isotope compositions with ε Hf(t)=−6.63 to +0.07 and older Hf model ages (T C DM)=1.19–1.61Ga. Compared with the metamorphic basement near the study area, the granites in the northern PDMB were probably derived from a Neoproterozoic crust, whereas those in the southern PDMB may have originated from a mixed source of Neoproterozoic and minor older crustal materials. We propose that the Early Yanshanian granites in the PDMB are the eastern extension of the E–W-striking granitoid–volcanic belt in the Nanling Range, whereas the Late Yanshanian igneous rocks mostly distribute in coastal Southeast China and strike NE. The distinct distribution and geochemical features between the Early and Late Yanshanian magmatic events can be related to the change of direction and dip angle of the Paleo-Pacific plate that was subducted underneath the Eastern Eurasian continent in the two episodes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We analyzed rainwater collected from multiple sites, Guangzhou, China, from March to August 2005, with the aim to characterize the distribution, regional sources and deposition fluxes of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in South China. Eight species of organochlorine pesticide were detected, including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and endosulfans. Volume-weighted mean monthly total concentrations varied from 3.65±0.95 to 9.37±2.63ngL−1, and the estimated total wet deposition flux was about 11.43±3.27µgm−2 during the monitoring period. Pesticides were mainly detected in the dissolved phase. Distribution coefficients between particulate and dissolved phases in March and April were generally higher than in other months. HCHs, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDT in precipitation were attributed to both the residues and present usage of insecticides in Pearl River Delta. The concentrations of p,p′-DDD+ p,p′-DDT were relatively high from April to August, which were related to the usage of antifouling paints containing DDT for fishing ships in seaports of the South China Sea in summer. In contrast, endosulfans were relatively high in March, which was related to their seasonal atmospheric transport from cotton fields in eastern China by the Asian winter monsoon. The consistency of the variation of endosulfans, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDT concentrations with the alternation of summer and winter monsoon suggested that the Asian monsoon played an important role in the long-range transport of OCPs. In addition, the wet deposition of OCPs may influence not only Pearl River water but also the surface land distributions of pesticides in the Guangzhou area, especially for endosulfans, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDT. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• It is identified for the ∼830 Ma high-Mg Yiyang pillow basalt with the origin of a wedge source recently infiltrated by recycled components. • The ∼785 Ma mafic and ultramafic rocks are identified, which are products of the OIB-like source and lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction. • The Paleo-Huanan Ocean was finally closed at ∼830 Ma and the amalgamation of the Yangtze with Cathaysia completed at ∼810 Ma in South China. • The South China Block is created by an early Neoproterozoic accretionary orogen along the Rodinia periphery and subsequent breakup since ∼785 Ma. The assembly time and process of the South China Block and its subsequent breakup remain controversial. This paper presents a set of new mineral chemical, zircon U-Pb geochronological, elemental and Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopic data of the Group 1 Yiyang pillow basalt, Group 2 Aikou and Xinyu mafic–ultramafic rocks, and Group 3 Yuanling-Anjiang gabbro-diabase from the central Jiangnan Orogen. Group 1 is ∼830 Ma high-Mg subalkaline basalt with the mineral assemblage of clinopyroxene, epidote, chlorite and minor plagioclase. It shows arc-like geochemical signatures and derived from a wedge source recently infiltrated by recycled component. Group 2 is mainly characterized by peridotite, pyroxenite, gabbro and diabase and crystallized at ∼791–780 Ma. It has zircon ε Hf (t) and δ18O values of −0.4∼+5.6 and +4.99∼+5.90‰, respectively. The Group 2 rocks geochemically resemble OIB-like high-Nb/Nb-enriched basalt and originated from an OIB-like origin with the ultramafic rocks being the cumulates of the mafic magma. Group 3 contains normal zoned clinopyroxene and mainly formed at ∼780–786 Ma. It has 87Sr/86Sr(t) = 0.7066–0.7116, ε Nd (t) = −2.5∼−0.3, zircon ε Hf (t) = −6.6∼−1.0 and δ18O = +6.06∼+6.65‰, originated from the lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction. These data synthetically reflect the South China Block being created by an early Neoproterozoic accretionary orogen along the periphery of Rodinia and transformed into lithospheric extensional regime since ∼785 Ma in response to Rodinia breakup. Along the Jiangnan Orogen, the Paleo-Huanan Ocean was completely closed by ∼830 Ma. The Yangtze with Cathaysia blocks finally amalgamated at ∼810 Ma and subsequent rifting of the united SCB occurred at ∼785 Ma, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing and progressive evolution of antibiotic resistance presents escalating challenges for the clinical management and prevention of bacterial infections. Understanding the makeup of resistance genomes and accurately quantifying the current abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are crucial for assessing the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to public health. This comprehensive study investigated the distribution and diversity of bacterial community composition, ARGs, and virulence factors (VFs) across human, chicken, pig fecal, and soil microbiomes in various provinces of China. As a result, multidrug resistance was identified across all samples. Core ARGs primarily related to multidrug, MLS (Macrolides-Lincosamide-Streptogramins), and tetracycline resistance were characterized. A significant correlation between ARGs and bacterial taxa was observed, especially in soil samples. Probiotic strains such as Lactobacillus harbored ARGs, potentially contributing to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. We screened subsets of ARGs from samples from different sources as indicators to assess the level of ARGs contamination in samples, with high accuracy. These results underline the complex relationship between microbial communities, resistance mechanisms, and environmental factors, emphasizing the importance of continued research and monitoring to better understand these dynamics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Authors declare no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influence the reported work., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Backgrounds: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of deaths nationwide. However, little is understood about its temporal trend and corresponding influence on longevity improvements. We aimed to describe the updated tendency in CVD mortality and to quantify its impact on life expectancy (LE) increase in China., Methods: All-cause mortality rates were calculated with population sizes from the National Bureau of Statistics and death counts from the National Health Commission. We estimated CVD mortality rates by allocating age- and sex-based mortality envelopes to each CVD subtype based on its proportion derived from the Disease Surveillance Points system. The probability of CVD premature deaths and LE were calculated with life tables and we adopted Arriaga's method to quantitate age- and cause-specific contributions to LE gains., Results: During 2013 to 2018, the age-standardized mortality rate of CVD decreased from 289.69 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 289.03, 290.35)/100,000 to 272.37 (95%CI: 271.81, 272.94)/100,000, along with a decline in probability of CVD premature deaths from 9.05% (95%CI: 9.02%, 9.09%) to 8.13% (95%CI: 8.10%, 8.16%). The gap in CVD mortality across sexes expanded with more remarkable declines in females, especially for those aged 15 to 64 years. Among major subtypes, the probability of premature deaths from hemorrhage stroke declined fastest, while improvements of ischemic stroke and ischemic heart disease were limited, and there was an increase in stroke sequelae. LE in China reached 77.04 (95%CI: 76.96, 77.12) years in 2018 with an increase of 1.38 years from 2013. Of the total LE gains, 21.15% (0.29 years) were attributed to reductions of CVD mortality in the overall population, mostly driven by those aged >65 years., Conclusions: The general process in reducing CVD mortality has contributed to longevity improvements in China. More attention should be paid to prevention and control of atherosclerotic CVD and stroke sequelae, especially for the elderly. Working-age males also deserve additional attention due to inadequate improvements., (Copyright © 2022 The Chinese Medical Association, produced by Wolters Kluwer, Inc. under the CC-BY-NC-ND license.)

This study quantified an integron gene intI1 and 19 antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) to identify the ARGs pollution characteristics in 11 drinking water reservoirs of central China. The results indicated that the ARGs abundance did not change significantly over time in the studied reservoir waterbodies. Tetracycline, sulfonamide, and β -lactam ARGs were dominant. The high abundance and detection rate of two sulfonamide ARGs( sul1 and sul2 ) suggested that they were the predominant ARGs. No polymyxin resistance genes( mcr-1 ) were detected, which indicated that the antibiotic restriction policy of China has achieved positive outcomes. Compared with that in other environmental media, the ARGs abundance in the reservoir environment was low. The correlation analysis showed relevance between the water quality indicators and the ARGs, which suggested that the water quality indexes can be used as ARGs pollution indicators in the reservoir environment. The abundance and detection rate of carbapenem ARGs were low owing to their dosage restriction and high degradability. Tetracycline ARGs were closely related to the other resistance gene types, which might have been due to horizontal gene transfer. Although the overall correlation between intI1 and ARGs was modest, it might be the main reason for the spread of several individual ARGs in the reservoir environment.

Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), diabetes and exposure to air pollution are thought to be important threat to human health, but no studies have explored the effects of ambient air pollutants on DR-TB when adjusting diabetes status so far., Methods: We performed a study among 3759 newly diagnosed TB cases with drug-susceptibility testing results, diabetes status, and individual air pollution data in Shandong from 2015 to 2019. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) including three models (Model 1: without covariates, Model 2: adjusted by diabetes status only, Model 3: with all covariates) were applied., Results: Of 3759 TB patients enrolled, 716 (19.05%) were DR-TB, and 333 (8.86%) had diabetes. High exposure to O 3 was associated with an increased risk of RFP-resistance (Model 2 or 3: odds ratio (OR) = 1.008, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.002-1.014), ethambutol-resistance (Model 3: OR = 1.015, 95%CI: 1.004-1.027) and any rifampicin+streptomycin resistance (Model 1,2,3: OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 1.002-1.018) at 90 days. In contrast, NO 2 was associated with a reduced risk of DR-TB (Model 3: OR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.981-0.999) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) (Model 3: OR = 0.977, 95%CI: 0.96-0.994) at 360 days. Additionally, SO 2 (Model 1, 2, 3: OR = 0.987, 95%CI: 0.977-0.998) showed a protective effect on MDR-TB at 90 days. PM 2.5 (90 days, Model 2: OR = 0.991, 95%CI: 0.983-0.999), PM 10 (360 days, Model 2: OR = 0.992, 95%CI: 0.985-0.999) had protective effects on any RFP+SM resistance., Conclusions: O 3 contributed to an elevated risk of TB resistance but PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 showed an inverse effect. Air pollutants may affect the development of drug resistance among TB cases by adjusting the status of diabetes., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recently, mindfulness interventions have been extensively applied in the field of nursing education. However, no consensus has been reached on whether these interventions can reduce anxiety and depression in nursing students., Objective: This meta-analysis was designed to determine the effect of mindfulness interventions on levels of depression, anxiety, stress and mindfulness for nursing students., Design: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials., Methods: The following Chinese and English databases were searched for relevant articles: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and Wanfang. The search encompassed the establishment of these databases up until January 2020. Two reviewers separately entered the data into Review Manager Software 5.3., Results: A total of 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were reviewed. It was found that mindfulness interventions significantly lowered levels of depression (SMD = -0.42, 95% CI:-0.56 to -0.28, P < 0.001), anxiety (SMD = -0.32, 95% CI:-0.47 to -0.17, P < 0.001) and stress (SMD = -0.50, 95% CI:-0.65 to -0.35, P < 0.001) in nursing students. Furthermore, the interventions raised levels of mindfulness in this group (SMD = 0.54, 95% CI:0.33-0.75, P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Mindfulness interventions can significantly reduce nursing students' negative emotions, helping them to manage their stress and anxiety. College nursing educators should consider adopting mindfulness interventions in nursing education to promote the mental health of students., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To investigate the demographics and motivations of whole-body donors in China, and help suggest a solution to the problem of low body donation numbers., Design: A cross-sectional study on body donors in China. Demographic analysis of the donating information of deceased donors and in-depth interviews of potential body donors., Setting: Eleven districts in Nanjing, China., Participants: Deceased whole-body donors who had donated their bodies to the body donation receiving station of Nanjing Medical University between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2019 (n=835), and living registered whole-body donors (n=68)., Results: Among the whole-body donor population, the numbers of males, people older than 65 years and those working as teachers, government officials, medical staff and farmers were significantly higher than those of the general Nanjing population. Donors with an education level of college or above accounted for nearly half of the deceased donors, and considered donating their bodies earlier in their lives than others. Cancer and heart disease were the major causes of death among donors. Interviews of the 68 living donors revealed the following major motivations for the decision to donate: to support medical education; to reduce their children's funeral burden; no longer holding traditional Chinese views on life and death; influence by role models and annoyance at complex funeral ceremonies., Conclusions: Older people, people with an education level of college or above, labourers, teachers, government officials and farmers are the major groups that donate their bodies. Although people's motivations for donation are complex, their desire to support medical education is the most prevalent motivation. By helping focus on target groups for promotional messaging and identifying their prime motivations, this study's findings can provide a reference for promoting body donation in China., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Although the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) has been well-documented for centuries, evidence of the link between diabetes and drug resistance among previously treated TB patients remains limited and inconsistent., Methods: An observational study was performed that involved 1791 retreated TB-no DM patients (refers to TB cases without diabetes) and 93 retreated TB-DM patients (refers to TB cases with diabetes) in Shandong, China from 2004 to 2017. Baseline data including demographic and clinical characteristics, drug susceptibility test (DST) results, and diabetes status were collected. Categorical baseline characteristics were compared by Fisher's exact or Pearson Chi-square test. Univariable analysis and multivariable logistic models were used to estimate the association between diabetes and different drug resistance profiles., Results: Retreated TB-DM patients have a higher rate of drug resistance than TB-no DM patients (34.41% vs 25.00%, P < 0.01). Diabetes co-morbidity was significantly associated with any drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB, odds ratio (OR):1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-2.43), multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB, OR: 2.48, 95%CI:1.39-4.41; adjusted OR (aOR):2.94, 95%CI:1.57-5.48), isoniazid-related resistance (OR:1.71, 95%CI:1.04-2.81), rifampin-related resistance (OR:2.56, 0.54, 95%CI: 1.54-4.26; aOR:2.69, 95%CI:1.524-4.74), isoniazid + rifampin resistance (OR: 3.55, 95%CI:1.33-9.44; aOR:4.13, 95%CI:1.46-11.66), any resistance to isoniazid + streptomycin (OR:2.34, 95%CI:1.41-3.89; aOR:2.22, 95%CI:1.26-3.94), and any resistance to rifampin + isoniazid (OR:2.48, 95%CI:1.39-4.41; aOR:2.94, 95%CI: 1.57-5.48), compared with pan susceptible TB cases, P < 0.05., Conclusions: The risk of acquired drug resistance increased significantly among retreated TB-DM patients compared with retreated TB-no DM patients, underlining the necessity of more interventions during the clinical management of TB-DM cases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Biomarkers are urgently required for predicting rejection so that anti-rejection treatment can be taken early to protect the allograft from irreversible damage. We hypothesized that the combination of circulating fractalkine, IFN-γ and IP-10 might serve as effective biomarkers for predicting early acute renal allograft rejection. We conducted a retrospective study of 87 subjects, who were classified into acute rejection group (ARG; n = 38) and non-rejection group (NRG; n = 49). Serum fractalkine, IFN-γ and IP-10 levels were measured by Luminex. The levels of fractalkine on day 0 and 7th day, IP-10 on 4th and 7th day, and IFN-γ on 7th day in ARG was significantly higher than that in NRG. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis highlighted the higher-levels groups of fractalkine on day 0, 4th and 7th day, IFN-γ on day 0, 1st, 4th, and 7th day and IP-10 on the 4th and 7th day in rejection-free survival probability were significantly lower than low-levels groups. ROC analyses highlight the superiority of fractalkine on day 0, IP-10 on day 0, 4th and 7th day, and IFN-γ on day 0, 1st and 7th day in prediction of acute rejection. We found the combination of fractalkine on day 0, IP-10 on 7th day and IFN-γ on 7th day had the highest AUC (0.866) for predicting rejection with a sensitivity of 86.8% and a specificity of 89.8%. Our findings demonstrated a more powerful prediction of early acute renal allograft rejection during the first month after transplantation by combination of multiple-biomarkers of fractalkine, IFN-γ and IP-10, and the results might help stratify the immunologic risk of acute allograft rejection in recipients., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aims: This study aimed to examine the methylation status of the CYP19A1 promoter region in Chinese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients., Methods: A case-control study was designed that involved 10 PCOS patients and 10 controls. Ovary tissues obtained from 10 women with PCOS and 10 healthy controls were matched for body mass index and age. Methylation of CYP19A1 promoter was detected by methylation-specific PCR. CYP19A1 expression was measured by real-time PCR and Western blotting., Results: The methylation level of CYP19A1 promoter in PCOS samples was significantly higher than in controls (0.698 ± 0.192 vs. 0.210 ± 0.064, p < 0.01). A significant downregulation of CYP19A1 mRNA and protein expression levels was observed in PCOS ovary tissues. Furthermore, the scatter plot revealed that promoter methylation was inversely correlated with CYP19A1 mRNA level (Pearson's correlation -0.820, p < 0.01)., Conclusion: CYP19A1 expression is frequently repressed in PCOS ovaries due to the promoter hypermethylation. CYP19A1 promoter hypermethylation may play a key role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G plays an important role in promoting transplant tolerance and helping human cytomegalovirus (CMV) to subvert host defenses. Strong evidence suggests that HLA-G 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism influences the stability of HLA-G mRNAs and levels of protein expression. We hypothesized that HLA-G 14-bp polymorphism of recipients has an influence on the risk of acute rejection (AR) and CMV infection. We investigated the impact of HLA-G 14-bp polymorphism on a total of 363 unrelated Chinese Han individuals who included 42 kidney transplant recipients with AR, 43 recipients with CMV infection, 102 recipients with stable allograft function (STA), and 176 healthy controls (HC). No statistically significant difference was found between all kidney transplant patients and HC (P=0.149). But, our data showed an increased frequency of homozygous genotype +14/+14 bp (P(c)=0.004) and allele +14 bp (P(c)=0.002) in patients with AR when compared with STA, with the odds ratio of 3.17 and 2.28, respectively. Moreover, we found that the frequency of the -14/-14 bp genotype (P(c)=0.008) and the -14 bp allele (P(c)=0.016) was increased in patients with CMV infection when compared with STA, with the OR of 2.66 and 1.96, respectively. Multivariate analysis further demonstrated that HLA-G homozygous +14 bp and -14 bp genotypes were an independent risk factor for allograft rejection and CMV infection, respectively. In conclusion, this study identified an important genetic risk factor for acute allograft rejection, and it was the first to show a significant correlation between HLA-G 14-bp polymorphism and CMV infection after kidney transplantation from northwestern China., (Crown Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A full-length cDNA encoding house dust mite allergen Der f 7 from Dermatophagoides farina (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) from China was cloned, sequenced, and successfully expressed. A reference sequence (GenBank accession AY283292) was used to design polymerase chain reaction primers. Analysis revealed eight mismatched nucleotides in five Der f 7 cDNA clones, and the projected amino acid sequence contained six incompatible residues. These results suggest that the sequence of Der f 7 may be polymorphic. Further bioinformatic analysis revealed that the mature Der f 7 allergen had a molecular mass of approximately 21.88 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 4.90. Der f 7 protein secondary structure was composed of a helix (56.63%), extended strand (5.10%), and random coil (38.27%). Group 7 allergens are present in Pyroglyphidae, Acaridae, and Glycyphagidae families, and homology analysis revealed a 86% similarity between Der f 7 and Der p 7. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree constructed of group 7 allergens from different mite species revealed that Der f 7 and Der p 7 clustered with 100% bootstrap support. Bioinformatics-driven characterization of Der f 7 allergen as conducted in this study may contribute to diagnostic and therapeutic applications for dust mite allergies.

Phenolic compound profiles were investigated by HPLC-MS in two consecutive years to assess genotypic variation in berry skins of nine red Vitis vinifera cultivars. The results showed that the types and levels of phenolic compounds greatly varied with cultivar. Common wine grape cultivars such as Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischt and Merlot contained more types of anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, stilbenes and phenolic acids than Gamay, Yan73, Pinot Noir, Zinfandel and Muskat Rosovyi. Yan 73 and Pinot Noir had abundant anthocyanins, but only a few nonanthocyanin phenolic compounds. Gamay, Zinfandel and Muskat Rosovyi contained only a few anthocyanins and flavonols. For a grape cultivar, the ratio of one anthocyanin content to total anthocyanin content did not change greatly from one year to the next, unlike for non-anthocyanins. Cluster analysis showed that except for Syrah and Yan 73, the phenolic profiles in the tested grape cultivars had no significant year-to-year variations.

By placing 5 mm- and 0.1 mm mesh bags with Dracontomelon duperreanum (Anacardiaceae) and Syzygium jambos (Myrtaceae) litters in the Hengshishui Stream, a third-order stream in northern Guangdong of China, this paper studied the decomposition of the litters and the colonization of macro-invertebrates over a 101-day period. The results showed that the decomposition rate of D. duperreanum litter in 5 mm- and 0.1 mm mesh bags was 0.0247 d(-1) and 0.0151 d(-1), while that of S. jambos litter was 0.0108 d(-1) and 0.0095 d(-1), respectively, indicating that D. duperreanum litter decomposed faster than S. jambos litter, and the decomposition rates of these two kinds of litters were higher in coarse mesh bag than in fine mesh bag. Among the colonized macro-invertebrate functional feeding groups, scraper occupied the highest proportion (36%), followed by collector (33%), predator (25%), and shredder (6%). At the middle and late stages of the experiment, the total number of individuals and the numbers and densities of dominant groups of macroinvertebrates on D. duperreanum litter were significantly higher than those on S. jambos litter. It was suggested that in the subtropical medium-size streams where shredders are few or absent, scrapers play an important role in the breakdown of litter. The low decomposition rate of S. jambos litter was mainly due to its high content of polyphenols which inhibits microbial activity and makes the litter less eatable to the macro-invertebrates.