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Fritillaria unibracteata (FRU) belongs to the genus Fritillaria of the Liliaceae family. It is one of the original plants of the Chinese medicinal material "Chuanbeimu" and also a biological resource featured in the Tibetan Plateau of China. The dried bulbs of FRU are used in traditional Chinese medicine. The chemical constituents of FRU that have been isolated and identified include alkaloids, sterols, organic acids and their esters, nucleosides and volatile oils. FRU has antitussive, expectorant, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, acute lung injury-reducing, antifibrosis, antitumor, and other pharmacological effects. This valuable plant has an extremely high market demand, and over the years, due to over-exploitation, FRU has now been listed as a key species that is endangered and scarcely cultivated in China as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. However, research on FRU is rare, and its effective components, resource control, and mechanisms of action need further study. This review systematically discusses the herbal characteristics, resource distribution, chemical composition, biosynthesis, pharmacological effects, clinical application, and breeding techniques of FRU, hoping to provide a reference for further research and the use of FRU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Exosomes play a role in all stages of wound repair, and there is currently a large body of research on exosomes in skin wound repair, which has been shown to have great potential for clinical applications. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and discuss the main mechanisms and clinical applications of exosomes in the treatment of skin wounds, in order to promote the clinical translation of exosomes. METHODS: PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Food and Drug Administration database, and Chinese Clinical Trial Register were searched from inception to March 2023. The English search terms were “exosomes, wound healing, stem cells, chronic wound, immunoregulation, inflammation, skin, therapeutic use, isolation, characterization, infections”. The Chinese search terms were “exosomes, wound healing, stem cells, immunomodulation, clinical applications”. A total of 79 articles were included for the summary. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Exosomes can improve and accelerate wound healing through inflammation regulation, immune protection, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and migration, and collagen remodeling. (2) Exosomes derived from stem cells have mature preparation techniques and related mechanism research, which is currently the mainstream research direction. Non-stem cell-derived exosomes have the advantages of convenience, economy, and easy production, and can be used as a supplement for clinical applications. (3) The clinical application of exosomes is still in its infancy, but has great potential for application. Various exosome modification techniques have laid the foundation for the future development of clinically personalized services and require further research. (4) The clinical translation of exosomes faces many challenges, such as low yield, high heterogeneity, lack of unified standards for isolation, purification, and quality control, and difficulties in storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most threatening health problems for the elderly males. However, our understanding of the disease has been limited by the research technology for a long time. Recently, the maturity of sequencing technology and omics studies has been accelerating the studies of PCa, establishing themselves as an essential impetus in this field. Methods: We assessed Web of Science (WoS) database for publications of sequencing and omics studies in PCa on July 3rd, 2023. Bibliometrix was used to conduct ulterior bibliometric analysis of countries/affiliations, authors, sources, publications, and keywords. Subsequently, purposeful large amounts of literature reading were proceeded to analyze research hotspots in this field. Results: 3325 publications were included in the study. Research associated with sequencing and omics studies in PCa had shown an obvious increase recently. The USA and China were the most productive countries, and harbored close collaboration. CHINNAIYAN AM was identified as the most influential author, and CANCER RESEARCH exhibited huge impact in this field. Highly cited publications and their co-citation relationships were used to filtrate literatures for subsequent literature reading. Based on keyword analysis and large amounts of literature reading, 'the molecular pathogenesis of PCa' and 'the clinical application of sequencing and omics studies in PCa' were summarized as two research hotspots in the field. Conclusion: Sequencing technology had a deep impact on the studies of PCa. Sequencing and omics studies in PCa helped researchers reveal the molecular pathogenesis, and provided new possibilities for the clinical practice of PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The toxicity of arsenic is widely recognized globally, mainly harming human health by polluting water, soil, and food. However, its formulations can also be used for the clinical treatment of diseases such as leukemia and tumors. Arsenic has been used as a drug in China for over 2,400 years, with examples such as the arsenic-containing drug realgar mentioned in Shennong's Herbal Classic. We have reviewed references on arsenic over the past thirty years and found that research has mainly focused on clinical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects. Results and Discussion: The finding showed that in clinical practice, arsenic trioxide is mainly used in combination with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) at a dose of 10 mg/d for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL); realgar can be used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and lymphoma. In terms of pharmacology, arsenic mainly exerts anti-tumor effects. The dosage range of the action is 0.01-80 μmol/L, and the concentration of arsenic in most studies does not exceed 20 μmol/L. The pharmacological effects of realgar include antiviral activity, inhibition of overactivated lactate dehydrogenase, and resistance to malaria parasites. In terms of toxicity, arsenic is toxic to multiple systems in a dose-dependent manner. For example, 5 μmol/L sodium arsenite can induce liver oxidative damage and promote the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, and 15 μmol/L sodium arsenite induces myocardial injury; when the concentration is higher, it is more likely to cause toxic damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robots are widely used in surgeries worldwide. To improve robotic surgical treatments, we established a database of clinical applications and research on surgical robots. Robotics-related literature included in the China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, Vipshop, Chinese science citation database (CSCD), Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases up to September 2022 was searched and entered into the database. Information on all patients who had undergone robotic surgery at our hospital since 2016 was also included. Literature and case information was classified and evaluated according to standard guidelines and statements. The Gansu Provincial Hospital was the first to use evidence-based medical research methods to successfully establish a database of clinical applications and research on surgical robots. This database comprised literature search, upload, quality evaluation, risk of bias assessment, case information entry, and access functions. Based on the database, we conducted related studies in general surgery, gynecology, urology, thoracic surgery, and cardiovascular surgery, and published 16 meta-analyses and 15 clinical studies. Establishing this database removes language, retrieval, and evaluation barriers in clinicians' use of clinical evidence and lays the foundation for the efficient and accurate use of clinical data for future research. Further, it facilitates evidence-based evaluation of the effectiveness of robotic therapy, which may guide future medical practice. This typical case of interdisciplinary research aims to build a platform to disseminate knowledge and technology in robotic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses the variety, chemical composition, pharmacological effects, toxicology, and clinical research of corals used in traditional medicine in the past two decades. At present, several types of medicinal coral resources are identified, which are used in 56 formulas such as traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, and Uyghur medicine. A total of 34 families and 99 genera of corals are involved in medical research, with the Alcyoniidae family and Sarcophyton genus being the main research objects. Based on the structural types of compounds and the families and genera of corals, this review summarizes the compounds primarily reported during the period, including terpenoids, steroids, nitrogen-containing compounds, and other terpenoids dominated by sesquiterpene and diterpenes. The biological activities of coral include cytotoxicity (antitumor and anticancer), anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, immunosuppressive, antioxidant, and neurological properties, and a detailed summary of the mechanisms underlying these activities or related targets is provided. Coral toxicity mostly occurs in the marine ornamental soft coral Zoanthidae family, with palytoxin as the main toxic compound. In addition, nonpeptide neurotoxins are extracted from aquatic corals. The compatibility of coral-related preparations did not show significant acute toxicity, but if used for a long time, it will still cause toxicity to the liver, kidneys, lungs, and other internal organs in a dose-dependent manner. In clinical applications, individual application of coral is often used as a substitute for orthopedic materials to treat diseases such as bone defects and bone hyperplasia. Second, coral is primarily available in the form of compound preparations, such as Ershiwuwei Shanhu pills and Shanhu Qishiwei pills, which are widely used in the treatment of neurological diseases such as migraine, primary headache, epilepsy, cerebral infarction, hypertension, and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. It is undeniable that the effectiveness of coral research has exacerbated the endangered status of corals. Therefore, there should be no distinction between the advantages and disadvantages of listed endangered species, and it is imperative to completely prohibit their use and provide equal protection to help them recover to their normal numbers. This article can provide some reference for research on coral chemical composition, biological activity, chemical ecology, and the discovery of marine drug lead compounds. At the same time, it calls for people to protect endangered corals from the perspectives of prohibition, substitution, and synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary calculi are frequently encountered in urology. Traditionally, the lack of a perfect water injection and drainage system means the observation field is affected during ureteroscopy. Here, we explored the effect and clinical value of a new integrated suctioning semi-rigid ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) for treating ureteral calculi. A total of 180 patients were successfully enrolled in this study (60 in each group). Group A included patients who underwent a traditional semi-rigid URSL, group B included patients who underwent a suctioning semi-rigid URSL with a sheath being connected to a vacuum device, and group C included patients who underwent a new type of suctioning integrated rigid URSL with a novel designed ureteroscope. In total, 164 cases of URSL were completed in one stage. Compared with group A, group C had a higher stone-clearance rate at 30 days postoperatively, shorter operation time, and fewer hospitalization days (p <.05); compared with group B, group C had a higher one-stage operation success rate, shorter operation time, and fewer hospitalization days (p <.05). Comparatively, the new suctioning integrated semi-rigid URSL is advantageous for treating upper urinary calculi, considering the reduced operation time, length of hospital stay, and low invasiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstetric critical illness is an important factor that leads to an increase in maternal mortality. Early warning assessment can effectively reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. However, there are multiple early warning systems, and the effect and applicability of each system in China still need to be explored. Objectives: To elaborate on the application, effectiveness and challenges of the existing early warning systems for high‐risk obstetric women in China and to provide a reference for clinical practice. Design: A scoping review guided by the Arksey and O'Malley framework and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis for scoping review (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines. Eligibility criteria: We included original studies related to early warning and excluded those that were guidelines, consensus and reviews. The included studies were published in Chinese or English by Chinese scholars as of June 2021. Data sources: CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Cochrane, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched systematically, and the reference sections of the included papers were snowballed. Results: In total, 598 articles were identified. These articles were further refined using keyword searches and exclusion criteria, and 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. We extracted data related to each study's population, methods and results. Early warning tools, outcome indices, effects and challenges are discussed. Conclusions: Although all studies have shown that early warning systems have good application effects, the use of early warning systems in China is still limited, with poor regional management and poor sensitivity for specific obstetric women. Future research needs to develop more targeted early warning tools for high‐risk obstetric women and address the current challenges in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professor DONG Jianhua is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine expert in China. He put forward unblocking and purging theory in the treatment of spleen and stomach diseases. Unblocking and purging theory played not only a guiding role in the drug treatment of spleen and stomach diseases in later generations, but also an important role in the treatment of spleen and stomach diseases by zangfu tuina. Under the guidance of unblocking and purging theory on spleen and stomach diseases, zangfu tuina techniques are combined with the patient 's different pattern, using vibrating manipulation, circular rubbing manipulation, kneading manipulation, pushing manipulation and other tuina manipulations to circulate qi and resolve stagnation, circulate blood and transform stasis, eliminate phlegm and dampness, warm yang and dissipate cold, soothe the liver and harmonize the stomach, ascend the nutrients and descend the turbid, tonify qi and blood, regulate yin and yang, and finally restore the normal physiological function of spleen and stomach qi movement, thereby treating spleen and stomach diseases. In addition, treatment based on unblocking and purging theory in guiding zangfu tuina also has a good clinical effects on other zangfu diseases caused by dysfunction of the spleen and stomach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant issue to be resolved around the world. Bacteriophage (phage), in contrast to antibiotics, can only kill the target bacteria with no adverse effect on the normal bacterial flora. In this review, we described the biological characteristics of phage, and summarized the phage application in China, including in mammals, ovipara, aquatilia, and human clinical treatment. The data showed that phage had a good therapeutic effect on drug-resistant bacteria in veterinary fields, as well as in the clinical treatment of humans. However, we need to take more consideration of the narrow lysis spectrum, the immune response, the issues of storage, and the pharmacokinetics of phages. Due to the particularity of bacteriophage as a bacterial virus, there is no unified standard or regulation for the use of bacteriophage in the world at present, which hinders the application of bacteriophage as a substitute for antibiotic biological products. We aimed to highlight the rapidly advancing field of phage therapy as well as the challenges that China faces in reducing its reliance on antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ephedrae Herba (Ephedra), known as "MaHuang" in China, is the dried straw stem that is associated with the lung and urinary bladder meridians. At present, more than 60 species of Ephedra plants have been identified, which contain more than 100 compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sugars, and organic phenolic acids. This herb has long been used to treat asthma, liver disease, skin disease, and other diseases, and has shown unique efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Because alkaloids are the main components causing toxicity, the safety of Ephedra must be considered. However, the nonalkaloid components of Ephedra can be effectively used to replace ephedrine extracts to treat some diseases, and reasonable use can ensure the safety of Ephedra. We reviewed the phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical application, and alkaloid toxicity of Ephedra, and describe prospects for its future development to facilitate the development of Ephedra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: To elaborate on the development and characteristics of trauma orthopedic robots and their real curative effect in a clinical application through the collection and analysis of relevant literature and reported clinical results. Method: We conducted the Embase, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Medline, Wanfang, CNKI, and VIP search of the literature on robotic‐assisted surgery in trauma orthopedics in China. We combined search terms with "robotic surgery/artificial intelligence surgery/navigation surgery," "trauma/trauma orthopedics," and "China/Chinese." The exclusion criteria were: (1) articles in languages other than English or Chinese, (2) articles focused on other topics other than robotic‐assisted surgery in trauma orthopedics of China, (3) article types were not clinical studies (reviews, basic research, etc.), and (4) articles were not included in the Chinese core journals or science citation index. Authors, type of surgery, robot type, and clinical research results were recorded and analyzed. Results: There were three categories of surgical robots in the clinical application of trauma orthopedics (TiRobot, electromagnetic navigation surgical robots, and small medical robots developed by Beijing Jishuitan Hospital). In terms of blood loss, the fluoroscopy time, and fluoroscopy frequency, most studies found that the robot group was significantly better than the traditional group. Conclusions: Robot‐assisted surgery has obvious advantages in accuracy, stability, and reducing intraoperative radiation exposure, but there is no final conclusion about functional recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mongolian medicine Qiwei Guangzao prescription is derived from “Empirical Formla” and included in “the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China”, as a compound preparation of Mongolian medicine, which is composed of Guangzao, myristica fragrans, clove, costustoot, resina liquidamberis, agilawood and beef heart powder, and can be in the form of water pill and large honey pill. According to the variation of clinical application, the Qiwei Guangzao pill has significant efficacy in the treatment of chronic heart failure, CHD angina, asymptomatic myocardial ischemia, stable exertional angina and heart stabbing pain, without adverse drug reactions, and has safe, effective and stable quality characteristics, which can be further studied. Through collecting and organizing literature, combining with the current situation of clinical application, this article has conducted basal examination and formula analysis on the Mongolian experimental formula Qiwei Guangzao pills by using literature review method, and reviewed its clinical application, so as to provide reference basis for further development and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although pearls are well known by most people, their medicinal value has not been popularized. This article collates the medicinal history of pearls over 2,000 years in China, including the application of pearls in the traditional medicine of China and their various preparations, as well as the progress of their chemical constituents, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical research. Pearls from three different sources are used as medical materiel by 9 nationalities and 251 prescription preparations in China. In addition, pearls contain various inorganic constituents, such as calcium carbonate, trace elements, and water, and organic constituents, such as amino acids. In terms of pharmacology, pearls have many effects such as calming, improving cognitive ability, being anti-epileptic, promoting bone growth and regeneration, promoting the proliferation and migration of human microvascular endothelial cells, protecting the heart, antihemolysis, and anti-oxidation. In terms of toxicology, pearls are safe to take for a long time without exerting obvious adverse reactions. In terms of clinical application, pearls have been used to treat many diseases and conditions, such as convulsions, epilepsy, palpitations, eye diseases, ulcer diseases, skin diseases, or skin lesions. This article provides a reference for the application and research of pearls in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral Chinese patent medicine is the essence of effective prescriptions created and summarized by Chinese medical scientists through thousands of years of medical practice. It is portable and convenient, with an obvious curative effect and other characteristics. However, at present, oral Chinese patent medicine is rich in dosage forms, various in types, complex in mechanism of action, and broad in clinical positioning. In clinical application, there are often cases of drug use without reference to instructions,repeated drug use, and prolonged drug use, which highlights safety problems such as adverse reactions and hepatorenal toxicity. Oral Chinese patent medicine pharmacovigilance is facing challenges. World Health Organization(WHO) has issued the WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems, and International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use(ICH) has issued the ICH E2 pharmacovigilance guidelines. The United States has issued the Pharmacovigilance management standards and pharmacoepidemiological assessment guidelines, and the European Union has issued the Guidelines on good pharmacovigilance practices. Japan, South Korea, and other countries in the Asia Pacific region have established their own pharmacovigilance systems, but currently, there are no pharmacovigilance guidelines related to oral Chinese patent medicine in China. Therefore, experts from many disciplines and fields in China were invited to jointly develop the Pharmacovigilance guidelines for clinical application of oral Chinese patent medicines, which aims to develop pharmacovigilance guidelines for clinical application that are consistent with China's national conditions and highlight the characteristics of oral Chinese patent medicine, and provide guidance for clinically safe and rational drug application in medical institutions.

There are many kinds and dosage forms of Chinese patent medicines for external use on the market, which are widely used in clinical departments. The common adverse reactions of Chinese patent medicines for external use are skin reactions, and those for the rare severe diseases include palpitation, chest tightness, dyspnea, and anaphylactic shock. At present, World Health Organization(WHO), International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use(ICH),the United States, the European Union, and Asia-Pacific countries(such as Japan and South Korea) have not issued any pharmacovigilance guideline of Chinese patent medicines for external use. China has not issued any pharmacovigilance guideline for these medicines, only releasing the standard Evaluation of skin adverse reactions caused by Chinese patent medicines for external use(T/CACM 005-2017). To standardize the safe and reasonable use of Chinese patent medicines for external use, Pharmacovigilance guidelines for clinical application of Chinese patent medicines for external use was developed with the joint efforts of experts in diverse disciplines. The guideline provides guidance on the monitoring and reporting of adverse reactions/events, identification and assessment of risk signals, and risk control measures in the clinical application of Chinese patent medicines for external use to guide the rational use of these medicines in clinical practice. At the same time, the possible risks and risk control measures in clinical application of Chinese patent medicines for external use are listed for clinical reference. In addition, the guideline provides guidance for risk minimization plans and the standardization of activities related to pharmacovigilance of Chinese patent medicines for external use in China.

Psychological problems have become a significant public health problem. Appropriate mental health care is crucial in promoting patient care quality. This study aimed to test the feasibility of a Psychological Nursing Quality Evaluation Index in hospitalized patients. This is a pilot study with patients hospitalized with myocardial infarction from July to September 2020 in China. The researchers used an observational approach to examine nurses′ psychological health care performance based on the Psychological Nursing Quality Evaluation Index. The results indicated high compliance rates of nurses′ psychological care performance, which provides references for evaluating and monitoring inpatient psychological nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are no local or international guidelines or consensus on the use of mAbs against the rabies virus., Research Design and Methods: An expert group in the field of rabies prevention and control formulated the consensus presented in this paper., Results: Class III exposed persons to rabies for the first time; Identify type II exposed persons with immune deficiency; those who are first exposed to Class II and re-exposed to Class III within 7 days. They can use ormutivimab injection after completing the PEP wound treatment. In the case of injection restrictions or a wound that is difficult to detect, it is recommended that the entire Ormutivimab dose be infiltrated close to the wound. For severe multi-wound bites, the recommended dosage of ormutivimab is 20 IU/kg. If the recommended dose cannot meet all of the wound infiltration requirements, appropriate dilution can be conducted at a dilution ratio of 3 ~ 5 times. If the requirements for infiltration cannot be met after dilution, it is recommended that the dosage be increased with caution (maximum dosage, 40 IU/kg). The use of Ormutivimab is safe and effective without any contraindications by all age groups., Conclusions: This consensus standardizes clinical use of Ormutivimab, improves post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies in China, reduces infection rate.

This study employed knowledge graph technology to analyze the research status and hot spots of Realgar and provide guidance for clinical application and further research of this drug. The research articles both in English and Chinese involving Realgar were retrieved from five databases including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, and Web of Science. And NoteExpress, a literature management software was used to screen literature. CiteSpace was utilized for visualized analysis and presentations of the authors, institutions, and keywords. 2 879 articles in Chinese and 194 articles in English were included. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica and Journal of Ethnopharmacology were the top Chinese and English journals in terms of publication volume. Realgar is widely used in the treatment of skin diseases, blood diseases, and cancer. JIANG Hong was the author who have published more articles in Chinese and English working with teams. School of Public Health of China Medical University and China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences published the most articles in Chinese and English. The research on Realgar mainly focuses on clinical application, mechanism of action, reduction of toxicity, and enhancement of efficacy. The authors and institutions of Realgar research are mainly concentrated in China. The study on the mechanism of treating hematological diseases and cancer with Realgar, as well as the research on its effects of reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacy, are the current research hotspots. The mechanism of &quot;same treatment for different diseases&quot; in Realgar needs to be further explored. It is urgent to carry out interdisciplinary research on Realgar. This study can provide a refe-rence for the clinical application of Realgar and provide ideas for further research on Realgar.

Objectives: Whole exome sequencing (WES) has been widely used to detect genetic disorders in critically ill children. Relevant data are lacking in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) of China. This study aimed to investigate the spectrum of monogenic disorders, the diagnostic yield and clinical utility of WES from a PICU in a large children's hospital of China. Methods: From July 2017 to February 2020, WES was performed in 169 critically ill children with suspected monogenic diseases in the PICU of Beijing Children's Hospital. The clinical features, human phenotype ontology (HPO) terms, and assessment of clinical impact were analyzed. Results: The media age of the enrolled children was 10.5 months (range, 1 month to 14.8 years). After WES, a total of 43 patients (25%) were diagnosed with monogenic disorders. The most common categories of diseases were metabolic disease (33%), neuromuscular disease (19%), and multiple deformities (14%). The diagnosis yield of children with "metabolism/homeostasis disorder" and "growth delay" or "ocular anomalies" was higher than that of children without these features. In addition, the diagnosis rate increased when more features were observed in children. The results of WES had an impact on the treatment for 30 cases (70%): (1) change of treatment (n = 11), (2) disease monitoring initiation (n = 18), (3) other systemic evaluation (n = 3), (4) family intervention (n = 2), and (5) rehabilitation and redirection of care toward palliative care (n = 12). Conclusion: WES can be used as an effective diagnostic tool in the PICU of China and has an important impact on the treatment of patients with suspected monogenic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengzhanxixin (DZXX), the dried whole plant of Erigeron breviscapus (Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz., belonging to Compositae and first published in Materia Medica of South Yunnan by Lan Mao in the Ming Dynasty (1368 AD–1644 AD), is included in Medicinal Materials and Decoction Pieces of the 2020 edition of the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China. Its main chemical components are flavonoids that mainly include flavonoid, flavonols, dihydroflavones, flavonol glycosides, flavonoid glycosides, coffee acyl compounds, and other substances, such as volatile oil compounds, coumarins, aromatic acids, pentacyclic terpenoids, phytosterols, and xanthones. Among them, scutellarin and 1,5-dicoffeoylquininic acid are the main active components of DZXX. DZXX has pharmacological effects, such as improving cerebral and cerebrovascular ischemia, increasing blood flow, inhibiting platelet aggregation, promoting antithrombotic formation, improving microcirculation, reducing blood viscosity, protecting optic nerves, exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties, scavenging free radicals, and eliciting antioxidant activities. It is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ischemic diseases, kidney diseases, liver diseases, diabetic complications, and glaucoma. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that the active components of DZXX have a low bioavailability and a high elimination rate in vivo. Nevertheless, its utilization can be improved through liposome preparation and combination with other drugs. Acute and subacute toxicity studies have shown that DZXX is a safe medicinal material widely used in clinical settings. However, its target and drug action mechanism are unclear because of the complexity of its composition. In this paper, the clinical application and pharmacological toxicology of DZXX are reviewed to provide a reference for further studying its active components and action mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils (S. sphenanthera) is a single species of Schisandra genus, Magnoliaceae family, and it is a famous medicinal herb mostly growing in southern China, China Taiwan and Vietnam. S. sphenanthera is usually used for the treatments of hepatitis, Alzheimer's disease, renal transplantation, osteoporosis, and insomnia. In present studies, approximately 310 natural constituents have been isolated from S. sphenanthera, including lignans, triterpenes, volatile oils, and polysaccharides, which were mainly obtained from the fruits and stems of S. sphenanthera. Pharmocological studies have shown that the extracts and monomeric compounds of S. sphenanthera possessed wide-range bioactivities, such as antitumor, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, osteoblastic, immune regulation, neuroprotective, kidney protection, hepatoprotective, and antiviral activities. However, resource availability, quality control measures, in-depth in vivo pharmacological study, and clinical application are still insufficient and deserve further studies. This review systematically summarized literatures on the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, development utilization, and clinical application of S. sphenanthera, in hopes of provide a useful reference for researchers for further studies of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood cell morphological examination is a crucial method for the diagnosis of blood diseases, but traditional manual microscopy is characterized by low efficiency and susceptibility to subjective biases. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has improved the efficiency and quality of blood cell examinations and facilitated the standardization of test results. Currently, a variety of AI devices are either in clinical use or under research, with diverse technical requirements and configurations. The Experimental Diagnostic Study Group of the Hematology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association has organized a panel of experts to formulate this consensus. The consensus covers term definitions, scope of application, technical requirements, clinical application, data management, and information security. It emphasizes the importance of specimen preparation, image acquisition, image segmentation algorithms, and cell feature extraction and classification, and sets forth basic requirements for the cell recognition spectrum. Moreover, it provides detailed explanations regarding the fine classification of pathological cells, requirements for cell training and testing, quality control standards, and assistance in issuing diagnostic reports by humans. Additionally, the consensus underscores the significance of data management and information security to ensure the safety of patient information and the accuracy of data.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent female endocrine condition that significantly affects women of all age groups and is characterized by metabolic dysfunction. The efficacy of existing pharmaceutical interventions for the treatment of PCOS remains inadequate. With a rich history and cultural significance spanning thousands of years, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is extensively employed for treating a variety of ailments and can serve as a supplementary therapy for managing PCOS. Multiple clinical observations and laboratory tests have unequivocally demonstrated the substantial effectiveness and safety of TCM formulae in treating PCOS, and further investigations are currently in progress., Aim of the Study: To summarize the TCM formulae commonly employed in the clinical management of PCOS, examine their therapeutic benefits, investigate their mechanism of action, active constituents, and establish the correlation between efficacy, mechanism of action, and active constituents., Materials and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, Web of Science, and China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) using the following keywords: "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome", "Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoctions", "Traditional Chinese Medicine formulae", "Traditional Chinese Medicine", "Clinical Observation", "Mechanism", "Treatment", "Pharmacology", and various combinations of these terms. From January 1, 2006 until October 7, 2023, (inclusive)., Results: This paper summarized the clinical effectiveness, mechanism of action, and active components of 8 TCM formulae for the treatment of PCOS. Our research indicates that TCM formulae can potentially treat PCOS by enhancing the levels of hyperandrogenism and other endocrine hormones, decreasing insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, and controlling chronic low-grade inflammation, among other modes of action. In addition, we found an association between epigenetics and TCM formulae for the treatment of PCOS., Conclusion: TCM formulae have specific advantages in the treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). They achieve therapeutic benefits by targeting several pathways and connections, attracting considerable interest and playing a vital role in the treatment of PCOS. TCM formulae can be used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of PCOS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Dachaihu Decoction is a classic prescription with the function of harmonizing Shaoyang and purging away internal stasis of heat, which was specially developed by Master ZHANG Zhongjing for the concurrent disease of Shaoyang and Yangming. A large number of international studies have shown that Dachaihu Decoction has liver protection, gallbladder benefit, anti-inflammatory, and other pharmacological effects and is mostly used in modern clinical treatment of acute pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and other digestive diseases. This paper combined bibliography and statistics and selected the ancient book database and CNKI database to search the relevant literature on Dachaihu decoction, verify the composition and dosage, processing method, main diseases, and modern clinical application, and predict its quality markers(Q-markers) based on the &quot;five principles&quot; of Q-markers. The results suggest that saikosaponin a, baicalin, and 6-gingerol can be selected as potential Q-markers for Dachaihu Decoction, so as to provide a basis for the clinical research of traditional Chinese medicine and the development and application of compound preparations.

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging and rapidly evolving disease, with no recommended effective anti-coronavirus drug treatment. Traditional Chinese Patent Medicines (CPMs) have, however, been widely used to treat COVID-19 in China, and a number of clinical practice results have shown them to have a significant role in its treatment. Consequently, numerous guidelines and expert consensus have recommended the use of CPMs to treat COVID-19. Aim of the Study: The objectives of this review are to provide up-to-date information on the pharmacology and clinical research on CPMs in the treatment of COVID-19, discuss the research findings, and to better guide clinical application and scientific research on CPMs in the treatment of COVID-19. Methods: The frequencies of CPM recommendations by guidelines and expert consensus for treatment of COVID-19 in China were ranked. This report identifies the top 10 CPMs, which include Huoxiang Zhengqi capsule (HXZQC), Lianhua Qingwen capsule (LHQWC), Jinhua Qinggan granule (JHQGG), Shufeng Jiedu capsule (SFJDC), Tanreqing injection (TRQI), Xiyanping injection (XYPI), Xuebijing injection (XBJI), Shenfu injection (SFI), Shengmai injection (SMI), and Angong Niuhuang pill (AGNHP). Relevant studies from 2000 to 2020 on these top 10 CPMs, covering usage, dosage, mechanism, curative effect, and precautions, were collected from pharmacopoeia, reports, and theses via library and digital databases (including PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Elsevier). Results: The properties of the top 10 CPMs included antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic, anti-acute lung injury, anti-shock, immune regulation, and enhancement of pulmonary function. In addition, clinical research results and Chinese treatment data showed that the CPMs had good therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19, and adverse reactions were minimal. Conclusions: Knowledge of the characteristics of the top 10 CPMs and precautions that should be taken may help clinicians to rationally improve therapeutic efficacy, and promote the role of Chinese Medicine in the control of the COVID-19 global epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) is one of the oldest applied medicinal herbs. Significant pharmacological and clinical evidence have highlighted the medicinal application of fenugreek. Explore the current knowledge regarding the bioactivity (animal aspects) and clinical application of fenugreek and its bioactive components, as well as the products, markets and patents related to fenugreek. This review highlights the phytochemicals, bioactivity (animal aspects) and clinical application of fenugreek from recent literatures and products, markets and patents from database. Until now, more than 100 phytochemicals have been isolated from fenugreek seeds, mainly including polysaccharides, saponins, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. Fenugreek extract and its bioactive compounds showed excellent antidiabetic activity and anti-obesity activity in animal and human study. Although the fenugreek seed has been used as TCM raw materials for a long time of period in China, China is lacking the research of fenugreek in both depth and width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Orthopedic surgery robot is a new medical device which integrates many disciplines and fields, such as medicine, electronic informatics and mechanical physics. It is an important development direction of modem medical informationization, programmable control and intellectualization, and has a wide application prospect in orthopedic surgery. OBJECTIVE: To explore the application reliability and room for promotion of robots in orthopedic surgery. METHODS: CNKI, VIP, Wan Fang and PubMed databases were retrieved by using the keywords of "robot, orthopedics, surgery, accuracy" in Chinese and English, respectively for the articles published before June 2019. Forty-nine eligible articles were enrolled based on inclusion criteria. The key problems of surgery robot in orthopedics were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) There are many researches on orthopedic surgical robots, and the methods are mature, but the domestic research on surgical robots Is still In the primary stage compared with developed countries. (2) The technology of orthopedic surgical robots Is moving towards the directions of human-machine intelligence, image refinement, morphological refinement, non-invasive surgery, and remote controllable fluidization. (3) Promoting independent research and development of orthopedic surgical robots, fonnulating industry standards and clinical standards in an all-round way will be an important direction for the devalopment of intelligent medical devices and equipment in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bletilla striata is a plant from the Orchidaceae family that has been employed as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years in China. Here, we briefly review the published studies of the last 30 years that were related to chemical constituents, pharmacologic activities, and clinical applications of B. striata. Approximately 158 compounds have been extracted from B. striata tubers with clarified molecular structures that were classified as glucosides, bibenzyls, phenanthrenes, quinones, biphenanthrenes, dihydrophenanthrenes, anthocyanins, steroids, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids. These chemicals support the pharmacological properties of hemostasis and wound healing, and also exhibit anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, anti-viral, and anti-bacterial activities. Additionally, various clinical trials conducted on B. striata have demonstrated its marked activities as an embolizing and mucosa-protective agent, and its application for use in novel biomaterials, quality control, and toxicology. It also has been widely used as a constituent of many preparations in TCM formulations, but because there are insufficient studies on its clinical properties, its efficacy and safety cannot be established from a scientific point of view. We hope that this review will provide reference for further research and development of this unique plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poria cocos is an edible medicinal fungus known as "Fuling" in Chinese and has been used as a Chinese traditional medicine for more than two thousand years. Pharmacological studies reveal that polysaccharide is the most abundant substance in Poria cocos and has a wide range of biological activities including antitumour, immunomodulation, anti‐inflammation, antioxidation, anti‐ageing, antihepatitis, antidiabetics and anti‐haemorrhagic fever effects. As a result, "Poria cocos polysaccharide oral solution" was developed and sold as an over‐the‐counter health supplement since 1970s. In 2015, "Polysaccharidum of Poria cocos oral solution" was approved as a drug by Chinese Food and Drug Administration for treating multiple types of cancers, hepatitis and other diseases alone or during chemo‐ or radiation therapy for patients with cancer. In this article, biochemical, preclinical and clinical studies of Poria cocos polysaccharide from 72 independent studies during the past 46 years (1970‐2016) based on PubMed, VIP (Chongqing VIP Chinese Scientific Journals Database), CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and Wanfang database searches are summarized. The structure, pharmacological effects, clinical efficacy, immunobalancing molecular mechanism and toxicity of Poria cocos polysaccharide are deliberated to provide a general picture of Poria cocos polysaccharide as a clinically used antitumour drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, photon-counting computed tomography (PCD-CT) based on photon-counting detectors (PCDs) has become increasingly utilized in clinical practice. Compared with conventional CT, PCD-CT has the potential to achieve micron-level spatial resolution, lower radiation dose, negligible electronic noise, multi-energy imaging, and material identification, etc. This advancement facilitates the promotion of ultra-low dose scans in clinical scenarios, potentially detecting minimal and hidden lesions, thus significantly improving image quality. However, the current state of the art is limited and issues such as charge sharing, pulse pileup, K-escape and count rate drift remain unresolved. These issues could lead to a decrease in image resolution and energy resolution, while an increasing in image noise and ring artifact and so on. This article systematically reviewed the physical principles of PCD-CT, and outlined the structural differences between PCDs and energy integration detectors (EIDs), and the current challenges in the development of PCD-CT. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of three detector materials were analysed. Then, the clinical benefits of PCD-CT were presented through the clinical application of PCD-CT in the three diseases with the highest mortality rate in China (cardiovascular disease, tumour and respiratory disease). The overall aim of the article is to comprehensively assist medical professionals in understanding the technological innovations and current technical limitations of PCD-CT, while highlighting the urgent problems that PCD-CT needs to address in the coming years.

Pien Tze Huang (PTH) was documented as an imperial prescription composed of Notoginseng Radix, Calculus Bovis, Snake Gallbladder, and Musk. It is famous in China and Asian countries due to its excellent effects in heat clearing, detoxifying, swelling reduction, and pain relieving. Modern pharmacological studies demonstrate that PTH shows excellent effects against various inflammatory diseases, liver diseases, and cancers. This review summaries the pharmacological effects, clinical applications, and mainchemical components of PTH. More importantly, its potential quality markers (Q-markers) were then analyzed based on the "five principles" of Q-markers under the guidance of Traditional Chinese Medicine theory, including transfer and traceability, specificity, efficacy, compatibility, and measurability. As a result, ginsenosides Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, notoginsenoside R1, dencichine, bilirubin, biliverdin, taurocholic acid, and muscone are considered as the Q-markers of PTH. These findings will provide guidance and assistance for the construction of a quality control system for PTH., (Copyright © 2023 China Pharmaceutical University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The development and evolution of regulation, production and clinical application of Foods for Special Medical Purposes (FSMPs) in China in recent decades have been reviewed. The FSMPs as dysphagia diet and relevant applications of food hydrocolloids in FSMPs from the viewpoint of rheology were emphasized. Consumer preference, behaviour and perception about FSMPs were also presented. It is a remarkable transition of the legal status of FSMPs from "drugs" to "foods" in China, just as that in USA and EU, which is marked as a milestone by several important national standards and related laws issued in the last decade. The huge market capacity of FSMPs in China has been estimated based on the number of malnourished patients and elderly consumers. However, the supply of FSMPs from both multinational and local producers has not met the strong demand in China market, even though the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) has approved 92 new products by December 2022. Nevertheless, the market prospect is quite optimistic, based on the profound recognition and widespread clinical application of FSMPs in specific diseases, such as dysphagia, cancer, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, etc. [Display omitted] • From the perspective of supply and demand, China's FSMPs market has a huge capacity. • Classifications and availability of approved/expected FSMP products are presented. • Development, laws, regulations and expert consensus of FSMPs in China are updated. • Application of various food hydrocolloids in FSMPs as dysphagia diet is emphasized. • FSMPs as clinical nutritional therapy specific to some typical diseases are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To probe into the clinical efficacy and safety of alprostadil combined with calcium dobesilate in treatment of chronic renal failure. METHODS: 185 patients with chronic renal failure admitted into Shangqiu the First People's Hospital from May 2013 to Jul. 2016 were selected to be divided into control group (93 cases) and observation group (92 cases) via the random number table. The control group received conventional treatment, while the observation group additionally received alprostadil combined with calcium dobesilate based on the control group. The renal function, blood indicators and incidence of adverse drug reactions of two groups were compared. RESULTS: Compared with before treatment, the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) , serum creatinine (Scr) and uric acid(UA) of two groups and 24 h protein level of observation group decreased significantly after treatment, yet the endogenous creatinine clearance rate(Cer) of two groups increased significantly, and the BUN, Ser, UA and 24 h protein level of observation group were lower than those of control group, yet Ccr was higher than that of the control group, with statistically significant difference (P <0.05). The low blood viscosity, high blood viscosity, plasm viscosity, TG level of two groups and TC level of observation group decreased significantly, and the observation group was lower than those of control group, with statistically significant difference! P <0. 05). There was no severe adverse drug reactions in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Alprostadil combined with calcium dobesilate in treatment of chronic renal failure can significantly improve the renal function in patients with chronic renal failure with higher safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite having been used in the clinical practice of respiratory diseases for decades in China, the overall description of nebulized therapy has not been reported to date. The purpose of this study was to investigate the basic characteristics and information on the application of nebulized therapy in the clinical practice of respiratory diseases in China. Methods: A questionnaire survey with 17 questions relating to nebulized therapy was carried out in three levels (tertiary, secondary, and primary) of hospitals throughout mainland China. The perspectives of various professional degrees of the medical staffs from different levels of hospitals were further studied. Results: A total of 6,449 effective questionnaires were collected from 1,328 hospitals or clinics located in 27 provinces or autonomous regions of mainland China. Nebulized therapy was applied in 91.1% of the hospitals, significantly more in tertiary and secondary levels of hospitals than in the primary level of hospitals. Jet and ultrasonic nebulizers were used in 53.3% and 47.7% of the hospitals, respectively. Only 50.8% of the responders identified the brands of the devices. 82.5 Percent of the responders had prescribed nebulized therapy. 68.8 Percent and 41.5% of responders agreed that nebulized therapy can be used for the treatment of asthma and COPD, respectively. 86.5 Percent of responders agreed that nebulized therapy can be used for patients with acute exacerbation, whereas 27.5% stated that it can be used for stable patients. The most commonly used medicines were short-acting bronchodilators, followed by corticosteroids, mucolytics, and antibiotics. 17.2 Percent of the responders reported adverse events of nebulized therapy experienced by the patients. Continuous medical education and training on nebulized therapy were required by 72.1% of responders. Conclusions: The present national survey, firstly, provided the basic characteristics and information on the application of nebulizer therapy in the clinical practice of respiratory diseases in China. Certainly, this will help facilitate nebulized therapy, especially in the community hospitals. Continuous medical education and technical training are essential to improve the clinical application of nebulized therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine oncologists' knowledge of cancer pain and morphine's clinical application in the People's Republic of China. In addition, this study analyzes and discusses the negative factors that currently affect the clinical application of morphine. Patients and methods: A questionnaire survey was given to a random sample of 150 oncologists from Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. The statistical results were analyzed and processed using SPSS version 21.0 and Matlab version 2012a statistical software. Single-factor analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test, and independent samples t-test were adopted to analyze the difference in knowledge scores of morphine usage. The study also identified major impediment factors on clinical use of morphine. Results: Among the 127 respondents, morphine controlled-release tablets were the most popular drug chosen to treat severe cancer pain (76 respondents, 35.8%). Participants who reported having received training in cancer pain management and drug use demonstrated a significantly higher mean score of basic knowledge compared with their untrained peers (11.51±2.60 versus 9.28±3.68, t=2.48, P=0.022). The top four barriers to widespread clinical use of morphine for cancer pain were 1) insufficient analgesia administration training for medical personnel, 2) poor patient compliance, 3) drug side effects, and 4) concerns surrounding drug addiction. Conclusion: The oncologists in the People's Republic of China simultaneously lack comprehensive knowledge and harbor misconceptions with regard to cancer pain treatment and morphine's clinical application. Creating professional training initiatives for oncologists is necessary to enhance their awareness and expertise in morphine use for cancer pain treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is one of the three most common female reproductive system cancers and has been a hot topic in the field of gynecology and oncology. Currently, surgery with chemotherapy is the common strategy in treatment of ovarian cancer, while it is always accompanied by drug resistance and some adverse effects. Over the past few years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been embraced by a large population of clinicians and researchers due to its high efficiency, low toxicity and minor side effects. Guizhi-Fuling Wan as a classical TCM formula has manifested certain efficacy in treating ovarian cancer. This article intends to further study the role and mechanism of Guizhi-Fuling Wan in treatment of ovarian cancer and explore the effective chemical components contained in the herbs of the formula. To this end, we reviewed the previous clinical studies and experiments to analyze the molecular mechanisms, pharmacological effects, active chemical components and their targets of action in treatment of ovarian cancer, thereby providing a theoretic basis for future studies and practices., Competing Interests: Conflict of interests The authors have declared that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Allergic disease caused by airborne pollen is a major health problem in China. Intensive study on pollen allergens can be of great help for preventing and treating pollinosis. Four aspects of the study on pollen allergens in China including major allergic pollen in our country, analysis and purification of pollen allergen composition, recombinant pollen allergens and clinical application of pollen allergens are described in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The species of the genus Cirsium have been used as traditional Chinese medicine for hundreds of years. It is believed that Cirsium has the efficacies of cooling blood and stopping bleeding, dispelling blood stasis, detoxifying and eliminating carbuncle. At present, they are mainly used in treatment of the hemoptysis, hematemesis, hemoptysis, hematuria, traumatic bleeding and Henoch-Schonlein purpura. They are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. This paper systematically collated the classification, traditional use, pharmacological action, phytochemistry and clinical application of Cirsium plants in the past ten years, intending to provide a critical appraisal of current knowledge for future in-depth study and rational development and utilization of Cirsium plants. This paper searched various databases (SciFinder, Science Direct, CNKI, Wiley online library, Spring Link, Web of Science, PubMed, Wanfang Data, Weipu Data), Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 Edition, Chinese Flora, Chinese Materia Medica and some local books on ethnopharmacology. More than ten species of Cirsium have been used as folk medicine, and modern pharmacological studies have shown that Cirsium has the effects of protecting liver, antioxidation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, antibacterial, etc. More than 200 chemical constituents such as flavonoids, triterpenes, sterols, phenylpropanoids have been isolated from Cirsium. Some ingredients show a wide variety of bioactivities including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor and other activities. At present, Cirsium medicinal plants, as traditional Chinese medicine, were mainly used to treat nephritis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura and hemorrhage, although some species used in folk lack of quality control systems. Cirsium plants are a safe and effective medicine for cooling blood and hemostasis. Recent studies on pharmacology and phytochemistry also provide solid scientific evidences for the traditional application of this genus. It also shows significant hepatoprotective activity and may be a potential clinical candidate for the treatment of liver disease. However, the qualitative and quantitative analysis, pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics and mechanism of action also need in-depth study. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Cancer is a life-threatening disease worldwide and current standard therapy cannot fulfill all clinical needs. Chinese herbal injections have been widely used for cancer in Chinese and Western hospitals in China. This study aimed to apply evidence mapping in order to provide an overview of the clinical application of Chinese herbal injections in cancer care based on randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Methods and results: Seven databases were systematically searched for eligible randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses for ten Chinese herbal injections used in cancer treatment and covered in the Chinese national essential health insurance program. Excel 2016 and RStudio were used to integrate and process the data. In total 366 randomized controlled trials and 48 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included in the evidence mapping of herbal medicines including; Compound Kushen, Shenqi Fuzheng, Aidi, Kangai, Kanglaite, Xiaoaiping, Cinobufacin, Brucea javanica oil emulsion, Polyporus polysaccharide injection, and Astragalus polysaccharide for injection. Health insurance restricts the scope of clinical application for these herbal injections. The numbers of studies published increased, especially around 2013–2015. The most studied cancer types were lung cancer (118, 32.2%), colorectal cancer (39, 10.7%), and gastric cancer (39, 10.7%), and the most used injections were Compound Kushen (78, 21.3%), Shenqi Fuzheng (76, 20.8%), and Aidi (63, 17.2%). The most consistently reported benefits were observed for Compound Kushen, Shenqi Fuzheng, Aidi, and Kangai for tumor response, quality of life, myelosuppression, and enhancing immunity. Conclusion: The current evidence mapping provides an overview of the outcomes and effects of Chinese herbal injections used in cancer care, and offers information on their clinical application which warrants further evidence-based research in order to inform clinical and policy decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic Therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-PDT) has been widely applied in the treatment of skin diseases in China. To further standardize, guide, and promote the clinical applications of ALA-PDT in dermatology, the Chinese Society of Dermatology, Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Dermatology, Photomedicine Therapeutic Equipment Group of Committee on Skin Disease, and Cosmetic Dermatology of China Association of Medical Equipment invited relevant experts engaged in ALA-PDT to revise and update the first edition of "Clinical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy: an expert consensus statement" and establish a more current edition, to provide an updated reference for Chinese dermatologists in clinical practice. In the guideline, the expert group reached consensus opinions on ALA-PDT with regard to mechanisms of action, therapeutic protocol, clinical applications, adverse reactions and countermeasures, precautions, care, and evaluation of efficacy., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The genus Ribes Linn., which belongs to the Grossulariaceae family, contains 160 species distributed mainly in temperate and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere. There are 59 species in southwest, northwest and northeast China. Some species of Ribes have been used as traditional and local medicines for the treatment of glaucoma, cardiovascular disease, stomachache, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and other ailments. However, the data provided in recent years have not been collated and compared., Aim of the Study: This review aims to summarize the current status of ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical applications, and pharmacokinetics of the genus Ribes to better understand the therapeutic potential of the genus Ribes in the future and hope to provide a relatively novel perspective for further clinical application on the genus., Materials and Methods: The literature on Ribes was collected through a series of scientific search engines including Elsevier, ACS, Springer, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Wiley, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and books., Results: Ribes species have been used for detoxification, glaucoma, cardiovascular disease, stomachache, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and other ailments. These plants mainly contain phenolic glycosides, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, polysaccharides, etc. Most traditional uses are related to biological activity and have been confirmed by modern research. Pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo revealed that the extracts and pure compounds possessed significant hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and antiviral activity, eyesight protection and other effects., Conclusions: The traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications described in this article explained that the Ribes species has numerous activities, and these findings will promote further action in the area of mechanism research. However, very few preclinical and clinical studies have focused on the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of crude extracts and pure compounds from the genus Ribes. Moreover, several clinical evidence to support the health benefits of Ribes plants. The development of new medicines based on Ribes species as ingredients may be restricted. The pharmacological activity, clinical efficacy and safety of Ribes species need to be verified by systematic and comprehensive preclinical studies and clinical trials., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy. Radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer could cause damage to pelvic autonomic nerves, leading to postoperative urination, defecation and sexual dysfunction. In order to improve the postoperative quality of life, the international Querleu-Morrow (Q-M) surgical classification system recommends the nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy (type-C1) as the mainstay operation. The Gynecologic Oncology Group affiliated to Chinese Obstetricians and Gynecologists Association has invited a number of domestic specialists and conducted in-depth discussions on key issues such as anatomical basis, surgical indications, techniques, postoperative evaluation for nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy. Finally, the specialists reach a consensus to guide the standardized application of this procedure in China.

Aspalathus linearis is a needle-shaped shrub that grows in the Cedarberg mountains in southern South Africa, with an extremely high medicinal value. In 2014, China has approved A. linearis as a new food material. Through retrieval in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases, the literatures were excluded, classified and summarized.On the basis of Chinese medicine theory, the traditional Chinese medicine properties were deducted. Finally, 264 relevant li-teratures were included and classified into 6 categories: review, planting, chemical composition, clinical study, pharmacological effects and safety. The traditional Chinese medicinal properties were deducted as sweet flavor and neutral property. It enters kidney, spleen, heart and liver channels. The major functions are to tonify the kidney and benefit the essence, nourish Qi and spleen, nourish Yin and prompt the production of body fluid, tranquilize mind, and relieve pain. It can be used for soreness of the waist and fatigue, sexual disinterest, limbs heaviness, thirst due to insufficiency of fluid and internal heat, irritability and insomnia, forget fulness, stomachache, joint pain, dysmenorrhea, headache. Preparation for external use can treat eczema itching. Water decoction(2-15 g) can also be used as tea directly. This paper defined the traditional Chinese medicine properties of A. linearis, so as to provide the theoretical basis for further clinical application.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The genus Orobanche consists of annual, biennial or perennial fleshy parasitic herb species, many of which are in use as traditional medicines and wild gathered foods since a long time. Recently, Orobanche spp. are increasingly accepted as edible medicines with nourishing properties. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of their ethnopharmacological background., Aim of the Review: This review focuses on the advancements in botanical classification, and summary of traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Orobanche species, in order to check for scientific support of their traditional uses and the safe treatment of human ailments and diseases., Materials and Methods: In this review, the results of a systematic and comprehensive literature survey about Orobanche spp over the past 60 years (from 1960 to 2020) is presented. The selected literature includes periodicals, doctoral dissertations, master dissertations conference papers and various books. The literature was identified through search engine websites and a cross-checked with the Chinese pharmacopeia, classic Chinese and European herbals, regional medicinal monographs, and online ethnobotanical databases., Results: The literature about the traditional uses revealed that Orobanche spp. were used as medicine and food in many regions of the world, but mainly in China and North America while in Europe they were primarily used as food items. Phenylpropanoid derivatives and alkaloids, were reported as their main bioactive compounds, showing antioxidant, immune system enhancing, androgenic, antibacterial and antiviral properties., Conclusions: Orobanche spp. are increasingly being used for tonic purposes in China. Their ethnopharmacological background suggests potential usages as healthy foods and food supplements. They have the potential to be developed into herbal medicines for tonifying the kidney, against impotence and spermatorrhea, dermatological problems and wounds, as well as infantile diarrhoea. However, the pharmacological studies conducted with extracts derived from Orobanche spp. were not useful for rationally explaining the traditional uses. More investigations are required to provide a pharmacological basis for the traditional claims and the relationship between traditional uses, clinical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. Additionally, quality control should be emphasized to ensure the safe and effective use of Orobanche derived products., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has gradually shown application prospects in the treatment of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. In order to standardized FMT operation, based on the clinical experience of the Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, combined with domestic and foreign literature, Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Branch of China International Health Care Promotion Exchange Association, China Microecological Treatment Innovation Alliance, and Microecology Committee of Shanghai Preventive Medicine Association to formulated the" Chinese experts consensus on clinical practice of the selection and establishment of fecal microbiota transplantation delivery routes". It includes four parts: the selection of delivery route, the methodology of transplantation path establishment, the clinical application, and the monitoring of adverse events.

Noni is a dry and mature fruit of Morinda citrifolia, which is widely distributed in the islands in the southern Pacific Ocean and the Indochina Peninsula in Asia. It is edible and has been used as a natural medicine for thousands of years. At present, Noni has been legally introduced into China, but there is no clear standard of traditional Chinese medicine properties and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine, which greatly limits the application of compatibility with traditional Chinese medicine in China. This article appllied our pioneering modern research technology of new herbal medicine outside of China, theoretically studied the traditional Chinese medicine properties of Noni, and scientifically guided the reasonable compatibility and application of Noni with traditional Chinese medicine. The Web of Science and PubMed databases were selected to access the literatures on Noni. The retrieval time was August 1, 2018, with Noni or Morinda citrifolia as the search term. A total of 862 articles were retrieved. By reading the titles and abstracts of the articles, in addition to repetitive and irrelevant literature, 251 scientific research literatures with reasonable design and high credibility were selected, including 25 clinical trials, 94 pharmacological experiments, and 51 chemical composition literatures. Through analysis of scientific research literatures, led by clinical experiments, supported by pharmacological experiments, combined with the research progress of chemical components, the medicinal properties were studied under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory. The Chinese medicine property of Noni is flat, with acid and sweet flavor.The channel tropisms of Noni included kidney, liver and spleen. The function of Noni included tonifying kindey and liver, strengthening tendon and bone, yiqi yangyin. The clinical application of Noni is used for liver and kidney deficiency, waist and knee weakness, weak muscles and bones; Qi and Yin deficiency, tiredness and thirst. Taken as fruit pulp or dry powder, the equivalent of dried product is 1-4 g. Noni is also distributed in Taiwan, Hainan in China. Hainan, Yunnan have been cultivated and introduced. Give Noni a clear Chinese medicine property, and lay a theoretical foundation for the compatibility of Noni with traditional Chinese medicine, which can enrich the Chinese medicine resources and promote the development of Chinese medicine.

The Aspongopus chinensis is an insect of the genus Hemiptera, which can be used both as a medicinal and as a gourmet in the folk. It has a long history as a drug, which has the effect of regulating Qi and relieving pain, and warming the Yang. It is mainly used to treat stomach cold and pain, liver and stomach pain, kidney deficiency and impotence, and waist and knee pain. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that A. chinensis has a variety of pharmacological activities. For example, it can be used to fight tumors, improve reproductive damage, and antibacterial, anti-oxidation, anti-coagulation, anti-ulcer, anti-fatigue and so on. The chemical constituents of A. chinensis currently reported mainly include odorous components, vitamins, fatty acids and proteins, amino acids, and other nutrients, as well as nucleosides and dopamines. This study summarizes and analyzes the related research literatures of A. chinensis in China and abroad, and provides a reference for its further development and research from the aspects of chemical composition, pharmacological action and clinical application.

Pien-Tze-Huang (PTH) is a famous and commonly used traditional Chinese medicine formula in China. It was first formulated by a royal physician of the Ming Dynasty (around 1555 AD). Recently, PTH has attracted attention worldwide due to its beneficial effects against various diseases, especially cancer. This paper systematically reviewed the up-to-date information on its chemical composition, pharmacology, and clinical application. A range of chemical compounds, mainly ginsenosides and bile acids, have been identified and quantified from PTH. Pharmacological studies indicated that PTH has beneficial effects against various cancers, hepatopathy, and ischemic stroke. Furthermore, PTH has been used clinically to treat various diseases in China, such as colorectal cancer, liver cancer, and hepatitis. In summary, PTH is a potential agent with extensive therapeutic effects for the treatment of various diseases. However, the lack of information on the side effects and toxicity of PTH is a non-negligible issue, which needs to be seriously studied in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Summary on chemical compositions and their pharmacological effects of Leonurus japonicus. • Abundant terpenoids and alkaloids are closely related to traditional efficacy of L. japonicus. • Alkaloids show remarkable effects on gynecological and cerebral-cardio vascular diseases. • Many Chinese patent medicines made by L. japonicus have been used in clinic in China. Leonurus japonicus Houtt. is a traditional medicinal herb with significant effects; dating back more than 1800 years, it is widely used in Asia. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is essential in the treatment of menstrual and delivery disorders caused by blood stasis, such as dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and postpartum hemorrhage. In the last three decades, many phytochemists, pharmacologists, and doctors have focused on the chemical components, pharmacological activities, and clinical applications of L. japonicus. More than 280 chemical compounds have been isolated from this plant. The effects of most of the terpenoids and alkaloids isolated from the plant have been found to be closely related to the traditional functions of L. japonicus. Owing to its excellent therapeutic effects for obstetrical and gynecological diseases, L. japonicus has been widely used in both ancient and modern times. Nowadays, it has also been developed into a series of Chinese patent medicines in clinics in China. This review summarizes the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical applications of L. japonicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]