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The changing nature of conjugal relationships has become a focal issue in family research in East Asia. The rapid social changes in the region have imposed serious challenges to patriarchal dominance as well as to the cultural value of the father-son lineage. Patterns of conjugal relationships thus represent significant family dynamics in response to external changes in the region. A lack of conjugal data and the use of single weight measurement are two conventional drawbacks in studying marital power structures. Hence, this study aims to construct a better marital power index and to apply it in analyzing mechanisms accounting for wives' marital status by using two corresponding couple datasets from Taiwan and Shanghai. Data are taken from "The Economic Development and Women's Family Status in Different Chinese Societies". Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process analysis, three sets of weights are derived for the marital power structure in Taiwan and in Shanghai. After taking into account both family decisions and household labor division, our results indicate that the marital power structure in Taiwan and in Shanghai tends to be male dominant. Taiwanese women's family status score is approximately 39, in contrast with men's score of 61. Shanghai women's marital power score is about 43, higher than their Taiwanese counterparts, but remains lower than husbands' score of 57. With regard to mechanisms explaining various marital power patterns, the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model reveals slightly different patterns for Taiwanese and Shanghai couples. While individual and relative conjugal resources account for wives' domestic status in both Taiwan and Shanghai, normative effects such as co-residence with paternal parents, Hakka ethnic background and the immediate constraint of children produce salient negative effect on having egalitarian marital relations among Taiwanese couples. Our findings show that Shanghai couples lean toward the Western recourse model, while Taiwan couples are affected by the interaction between norm and resource. We conclude that it is essential to consider both family decision-making and household division of labor in the construction of a multi-dimensional marital power score. Use of the "dyad" as the unit of analysis, instead of using the "individual" unit, in studying conjugal relations is strongly suggested. Furthermore, our study points out the importance of examining the interplay of norms and resources in studying conjugal relations in a changing context such as the Chinese family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the employment pattern of married female in Taiwan, Tianjin and Shanghai, China. The significant rise of female's labor force participation in recent decades has become a focal topic worldwide. Outside of western industrialized nations, female's employment has been examined from its overall demographic trend, its contribution to the economic development, factors accounted for the pattern variation as well as its effects on family relations. Marriage and childbearing, in both western and non-western worlds, are repeatedly shown to be two major stages which affect female's labor force continuity. Females typically work before marriage and withdraw from the job market at marriage or at childbirth. However, the typical M-shaped employment pattern which has been prevalent in some western societies is not necessarily apparent in Asian countries like Taiwan. Generally speaking, female's personal resources, family's economic need, possible constraint from the social norm and the larger social context or economic structure have been documented to be factors affecting female's employment patterns. Higher educated females are less likely to leave the labor market due to the higher human capital as well as greater opportunity cost when conflict occurs at the marriage or childbearing stage.