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Background and Purpose: Metavisualization plays a key role in science and technological learning in which visualization is practiced. We conducted two sequential studies with the purposes to first develop an instrument that allows individuals to report or reflect on their metavisualization, and then validate the instrument and investigate the relationships among the dimensions of metavisualization. Sample: A total of 320 university students participated in this research. Methods: Through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in the first study and partial least squares – structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in the second study, the validity and reliability of the instrument measuring the four dimensions of metavisualization were reported, and a theoretical model delineating the relationships among the four variables was explored. Findings: It was found that metacognitive skills, rather than metacognitive knowledge, significantly contributed to the demonstration of epistemic knowledge and judgment criteria during visualization. Metacognitive knowledge may also play an indirect role in learners' epistemic performance through its relation with metacognitive skills. Implications: The results provide insights to advance understanding of metavisualization and its relation to metacognition and epistemic practice. The validated instruments may be used for future quantitative or mixed research to advance understanding of the role metavisualization plays in various contexts of learning in science and technological education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China experiences a rapidly aging population, the prevalence of Chinese older adults suffering from mental health issues also increases. Because cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are two major public health concerns in China, we examined smoking and alcohol consumption status with loneliness, depression, and loss of interest among Chinese older adults. Panel data were extracted from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, and older adults were selected as the final study sample (age ≥ 65) from two different time points (the 2011–2012 and 2014 waves). We analyzed Chinese older men and women with the adoption of panel logistic regression models to study mental health measurements of loneliness, depression, and loss of interest. Among males, compared with non-alcohol users, former alcohol users had higher odds of reporting depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.91; p < 0.05), while current alcohol users did not. Current and former smoking statuses were positively associated with depression (all p < 0.05). However, only current smoking status was positively associated with loss of interest (p < 0.05). Among females, former alcohol consumption was positively associated with loneliness, and current alcohol consumption was positively associated with depression. Health practitioners should evaluate the roles of smoking and alcohol consumption on Chinese older adults' mental health measurements in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the goals of the Polar Silk Road strategy and boost Northeast China's economy, China should focus on economic and trade cooperation in the Japanese Sea. Despite not being a coastal State, China can still expand its navigation rights and interests within the region. The Japanese Sea has not been fully utilized by China due to its lack of direct access, and the surrounding States' unstable political conditions have hindered long-term economic development arrangements. This paper proposes that China should develop its right of access to the Japanese Sea through the Tumen Region and assert the navigation rights and interests of third States. China can use current agreements and international law principles to uphold its right of access to the Japanese Sea through the Tumen River. It can also invest in overseas ports and improve transportation networks to implement the strategy of "accessing the sea through harbors of other States." Furthermore, China can strengthen its presence and use of shipping routes in the Japanese Sea by strengthening regional trade routes, connecting shipping routes with the Arctic, and expanding the abroad shipping of domestic goods. Moreover, this paper suggests that China should analyze the navigation rights and interests of third States in the territorial sea, exclusive economic zones, and straits surrounding the Japanese Sea to develop its sea routes. By doing so, China can realize its goals of the Polar Silk Road strategy and revitalize Northeast China's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The benefits of physical activity are well-known to prevent multiple long-term health conditions. Physical appearance and weight-related stigma may influence individuals' decision to engage in physical activity and sport. Therefore, the present study examined the psychometric properties of a newly developed instrument, the Tendency to Avoid Physical Activity and Sport Scale (TAPAS), using modern test theory. Methods: A total of 2319 university students were recruited from mainland China and they completed the TAPAS. Rasch analysis was used to examine the TAPAS' rating scaling functioning, test unidimensionality, item hierarchy, ceiling and floor effects, and differential item functioning (DIF). Moreover, the concurrent validity of the TAPAS was examined using the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ), Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS), and body mass index (BMI). Results: Unidimensionality was confirmed except for one item. Items corresponding to attitude toward physical activity were more easily adopted compared to items corresponding to actual behavioral aspects. No ceiling and floor effects were found. No DIF existed in the TAPAS items. The TAPAS was strongly correlated with both the WSSQ and WBIS, but not BMI. Conclusion: The study showed that overall, the TAPAS has robust psychometric properties. However, future research needs to address the misfit item and explore the feasibility of applying the TAPAS to other populations including wider ethnic groups, age ranges, and life stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a large country with substantial urban-rural disparity. With the increasing concerns related to the rapid growth of the older adult population and problems related to smoking and alcohol consumption, this study aims to examine the potential urban-rural disparity associated with nicotine or alcohol dependence among Chinese older adults. We used three waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey and included older adults who were 65 years old or above (CLHLS; n = 18,207). The Heckman two-step selection procedure was applied to reduce potential selection bias. The first and the second steps of the Heckman two-step selection procedure all included multivariable logistic regressions. In the final study sample, approximately 8.1% and 4.0% of older adults reported nicotine and alcohol dependence, respectively. In the first step of the Heckman selection procedure, urban residents were less likely to become current smokers and alcohol users than rural residents (all p <.05). However, urban-rural disparity was not associated with either nicotine or alcohol dependence (all p >.05). We did not observe the urban-rural disparity in nicotine and alcohol dependence among Chinese older adults. Chinese policymakers should continue to strengthen national policy to combat smoking and alcohol consumption, especially older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the effects of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and use of both cigarettes and alcohol on changes in sleep quality and duration among Chinese older adults. Using four waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), we employed Cox two-state regression models to examine the changes in sleep quality and duration. The results showed the following: (1) Former users (cigarettes and/or alcohol), current alcohol users, current smokers, or users who used both cigarettes and alcohol all reported lower odds of worsening sleep quality (all p < 0.01; except former users, which was p < 0.05), compared with those who did not smoke and use alcohol at all. (2) Among older adults who maintained poorer sleep quality (from not good to not good), only users of both cigarettes and alcohol were less likely to experience this outcome (p < 0.05). (3) Only former users and current smokers had higher odds of transitioning from recommended sleep duration of 7–8 h daily into the non-recommended range (all p < 0.05), compared with older adults who did not use cigarettes and alcohol. Chinese older adults may be more adaptive to the cultural norms and traditions of cigarette and alcohol uses. Further research efforts with experimental data are warranted to examine the impact of cigarettes and alcohol on Chinese older adults' sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 20 February 2020, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the China Coast Guard jointly issued the Notice on Issues concerning Jurisdiction of Maritime Criminal Cases (hereinafter the "Notice"). The Notice aims to ensure the effective performance of maritime right-safeguarding and law enforcement functions by the coast guard agencies, punishing maritime crimes by the law and protecting the State's sovereignty, security, maritime rights and interests, as well as maritime order. Maritime criminal cases have strong international implications and their jurisdiction is subject to this short discussion. It is observed that by clarifying maritime criminal cases jurisdiction may to some extent reduce potential disputes in the context of law enforcement activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of sea power theory has undergone a transformation in the contemporary context. The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative, as proposed by China, is promoted as an effort to establish a cooperative development model. This approach would also seem to be consistent with the essence of modern sea power and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative. This article argues that in order to establish a viable legal cooperative framework, "hard power" cooperation and "soft power" cooperation models should be introduced, on the basis of current international treaties and customary law, and with reference to international experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of the elderly population and public health challenges in China, concerns arise related to disability associated with activities of daily living (ADLs) and alcohol consumption status. This study assesses the relationships of alcohol consumption status with basic daily activities among Chinese older adults. A total of 5,133 participants aged 60 years or above from three waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (2009, 2012, and 2014) were analyzed. Independent ADL items included bathing, dressing, toileting, indoor moving, continence, and feeding (without others' assistance). Multilevel ordered logistic regression model estimation was used to examine the results of total scores based on the Katz index. Multilevel logistic regression models also were estimated to study each index item separately to examine differences across each of the six ADLs. Additional confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to examine the validity of the index. Preliminary CFA showed that most items had good factor loadings (>0.700), except for continence (0.256) and feeding (0.481). Based on the ordered regression model, former (AOR = 0.412, 95% CI: 0.294, 0.579, p < 0.001) and non-alcohol consumption (AOR = 0.598, 95% CI: 0.447, 0.800, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with the total score. Non-alcohol consumption status was negatively associated with ADL items separately (all ps < 0.05), with the exceptions of continence and feeding. Alcohol consumption may be associated with Chinese older adults' better ADLs. However, further clinical or experimental trials are needed to examine the impact of alcohol consumption on older adults' ADLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the associations between primary sources of insurance coverage and out-of-pocket outpatient and inpatient medical expenses among Chinese older adults. The 2012 and 2014 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (n = 6,924) were analyzed. Sources of coverage for survey participants were recorded as the: New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS), Urban Employment Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI), and the Urban Residence Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI). Self-payment, "other" financial sources and unaffordability were also recorded. The Heckman two-step procedure was employed to control selection bias. The outcomes in the first step of the Heckman model determined whether or not the participants had any outpatient or inpatient expenses in the past year. The outcomes in the second step were out-of-pocket expenses for outpatient or inpatient treatments. Majority of older participants still claimed self-payment as the primary financial source to cover medical expenses. Having UEBMI coverage was associated with more outpatient and inpatient out-of-pocket expenses, compared to the NCMS scheme (all p < 0.01). Self-payment was positively associated with outpatient and inpatient medical expenses (all p < 0.01). However, URBMI coverage was not associated with either outcome, compared to NCMS. Further policy implications and research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI) is a Chinese initiative to promote multinational economic cooperation and enhance worldwide prosperity. This Initiative's impact on other countries' maritime law and policy is worth exploring. This paper discusses the BRI and its impact on Japanese shipping laws, emphasizing the importance of Sino-Japanese economic cooperation. It is observed that Japanese private enterprises appear to have a more open attitude than that of the Japanese government toward the BRI. By participating in the BRI, Japanese companies can be more involved in international multimodal transport, not only as shippers utilizing the improved rail and sea carriage network to ship their products but also as multimodal transport operators providing logistical services. This may further trigger the development of Japanese shipping law, so that Japan can better benefit from the connectivity brought by the BRI and address new geopolitical challenges created by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has a long history of smoking behavior. Currently, nearly 26% of Chinese citizens smoke daily. This research used a nationally representative database to study the urban and rural disparities on smoking patterns applying the social-ecological model. Using the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey, the study sample included adult participants who were at least 18 years of age (n = 12,688). A subanalysis was carried out to investigate smoking cessation duration among smoking quitters (n = 519). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine participants' smoking status. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression was applied to investigate participants' number of cigarettes smoked per day, and multivariable logistic regression was used to examine nondaily smoking behavior. Negative binomial regression was carried out to assess the duration of smoking cessation for individuals who quit smoking. Urban residents had lower odds of reporting current smoking status (AOR [adjusted odds ratio] = 0.83, 95% CI [0.74, 0.95]) as compared to rural residents. Urban residents also had higher odds of reporting nondaily smoking status (AOR = 1.17, 95% CI [1.04, 1.32]) and smoked fewer cigarettes per day (IRR [incidence rate ratio] = 0.93, 95% CI [0.89, 0.98]) as compared to rural participants. The disparity between urban and rural areas was not observed for smoking cessation duration. Further efforts should target the disparity between urban and rural regions regarding smoking prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The dietary landscape has changed rapidly in China in the past few decades. This research investigates the associations of older adults' choices and consumption of staple foods and cooking oils with obesity-related measurements. Methods Panel data were extracted from the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey from 3253 older participants with 6506 observations. Ordinary least squares and ordered logistic regression models were estimated with the outcomes of obesity determined by waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI), respectively. Results Older men who consumed wheat had wider WCs (β=2.84 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.55 to 4.13], p<0.01) and higher BMIs (adjusted odds ratio 1.74 [95% CI 1.40 to 2.17], p<0.01) than those who preferred rice. Female participants who used animal-based cooking oil had lower WCs and BMIs than their counterparts who consumed vegetable-based cooking oil. Increased consumption of staple foods was associated with increased rates of obesity in both sexes. Conclusion Dieticians and nutritionists should design appropriate dietary plans to help reduce obesity and chronic diseases among older Chinese adults. Further clinical trials are needed to continue investigating this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural earth environment has been facing various alterations due to anthropogenic activities even long before the industrial revolution. Economic development can no longer be achieved at the cost of the environment. Sustainable development takes and maintains appropriate environmental standards. This study sketches a thorough analysis of the current situations and likely impacts on the environment from the various infrastructural development projects under the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (hereinafter CPEC). Most of the potential outcomes of this project are already known. However, there is a limited academic discussion available concerning its environmental hazards coupled with the relevant laws and policies. The study adopts qualitative means of research to carefully investigate into the environmental challenges and current practices following by pertinent observations and recommendations to improve, implement and formulate bilateral or multilateral, environmental standards in the region. This study aims to explore why it is inevitable to revise the CPEC-related projects, such as shifting from coal-based energy projects to renewables and building climate-resilient infrastructure in order to avoid various environmental harms. The study concludes by suggesting that along with economic integration, it is also essential to promote legal cooperation between China and Pakistan concerning environmental laws as an integral part of the national geopolitical policies to make CPEC a long-lasting as well as a more safe, secure and sustainable project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been discussed previously that older adults' living arrangements are associated with mortality. This study investigated the relationships between older adults' living arrangements and sleep-related outcomes in China. The nationally representative sample included 4,731 participants who participated on two different occasions, with a total of 9,462 observations (2012 and 2014 waves). Panel logistic regression and panel ordinary least squares regression models were estimated with outcomes of sleep quality and average hours of sleep daily, respectively. Approximately 62% of individuals reported good quality of sleep. We observed that older adults who lived with family members had 17% greater odds of reporting good quality of sleep (adjusted odds ratio = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [1.03, 1.34], p <.05) and reported longer sleep duration daily (β =.334, standard error =.069, p <.01), compared with those who lived alone. Social support is needed to strengthen the residential relationship, especially with family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education and income have been considered two primary determinants to affect individuals' health outcomes. China initiated a comprehensive health reform in 2009, with the goals to provide equal access yet sufficient healthcare to all residents. However, social disparities continue to persist following this large reform. This research hypothesized that older adults' years of education and income are determinants of participation in each social insurance scheme following the 2009 health reform. Multilevel logistic regression models were used with a nationally representative sample (n = 5,274) to investigate the education and income disparities in each social insurance scheme for older adults, with random effects among provinces at the national level. The analyses show that years of education was not associated with enrollment in three social insurances, with the exception of the association between 11 years of formal education or above and the rural coverage. Participants with higher levels of household income had greater odds of having urban social insurances, but had lower odds of having the rural scheme. Further research should continue to investigate the disparities of enrollment of each social insurance. Chinese policy makers should consider these social factors carefully to reach a true universal coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research investigates the associations between smoking frequency and body mass index (BMI) among older adults in China with and without the inclusion of food consumption behaviors. Method: Applying three waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (2009, 2012, and 2014), with 12,312 observations from 4,104 participants, gender-stratified panel ordered logistic regressions were performed. Food consumption included intake frequency and types of fruits, vegetables, staple food, cooking oil, and meat. Results: Among male older adults, more frequent smoking behavior was associated with lower BMI with the inclusion of food consumption behaviors. However, more frequent smoking behavior was not associated with BMI among female participants with the inclusion of food consumption behaviors. Former smoking status was not associated with BMI in all models. Discussion: The findings suggest the need of food consumption behaviors when researchers study the associations between smoking frequency and obesity. Gender gaps also should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondhand smoking (SHS) has become a critical challenge in Chinese society, and progress on SHS prevention remains unknown. There is little knowledge targeting Chinese older adults generally to investigate the associations between SHS exposure experiences during earlier life stages and health-related measurements. Using cross-sectional data from a nationally representative data set, the 2014 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (n = 4,414), multilevel logistic regression models with random effects for Chinese provinces were used for analyses. Two health-related measurements included self-reported health status and life satisfaction. All regression models included the same set of predictors and covariates with socioeconomic factors and basic biological information. Approximately 40% and 47% of older adults reported SHS exposure in childhood and in younger adulthood at home, respectively. Older adults with SHS exposure in childhood had lower odds of reporting better health status, compared with those who did not have such exposure (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.69, 95% CI [0.55, 0.86], p <.01). However, life satisfaction was not associated with any SHS exposure experiences. Policy makers and public health practitioners should continue to investigate the long-term effect of SHS exposure on human health, including older adults. Policy regarding SHS prevention should be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a large State with a large population and an enormous fishing industry. The marine fishery labour force represents a significant proportion of Chinese labour market share. Due to the special nature of working in marine fisheries, female workers have long represented a significant proportion of the workforce but have been undervalued or even recognised. So far, there has been little research on the protection of female workers' rights in this field. In 2017, the Secretary-General of the United Nations presented the issue of people on the ocean in a special chapter within the Oceans and the Law of the Sea Report, highlighting the protection of women's rights in the field of marine fisheries. There is evidence that this issue has already attracted the attention of the international community. Studying the issue of female workers' protection in this field encourages the standardisation of the marine fishery labour market, thus promoting sound future development. As a result, this article tries to address the necessity for the legal protection of female workers in the field of marine fishery, through an analysis of the evolution of the marine fishery labour force and the current situation as regards the issue of human rights. To date, there is still a lack of effective protection of women's rights in marine fisheries, especially through legal means, which requires to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific research on the benefits of the Mahjong card game and social activity for sleep remains limited among older adults in China, although these two leisure behaviors are common among Chinese older adults. This study aims to examine this topic of interest in a single research effort. Applying panel data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey from 4718 participants, a nationally representative sample, multivariable logistic regressions were performed to investigate the effects of the Mahjong card game and social activity on quality of sleep and recommended hours of sleep duration daily (between 7 and 8 h of sleep) among Chinese older adults. Of the study sample, approximately 62% of older adults reported good quality of sleep, but only 38% of them slept within the recommended range. Non-gamers had lower odds of reporting good quality of sleep (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.75, 95% CI 0.62, 0.90, p < 0.01), compared with daily Mahjong card gamers. Participation of social activity was not associated with sleep quality. Less frequent participation in social activity was positively associated with recommended hours of sleep duration daily, but there was no significant difference between older adults who did not participate in social activity at all and those who participated daily. The study results suggest that playing the Mahjong card game is associated with better sleep quality among older adults. However, the effect of social activity on sleep-related measurements should be investigated further. The effect of social activity and sleep quality remains inconclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has one of the world's largest populations using alcohol. With the trend of increasing alcohol consumption and the rapid growth of its aging population, China has faced imminent public health challenges in the past few decades. This research study aims to investigate determinants related to alcohol consumption behaviors or alcohol dependence among older adults (age ≥60) in China. Using the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey from 2000 to 2014 waves (n = 35,377), we estimated multivariable logistic regression models to examine the factors associated with current alcohol consumption status, alcohol consumption experience, daily consumption, and alcohol dependence. Of all respondents between 2000 and 2014, 5.7% were current alcohol users, 20.3% reported alcohol use experience, 3.3% used alcohol daily, and approximately 1.1% reported alcohol dependence. Current smoking status, health status, and respondents' gender were associated with all alcohol-related behaviors (p <.05). In addition, older adults from newer waves had higher odds of becoming daily alcohol consumers and having alcohol dependence, compared with older adults in the 2000 wave. Older adults living in an institution had lower odds of becoming current alcohol users, compared with those living with household members. Older adults residing in eastern regions had higher odds of becoming current alcohol users, compared with northern residents. Rural residents had higher odds of reporting alcohol use patterns (p <.01), except alcohol use experience. Future public health interventions and promotional strategies should focus on regional and community disparities in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a massive storage of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) in the South China Sea (SCS) which is an important part of the '21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative'. Due to the high political sensitivity of the SCS, UCH is facing the long-standing illegal salvage and a double threat from the coastal States' economic and military strategy. The prevailing international law for protecting UCH in SCS is somewhat ambiguous and insufficient. China has enacted a statute in 1989 to regulate the exploitation and protection of UCH, however, the statute is far from detailed. Therefore, with a purpose to enhance the protection of UCH in SCS, this paper tries to build a more effective legal system, which refers to the international law promoting regional cooperation, as well as the perfection of Chinese domestic law regulating specific Sino-Foreign cooperation activities on UCH exploitation. As for the latter, the authors try to set up a corresponding legal system including the aspects of: (1) clarifying the mode of cooperation; (2) perfecting the rules regulating the specific operations and activities; and (3) establishing the regimes of rewards and legal liability. • There is a massive storage of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the South China Sea. • China has enacted a statute to regulate the exploitation and protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage but the statute is far from detailed. • The relevant legislation should clarify the mode of cooperative exploitation between Chinese and foreign counterparts. • A comprehensive system including the prior review, in-process supervision and post report mechanisms should be imposed. • Law shall emphasis the legitimate rights and interest of the foreign counterparts and the legal liability of misconducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-red meat protein provides essential nutrients to human beings with fewer health burdens. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationships of non-red meat protein sources and flavor preferences with sleeping patterns among the older adults and the oldest-old in China.Methods: Using a nationally representative database, the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (n = 5241, with 2407 males and 2834 females), older adults' quality of sleep, daily hours of sleep, and recommended range of sleeping duration (7 to 8 h daily) were studied. Food consumption behaviors included fish, eggs, milk and bean products, nuts, and flavor preferences. Sex-stratified multivariable logistic and ordinary least squares regression models were performed for statistical analyses.Results: Nearly 61% of older adults reported good quality of sleep, but only 39% slept within the recommended hours of sleep daily. In general, less frequent consumption of eggs was associated with lower odds of reporting good quality of sleep among both male and female older adults. Among male participants, monthly consumption of milk products was associated with lower odds of good quality of sleep (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.60, 95% CI 0.41, 0.88; p < 0.01), compared with daily consumers. However, this relationship was not observed among female older adults. Fish consumption was not associated with any sleeping patterns for either sex.Conclusion: Chinese public health practitioners and nutritionists should promote the best non-red meat protein options for improving better sleep. Further recommendations and research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determines that cognitive image and affective image have various mediation roles between the environmental marketing strategy and behavioural intentions. By utilizing an online survey for data collection, a total of 280 complete responses were obtained. The results reveal that the different corporate images perceived by customers would result in various behavioural intentions. In particular, Cognitive image plays a mediating role between environmental marketing strategy and the revisit intension while environmental marketing strategy benefits the willingness to pay a premium through cognitive image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-state actors are important participants in ocean governance. In China, with the transformation of government management functions and the goal of establishing a 'co-construction, co-governance and sharing' social governance system, more attention is being paid to the role of non-state actors in ocean governance. Non-state actors in ocean governance require legal basis for their different roles of participation in different governance areas. At present, legal basis has been provided to allow non-state actors to supervise the government's activities, cooperate with government to improve the ocean service supply ability, assist the government in its policy and decision-making, realise social self-governance, and enrich ocean governance resources. In the future, by providing detailed rules on procedural requirements of public participation, implementation of incentive measures and internationalization of non-state actors' participation, perfecting the underlying legal system of social organisations, and exploring a wider and deeper participation of non-state actors in ocean governance from the legal side, improved legal regime can be shaped to contribute to the enhanced participation of non-state actors in ocean governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With modern society’s increased pressures, problems arise regarding duration and quality of sleep. Many Chinese seniors report poor quality of sleep. With rapid urbanization, Chinese dietary patterns have shifted dramatically, with vegetables consumption declining rapidly. This research focuses on the associations between fruits and vegetables consumption with basic dietary behaviors and sleeping patterns. Using the 2014 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), multinomial logistic regression models predicted older adults’ (age > = 65) quality and duration of sleep. Predictors included fruits and vegetables consumption, types of cooking oil, staple foods, and meat. The mean age of the study sample was around 85 years. Approximately 56% of respondents consumed fresh vegetables daily. A majority of seniors consumed rice as their staple food. Only 14% of seniors consumed fresh fruits daily. Most seniors consumed meat weekly or more frequently. We found that seniors who consumed fruits and vegetables occasionally had lower odds of reporting good quality of sleep [Fruits: AOR (Adjusted odds ratio) = 0.77; Vegetables: AOR = 0.58] compared with daily consumers. Respondents who reported consuming wheat and half rice-half wheat had higher odds of reporting good quality of sleep (Wheat: AOR = 1.52; Half rice-half wheat: AOR = 1.28), compared with seniors who reported rice as their staple food. Chinese public health practitioners and nutritionists should design dietary plans with more frequent consumption of fruits, vegetables, and wheat to help older adults’ overall health including their sleeping patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carriage of goods by sea is currently governed by a variety of international treaties. The 2008 Rotterdam Rules represents the international community's most recent effort to harmonise and modernise the rules governing international contracts of carriage in an era of new commercial practices and technological advances. Nevertheless, most countries, especially those in Asia, have adopted a, ‘wait and see’ attitude. Upon examination of the recent developments in shipping law in China, this paper concludes that, while widespread ratification of the Rotterdam Rules is unlikely in the near future, harmonisation of shipping laws, through incorporating the relevant provisions into domestic laws, is possible. China, as the proposer of the, ‘One Belt One Road’ Initiative, may be considered as a leading country in this endeavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of a Global Maritime Capital has become an important link in responding to China's maritime strategy and the "One Belt One Road Initiative". In the process of constructing a Global Maritime Capital, while giving full play to the characteristic industries of the city, the Global Maritime Capital's influence on the region and the world will be improved through the governance of the Global Maritime Capital's economy, resources, ecology, culture, technology and other fields. The construction of a Global Maritime Capital, as a systematic ocean governance method involving multiple fields, should also be subject to the standards of good ocean governance. Through an assessment from the perspective of ocean governance, it is argued that the construction of China's Global Maritime Capital still entails further improvement in the advancement of rule of law, public participation, and responsiveness to new standards and rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, through order no. 79, has revised its Maritime Traffic Laws (Maritime Traffic Laws Revision-2021), which was then enforced on September 1 2021. The revised law contains ten chapters and 122 articles that comprehensively deal with maritime traffic safety and strengthens China's maritime traffic management. It applies in the waters within the jurisdiction of China, which is not limited to the territorial sea, and regulates Chinese ships at sea. Some revised provisions put forward new requirements, such as pre-notice for foreign vessels in some sea areas, which brings significant legal influence. As a state practice, this new revision can be seen as an interpretation of certain ambiguous concepts of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is also important in improving the international maritime order based on the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its opening for signature in 1982, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) has provided fundamental international norms for global ocean governance. The preamble of UNCLOS clearly stipulates, 'that matters not regulated by this Convention continue to be governed by the rules and principles of general international law'. On November 19th, 2022, in Dalian, China, the international seminar on the relationship between the general principles of international law and UNCLOS was co-hosted by the Institute of Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea Studies and the School of Law, Dalian Maritime University, China, both online and in-person. The speakers at this conference provided, from different perspectives, how best to clarify the relationship between general international law and UNCLOS and how general international law can be used in settlement of international disputes as regards frontier issues of the law of the sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there is no specific legal basis for the development and utilisation of marine renewable energy, nor legal protection for the developers in China. The consequence is that the Chinese Government is unable to provide institutional support for the substantive development of marine renewable energy, resulting in slow development of China's marine energy industry. This paper provides an institutional framework for the establishment of relevant laws in China and legislative proposals in legal perspective, for the better development of marine renewable energy. The Chinese Government should optimise the administrative management system, strengthen financial regulation such as tax and emphasise sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the lex specialis on Underwater Culture Heritage (UCH) protection in China, the Regulation on Protection and Administration of Underwater Cultural Relics of PRC 1989 (Regulation 1989) was revised again in 2022 (Revision 2022). Comparatively, the Revision 2022 makes obvious amendments to its original version and is closer to the international convention in this field, regarding the essence and contents. This paper outlines the revision history of Regulation 1989 and the highlights of Revision 2022. By refining the rules directing underwater activities, encouraging public participation in UCH protection, restricting commercial salvage and treasure hunting and proposing the regime of UCH protection zones, the Revision 2022 bridges Chinese law and the international convention to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cabotage law has long been adopted in many countries, including China. However, in November 2021, China announced a reform on trial basis allowing eligible foreign container liner companies to use foreign-flagged ships for coastal piggybacking business between specific Chinese ports and Shanghai Yangshan Port with foreign trade containers, which resulted in a partial relaxation of Chinese cabotage law. This new policy is based on the prior coastal piggybacking business applied for ships owned or controlled by Chinese entities but flying foreign flags. Although restricted in a quite narrow application, the new policy is supposed to help increase the port throughput and benefit foreign container liner companies, but might threaten the interests of domestic shipping industry. There will be challenges in enforcing the policy reciprocally since no agreement on the opening of the cabotage has been concluded by China in any existing bilateral or multilateral agreement before. The future of the policy depends on its effect on driving the reform of domestic shipping management and its impact on the domestic shipping market. • Partial relaxation of China's cabotage law by the coastal piggybacking policy. • The opening of cabotage will help increase port throughput and benefit foreign carriers. • Challenges and legal instruments in opening the cabotage reciprocally. • Encourage the upgrade the domestic shipping market by cabotage opening and introducing competition. • Reducing the competitive disadvantages of domestic shipping companies by deepening the policy innovations in the FTZs/FTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of building an, 'intelligent ocean', installation of an offshore data collection system is critical to achieving the target of maritime power. China, however, does not have a clear legal definition and provisions for offshore installation data collection systems. It also lacks an effective installation of an offshore data collection system covering the whole country. The existing data collection systems in various regions encounter issues such as unclear conception, multi-headed management, and incomplete information. This paper commences with a conceptual analysis of the offshore installation data collection system and clarifies the legal issues in the establishment, registration, operation, and disposal of an offshore installation data collection system and proposes solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper examines the development of policy instruments that support the low-carbon governance in China. The instruments are analysed in five aspects in relation to the key policies in low-carbon governance in China, including: energy conservation, developing new energy, reforestry, developing circular economy, and industry restructuring. Each aspect is discussed in three instrument groups which are (1) law and regulations, (2) industry standard and (3) finance and taxation. This research suggests that law enforcement for the new established laws should be further strengthened and stricter supervision systems should be in place to safeguard effective implementation of low carbon policies, measures and standards, especially for those energy condensed sectors. More rigorous industry standards regarding energy efficiency should be considered to help eliminate outdated equipments in industries and promote the introduction of more climate-friendly technologies. The industrial standards should be given strong legal support in accountability, in order to enforce their complete application once in operation. New policies and instruments need to be introduced in order to reduce carbon print by landfill. The backward law and industrial standards in China should be upgraded more regularly, therefore to support the low carbon development strategy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reviewed the history of the evolution of low-carbon development strategies and the establishment of low-carbon targets in China, over the past 30 years. The climate policy development in China has been classified into four stages and the key strategies of the Chinese government adopted towards low-carbon development were analysed. The results showed the changing view of the government regarding the climate issue, was the underlying reason for the establishment of low-carbon development targets, whilst a low-carbon economy is now receiving increasing attention in the governance of China. Some recommendations for future improvement were given at the end of the paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article discusses the Chinese legal framework in relation to ship recycling and suggests that the various legislation, standards, and opinions provide disorderly and nosystematic regulation. A uniform law specifically regulating the ship-recycling industry should be adopted by China, with a single competent authority empowered to supervise ship-recycling activities, that will effectively implement the 2009 Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected China's economic development, international exchanges and other aspects to varying degrees, among which the impact on China's fishery development should not be underestimated. The fishery is a traditional and vast industry in China. The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak has also exposed potential problems in China's fishery development, such as the lack of specialised aquatic product quality and safety supervision and testing institutions. New problems have also arisen, such as the decline in the market demand for fish and aquatic products, affecting fishers' income, livelihood and so on. These deficiencies require China to establish a matching legal system to correspondingly solve the current legal and political problems. This paper will systematically discuss the impact of the COVID-19 on China's fisheries sector from the perspectives of 'fishers' and 'aquatic products' after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and analyse how to deal with various problems by referring to relevant experience in light of China's national conditions and characteristics. • The COVID-19 pandemic has affected China's fisheries sector profoundly. • China has adopted policy and legal countermeasures to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 on its fisheries sectors. • Further measures are in need to better promote China's fishery development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of increasing uncertainties in the global political and economic situation, the signing of the RCEP marks an initial victory for multilateral trade and economic globalisation. This has also been welcomed by China's shipping industry and has eased the decline in the shipping market, which had resulted from the economic downturn and the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. In order to realise the stable development of the shipping industry, however, it is not only necessary to make full use of the policy dividends resulting from the RCEP but also to recognise the higher requirements that the RCEP places on the shipping industry, in the new norms of international cooperation. It is suggested that, driven by the RCEP, building international shipping hubs, using new technologies to promote the development of the shipping industry and related service industries and forming a domestic and international dual-circulation industry development structure, are the main directions for the future development and the sustainability of China's shipping industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A holistic approach to ocean governance in mainland China has yet to be fully developed and thus, improved. In terms of marine legislation, mainland China should concentrate on this neglected aspect, to formulate a “Coastal Bill.” Additionally, a comprehensive functional-zoning-based “Oceans Bill” should be suitably drafted, on the basis of the current, “Law on the Administration of the Use of Sea Areas.” In terms of marine administration, the State Oceanic Administration should be transformed into a department, which would be responsible for coordinating the scattered central marine administrative bodies and the relationship between the central and local governments in terms of marine affairs. In terms of marine law enforcement, mainland China could start with the establishing of a coordinating body to improve the communication and cooperation of the marine law enforcement bodies and gradually build up an integrated body, enforcing laws at sea. The most recent development in China is the establishment of the “blue economic areas,” which put together all the maritime sectors within specific areas. A “joint-up” effort is subject to further observation and would be expected in the forthcoming future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing use of the oceans and coastal areas, there is a need to pay greater attention to and reexamine the issue of ocean governance. Through comparing the framework of ocean governance in mainland China with that in Taiwan in terms of legislation, administration, and law enforcement, this article establishes that there are advanced practices concerning ocean governance in Taiwan and lessons that may be applicable for mainland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aims Methadone maintenance treatment has been made available in China in response to the rapid spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but high rates of dropout and relapse are problematic. The aim of this study was to apply and test if a contingency management (or motivational incentives) intervention can improve treatment retention and reduce drug use. Design Random assignment to usual care with ( n = 160) or without ( n = 159) incentives during a 12-week trial. Incentives participants earned draws for a chance to win prizes on two separate tracks targeting opiate-negative urine sample or consecutive attendance; the number of draws increased with continuous abstinence or attendance. Setting Community-based methadone maintenance clinics in Shanghai and Kunming. Participants The sample was 23.8% female, mean age was 38, mean years of drug use was 9.4 and 57.8% had injected drugs in the past 30 days. Measurements Treatment retention and negative drug urine. Findings Relative to the treatment-as-usual (control) group, better retention was observed among the incentive group in Kunming (75% versus 44%), but no difference was found in Shanghai (90% versus 86%). Submission of negative urine samples was more common among the incentive group than the usual care (74% versus 68% in Shanghai, 27% versus 18% in Kunming), as was the longest duration of sustained abstinence (7.7 weeks versus 6.5 in Shanghai, 2.5 versus 1.6 in Kunming). The average total prize amount was 371 Yuan (or $55) per participant (527 for Shanghai versus 216 in Kunming). Conclusions Contingency management improves treatment retention and drug abstinence in methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China, although there can be considerable site differences in magnitude of effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper discusses the historical background, structure and enforcement of the ‘2009 Hong Kong International Convention on the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships.’ the 2009 Hong Kong Convention establishes control and enforcement instruments related to ship recycling, determining the control rights of Port States and the obligations of Flag States, Parties and recycling facilities under its jurisdiction. The Convention also controls the communication and exchange of information procedures, establishes a reporting system to be used upon the completion of recycling, and outlines an auditing system for detecting violations. The Convention, however, also contains some deficiencies. This paper concludes these deficiencies will eventually influence the final acceptance of this Convention by the international community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Buildings are long-lasting products which have huge impacts on the environment during their whole lives. The design of buildings should take into consideration long-term environmental and economic benefits. A life cycle assessment approach is developed and demonstrated in a case study—the strategic design of a Flagship Store in Shanghai. Industrial practitioners were invited to the feasibility study. Their opinions were included in the life cycle assessment for the first time. The economic analysis takes account of not only the capital costs of the design options but also the running costs during the building''s economic life cycle. The methodology adopted is an integrated life cycle assessment process including life cycle costing, multi-criteria decision making and group decision making methods. The workshops are successful in terms of educational opportunity for the practitioners and have obtained good feedbacks. The top 10 sustainable design options after the life cycle assessment process were chosen by the practitioners as the compulsory design strategies in their global environmental development agenda, whilst the other 32 design options as optional design solution for the international retailer''s future stores. The life cycle assessment tool demonstrated by a case study was proven to be a simple and efficient design tool in practice, and therefore it can be adopted in other projects to assist the decision makers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The recently published building energy conservation regulation of China (GB50189-2005, 2005 ) was compared with the latest UK building energy conservation regulation (Part L) (Building Regulation Approved Document L2A, 2006 ). The UK regulation appeared stricter in its requirements and standards than the Chinese regulation. In two case studies, the design of a sample building is altered to fulfil the minimum requirements of the two regulations. The energy consumption and Carbon print of the virtual building under the two set of regulations are estimated by computer based models in the two case studies based on a building in the Cold regions. The building under the UK regulation showed higher energy efficiency and less Carbon emissions per year. The high level estimate in the case studies discovered a potential energy savings of 29% by strengthening the design requirements in the Chinese regulation to the UK level. The improvement on energy efficiency of buildings can be achieved in strengthening the proactive design aspects on building envelope, efficient HVAC, lighting and lighting control system. The software used was SBEM which is the default tool in the UK Part L regulation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

With the continuous improvement in science and technology, almost 40 years after the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, global maritime disputes continue to emerge and ocean development and governance still face many challenges. On November 5–6, 2020, in Haikou, China, the first maritime cooperation and governance forum was hosted by the National Institute for South China Sea Studies, China, convening this conference both online and offline. The conference brought together front-line staff from academia and government agencies and units, to discuss new issues in this area. • In marine governance, global and regional cooperation becomes an imperative, for a more positive future buturgency is also required now, in seeking to address current issues. • In the context of the global epidemic of COVID-19, 2020, there is evidence that, many countries have adopted unilateralism in marine policies, in serving their own interests. • The conference will play a more active role inpromoting research on related issues and boost the promotion of the concept ofa maritime community with a shared future. • From an overall perspective, the conferencewill help strengthen the implementation of the global rule of law and the lawof the sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China launched a comprehensive health reform in 2009, as part of the central government's plan to improve its healthcare system. This study investigates the associations of socioeconomic status with receiving adequate healthcare services among Chinese older adults following the 2009 health reform. Using the 6th and the 7th waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), a repeated cross-sectional study design was adopted (n = 9305). Firth's logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. In the fully adjusted model, being non-married was negatively associated with adequate healthcare services (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54, 0.86). Higher levels of income were positively associated with adequate healthcare services (all ps < 0.05). Participants who relied on non-urban social insurance plans all had lower odds of receiving adequate healthcare services (all ps < 0.01), compared with older adults who used the urban employment basic medical insurance (UEBMI). However, disparities regarding education and urban-rural differences were not observed in the full model. As China is pushing for further reforms, vulnerable population groups, such as non-married or more impoverished older adults, should be assisted in receiving adequate healthcare services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'An Ocean Community with A Shared Future' is an idea that was proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping in April 2019. This is a political proposal which needs further interpretation: what is its legal basis; what are its main contents; how can this proposal be implemented? In light of these questions, this forum studies related theoretical and practical issues. The proposal of, 'An Ocean Community with a Shared Future' provides a new idea for the construction of a global ocean governance system. The international community, including China, should accelerate the process of building consensus and build a sense of, 'An Ocean Community with a Shared Future', working together to address challenges, as well as initiating more practical and mutually beneficial cooperation, in order to achieve resilient common development. This conference report summarises the core issues discussed during the conference, which should encourage a better understanding of the essence of the meeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous improvement of science and technology, the law of armed conflict at sea, with the core of the Geneva Convention and its protocols, is also facing new challenges on the 70th anniversary of its adoption. In September 2019, the Dalian Maritime University and the Grandview Institution, China, co-organised the, 'Current Situation and Challenges in the Law of Armed Conflict at Sea Conference'. The conference brought together front-line staff from academia and government agencies and units, to discuss new issues in this area. This conference report organises and provides the details of the key issues discussed during the conference, which it is hoped will strengthen and lead to better understand the connotations of this meeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two key drivers, ocean warming and ocean acidification, affect the oceans and adds to the climate change adversely. International legal and policy instruments contain certain measures to tackle these growing effects. China is also committed to addressing the effects of climate change on the oceans. The overlapping of different systems has, however, created some difficulties in practice and further coordination is urgently required. This paper uses qualitative methods to investigate China's legal practices in addressing the effects of climate change and their impact on the oceans. The study considers newly introduced policies and recent actions launched by the Chinese Government to chart a clearer picture of the current practices. To this end, it is concluded that the ultimate solution in avoiding the worsening effects of climate change on the oceans would be to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases worldwide, and China aims to take advantage of playing leading role in such efforts. • International legal and policy instruments contain certain measures to tackle the effects of climate change on the oceans. • China has also committed to addressing the effects of climate change on the oceans. • The overlapping of different systems has, however, created some difficulties in practice and further coordination is urgently required. • The ultimate solution in avoiding the worsening effects of climate change on the oceans would be to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases worldwide and China wishes to take a leading role in such efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]