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Summary: Bohai Black (BHB) cattle, one of eight representative indigenous breeds in China, is well known for its high resistance to disease, endurance under unfavorable feeding conditions and excellent meat quality. Over recent, the number of BHB cattle has decreased sharply. To investigate the population structure and genetic diversity of this breed, the whole‐genome data of 35 individuals from a conservation farm were obtained using the Illumina 150 bp paired‐end platform. The results of the genetic structure and diversity analyses showed that BHB cattle had mixed Bos taurus and Bos indicus ancestry, close phylogenic relationships with Jiaxian Red and Luxi cattle and abundant genetic diversity. The bulls tested here could be divided into six families. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the genetic structure and diversity of the BHB cattle, and lays the theoretical basis for conservation and utilization of the valuable germplasm resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Study design:Prospective, nonrandomized, observational cohort study.Objectives:To analyze procalcitonin (PCT) level in acute traumatic spinal cord injury patients with and without postoperative infectious complications, and to determine whether PCT is a prognostic parameter of infectious complications in the early postoperative period compared with other inflammatory markers.Setting:Spine center of Chongqing, China; Trauma center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, China.Methods:A total of 339 consecutive patients with acute spinal cord injury undergone surgery were evaluated. All patients underwent measurement of leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum PCT preoperatively and 24-48 h postoperatively.Results:In all, 26 (7.7%) of 339 participants experienced postoperative infectious complication. Patients with infection exhibited significantly higher PCT and CRP levels compared with noninfection (both P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that PCT and CRP levels were independent predicators for postoperative infection. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of PCT and CRP were 0.82 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.74-0.91) and 0.68 (95%CI, 0.57-0.78), respectively. A PCT cutoff of 0.1 ng ml−1 had a reasonable sensitivity of 92% to exclude an infection and antibiotics can be initially withheld. However, in patients with PCT level above 0.5 ng ml−1, a rapid initiation of antibiotics may be warranted.Conclusions:Serum PCT is a more reliable biologic marker for the early prediction of postoperative infectious complications in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury compared with CRP. PCT can early identify postoperative infections for establishing effective antibiotic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a study on the occurrence of a 16Srll group phytoplasma associated with Crotalaria witches' broom in Hainan, China. It reports that the Crotalaria (Fabaceae) is a genus of herbaceous plants and woody shrubs indigenous to the tropics and subtropics. It notes that in 2006, symptoms suggestive of phytoplasma infection were observed on over 20 Crotalaria species in the germplasm garden of genus Crotalaria located at the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science in Hainan, China in which the plants showed much proliferation of little leaves and shoots with shortened internodes. It mentions that this is the first identification of phytoplasma from the peanut witches' broom group infecting C. szemaoensis and C. zanzibarica.

Background: A common psychological problem among nurses is depression, potentially affecting their well-being and job performance. It is vital to explore how to alleviate nurses' depressive symptoms., Aim: The current research explored the mediating impact of basic psychological needs satisfaction on the link of gratitude with depressive symptoms., Methods: The nurses in this study were from mainland China. A total of 724 subjects completed an online questionnaire, which included measures of depressive symptoms, basic psychological needs satisfaction and gratitude., Results: Our research found that gratitude was negatively linked to depressive symptoms. Furthermore, basic psychological needs satisfaction had a partial mediation effect on the link of gratitude with depressive symptoms after controlling for five demographic variables. These results suggest that gratitude may influence depressive symptoms via basic psychological needs satisfaction., Linking Evidence to Action: Our study found that basic psychological need satisfaction partially mediates the gratitude-depression relationship in nurses. The result means that hospital administrators and nurse leaders should design gratitude interventions to alleviate nurses' depressive symptoms. They also help nurses decrease depressive symptoms by creating an environment that meets their basic psychological needs., (© 2024 Sigma Theta Tau International.)

Background: Pressure injury (PI) is a significant health concern among older inpatients, particularly in regions with diverse ethnic populations. Understanding the epidemiological characteristics and preventive measures is crucial for improving patient outcomes., Purpose: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics, prevention status, and influencing factors of pressure injury (PI) in older inpatients of Zhuang and Han nationality in Guangxi, China., Methods: A total of 2206 inpatients age 60 years or older in 2 class III grade A general hospitals in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region between April 1, 2021, and May 27, 2021, were included in this cross-sectional study. Epidemiological characteristics-including age, sex, educational background, race, ethnicity, and hospitalization information-were collected using a general information questionnaire designed by the researchers. The PI risk factors were evaluated using the Braden Scale. Prevention status was assessed using the Epidemiology and Prevention Skin Injuries in the Elderly Scale and Skin Injury Survey Scale., Results: Of the total 2206 patients included in the study, 555 (25.16%) were of Zhuang nationality and 1651 (74.84%) were of Han nationality. The overall PI incidence was 2.58%, with PI prevalence of 1.80% and 2.85% in Zhuang and Han patients, respectively. The main influencing factor for PI in Zhuang patients was caregivers (P < .05), whereas in Han patients the main influencing factors were urinary conditions, Alzheimer disease, sedatives, and antihypertensive drugs (P < .05)., Conclusion: The PI prevalence rates were similar in both ethnic groups. Health care staff in high-risk departments for PI must remain vigilant and take appropriate action.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the association of personal strength use with job satisfaction among Chinese nurses and to examine the mediating roles of basic psychological needs satisfaction and resilience in this association., Background: The topic of nurses' job satisfaction has been extensively studied worldwide because of its significant effects on nurse turnover, recruitment, and quality of care., Methods: A sample of 417 nurses completed a multi-section questionnaire that included established scales to measure personal strength use, basic psychological needs satisfaction, resilience, and job satisfaction., Results: The results revealed that personal strength use was positively linked to nurses' job satisfaction. Additionally, basic psychological needs satisfaction and resilience mediated the association of personal strength use with job satisfaction both independently and serially., Conclusion: Personal strength use increases nurses' job satisfaction by satisfying their basic psychological needs and improving their resilience., Implications for Nursing and Health Policy: Creating a culture that supports the use of personal strengths among nurses is a promising strategy that hospital managers could consider to enhance nurses' job satisfaction. Furthermore, implementing programs and interventions to improve nurses' basic psychological needs satisfaction and resilience could further boost their job satisfaction., (© 2023 International Council of Nurses.)

Nurses are at increased risk for developing depressive symptoms. While previous research has suggested that strength use may be inversely related to these symptoms, the longitudinal impact of strength use on nurses' depressive symptoms remains under-explored. This study sought to examine the longitudinal relationship between strength use and depressive symptoms among Chinese nurses. Using a two-wave cross-lagged design from 2020 to 2023, 321 nurses participated in an online questionnaire survey. Using structural equation modeling, our results supported the hypothesized reciprocal model, indicating that strength use can significantly predict a reduction in depressive symptoms and vice versa. Given these findings, there's an urgent need for nurse leaders to emphasize the importance of using nurses' strengths as a strategy to alleviate depressive symptoms., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Introduction: The prevalence of internet addiction among Chinese left-behind children, coupled with its potential to exacerbate anxiety and suicidal ideation, has become a critical issue. This study seeks to address the dearth of research on the psychological underpinnings of this phenomenon, particularly the mediating role of anxiety and the moderating effect of social support across different parental migration statuses. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing targeted interventions and informing policy decisions., Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we administered Young's Internet Addiction Test, alongside scales for anxiety, social support, and suicidal ideation, to 2882 middle school students in China with diverse parental migration backgrounds. Utilizing an online survey approach, we ensured broad participation and participant anonymity. Advanced statistical analyses, including regression models for mediation and moderation effects, were employed to rigorously test our hypotheses., Results: Among all participants, a significant positive correlation was observed between Internet addiction and suicidal ideation. Anxiety mediated the relationship between Internet addiction and suicidal ideation across all groups, including those with mother-only migration (Effect = 0.383, 95%CI: 0.107,0.943), father-only migration (Effect = 0.806, 95%CI: 0.487-1.230), both-parent migration(Effect = 0.289, 95%CI: 0.105-0.521), and non-left-behind children (Effect = 0.469, 95%CI: 0.342-0.630). Particularly in families where only the mother was absent, the moderating role of social support was especially prominent (B = 1.174, t = 6.446, p < 0.001 for low social support), underscoring the importance of family structure in the context of Internet addiction., Conclusion: Internet addiction has both direct and indirect effects on suicidal ideation, with anxiety playing a mediating role in the indirect effects. Social support moderates and alleviates the relationship between Internet addiction and anxiety specifically in the mother-only migration group. Therefore, clarifying these relationships helps in developing and implementing effective interventions to specifically improve the mental health and living conditions of left-behind children., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between control beliefs about stress and post-traumatic growth among Chinese nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and to examine the mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction and optimism in this relationship. A total of 692 Chinese nurses participated in this online study, who completed the Beliefs about Stress Scale, Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory, Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire, Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale and demographic variables between September and October 2020. Results indicate that 48.8% (N = 388) of nurses reported significant post-traumatic growth related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, control beliefs about stress were positively related to post-traumatic growth (r = 0.38, p < 0.001), basic psychological needs satisfaction (r = 0.44, p < 0.001) and optimism (r = 0.47, p < 0.001). In addition, basic psychological needs satisfaction and optimism were both independent and serial mediators of the relationship between control beliefs about stress and post-traumatic growth. Nurses and hospital administrators should focus on increasing nurses' control beliefs about stress and thereby enhancing their post-traumatic growth after experiencing events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. To support this process, programs should be designed to meet nurses' basic psychological needs and increase their optimism., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

To comprehensively investigate the molecular transmission patterns of HIV-1 genotypes among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chongqing, we employed 392 pol sequences of MSM to construct a phylogenetic tree and gene transmission network. Among the viral subtypes, CRF07&#95;BC accounted for 73.2% (287/392) and CRF01&#95;AE accounted for 20.7% (81/392), emerging as the predominant subtypes in this investigation. Additionally, we observed the presence of CRF55&#95;01B, subtype B, CRF08&#95;BC and other circulating recombinant forms. The HIV-1 molecular network was constructed with a gene distance threshold of 1.5%, resulting in an entry rate of 61.4% (241/392). Within the network, we identified a total of 23 molecular clusters, with the largest cluster being the CRF07&#95;BC molecular cluster comprising 148 node values. Transmitted drug-resistance (TDR) mutations were found in 4.34% of the cases, with 1.79% associated with protease inhibitors (PIs), 0.51% with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and 2.55% with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Statistical analysis indicated a higher enrollment rate in the HIV-1 molecular network among infected individuals with the CRF07&#95;BC subtype, those identifying with same-sex sexual roles as "vers," and individuals with higher education levels. This suggests the need for strengthened investigation and intervention in this population to prevent the formation of larger transmission clusters. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of the HIV-1 molecular dynamics network is necessary to promptly and accurately track changes in molecular epidemic characteristics., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Bai, Tan, Li, Lu, Zhang, Ouyang, Wu and Zhou.)

Purpose: Somatostatin receptor antagonists have shown promising performance for imaging neuroendocrine neoplasms. However, there is a lack of studies exploring the diagnostic performance of SSTR antagonists or comparing them with agonists in a large cohort of patients with NENs. This study aimed to retrospectively review all SSTR antagonist PET/CT scans conducted at Peking Union Medical College Hospital since November 2018 in patients with confirmed or suspected NENs., Methods: Four types of SSTR antagonists were utilized, including [ 68 Ga]Ga-NODAGA-LM3, [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-LM3, [ 68 Ga]Ga-NODAGA-JR11, and [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-JR11. The reference standard was based on a combination of histopathology, clinical evaluation, imaging results, and follow-up. Patient-based sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were evaluated. The SUV max and tumor-to-liver ratio (TLR) of the hottest lesions was recorded and compared between antagonists and [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTATATE., Results: A total of 622 antagonist scans from 549 patients were included in the analysis. The patient-level sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of antagonist imaging (all tracers combined) were 91.0% (443/487), 91.9% (57/62), and 91.1% (500/549), respectively. In 181 patients with a comparative [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT scan, the patient-level sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 87.5% (147/168), 76.9% (10/13), and 86.7% (157/181), respectively. For the hottest lesions, SSTR antagonists all tracers combined demonstrated an overall comparable SUV max to [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTATATE (40.1 ± 32.5 vs. 39.4 ± 23.8, p = 0.772). While [ 68 Ga]Ga-NODAGA-LM3 showed significantly higher uptake than [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTATATE (57.4 ± 38.5 vs. 40.0 ± 22.8, p<0.001), [ 68 Ga]Ga-NODAGA-JR11 (39.7 ± 26.5 vs. 34.3 ± 23.9, p = 0.108) and [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-LM3 (38.9 ± 32.1 vs. 37.2 ± 22.1, p = 0.858) showed comparable uptake to [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTATATE, and [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-JR11 showed lower uptake (28.9 ± 26.1 vs. 44.0 ± 25.7, p = 0.001). All antagonists exhibited significantly higher TLR than [ 68 Ga]Ga-DOTATATE (12.1 ± 10.8 vs. 5.2 ± 4.5, p<0.001)., Conclusion: Gallium-68 labeled SSTR antagonists could serve as alternatives to SSTR agonists for imaging of NENs. Among various antagonists, [ 68 Ga]Ga-NODAGA-LM3 seems to have the best imaging profile., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

During the process of industrial heating, a large amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their halogenated compounds (Cl/Br-PAHs) can be formed. However, there is still limited understanding of the chemicals from different metal smelting industrial parks. This study evaluated the seasonal variations, composition profiles, and source allocations of the atmospheric particulate-bound PAHs and Cl/Br-PAHs in different metal industrial parks in a typical industrial city in northwest China. The results showed that the main PAHs produced by metal smelting were low molecular weight isomers, and the concentrations of Cl-PAHs were lower compared to Br-PAHs. The main Br-PAHs were 1-Br-Pyr and 4-Br-Pyr, while 9-Cl-Fle, 1-Cl-Pyr, and 6-Cl-BaP were the dominated Cl-PAH isomers. No significant difference was found in the concentrations among the sites, whereas the levels of the target chemicals were higher during cold months compared to warm months. The main source of PAHs was coal combustion and gasoline vehicle emission during metal smelting, and that of Cl/Br-PAHs was also industrial coal burning. In addition to the primary source, the secondary chlorination of parent PAHs was also a significant source of Cl-PAHs in the production of high purity aluminum. This study suggests that Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs may behave differently in the atmosphere., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: The left-behind children (LBC), children and adolescents aged 0-18 whose parents have migrated for economic purposes for extended periods exceeding three months, present a unique social concern. These children remain in their place of household registration, often under the guardianship of relatives, while receiving compulsory education. LBC with growing Internet addiction (IA) have made it urgent to take a close look at the mechanisms and effective interventions for them. Anxiety has been proven to be correlated with IA in adolescents; however, the mechanisms of addiction in this population are less well-fully grasped. Based on the current theories and empirical results, the study examined whether and how social support (SS) and family types moderated the associations between anxiety and IA among left-behind secondary students., Methods: Stratified cluster sampling survey. A questionnaire was administered to 5290 secondary school children (2553 classified as left-behind) to explore the relationships between anxiety, IA, left-behind types, family types, and social support. This cross-sectional study employed a stratified cluster sampling survey of students in the ethnic areas of southeast Chongqing. The study sought to appraise the relationships between anxiety and IA in different types of left-behind children and to assess the potential moderating effect of SS on the relationship among the population and its family types differences., Results: The relationship between anxiety and IA was moderated significantly by social support and family types. Notably, the impact of social support on the moderating effect between IA and anxiety varied among students from both family types. For students from families where both parents had migrated, social support weakened the association between IA and anxiety. Conversely, for students from single-parent families where the parent had migrated, social support seemed to strengthen the relationships between these two issues., Conclusions: The moderating effects of SS on the relationship between anxiety and IA differs based on family type among various groups of left-behind secondary students. Gaining insights into the IA mechanisms can guide the development of targeted intervention strategies aimed at minimizing IA among diverse groups of left-behind students., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Although the relationship between health literacy and glycemic control has been explored in patients with diabetes, little is known about the relationship between different categories of diabetes health literacy and glycemic control in rural areas. Therefore, this study focused on the relationship between different categories of health literacy and glycemic control among diabetic patients in rural areas of Guangxi, China., Objective: To explore the potential profiles of health literacy among rural diabetes patients in Guangxi and investigate their relationship with blood sugar control., Methods: A health literacy questionnaire was administered to 2280 rural diabetes patients in five cities in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Latent profile analysis was conducted to identify potential health literacy profiles., Results: Health literacy among rural diabetes patients in Guangxi could be categorized into high literacy-high functionality and low literacy-low criticality groups. The latent categories of health literacy were associated with blood sugar control, with diabetes patients in the high literacy-high functionality group demonstrating better blood sugar control than those in the low literacy-low criticality group (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Health literacy among rural diabetes patients in Guangxi exhibits heterogeneity. Healthcare professionals should pay attention to patients with low literacy and low criticality in rural areas and develop interventions to enhance their health literacy, thereby improving their blood sugar control., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Chen, Wen, Fu, Bai, Lei and Zhang.)

Large-scale desertification combatting programs (DCPs) are crucial tools for addressing climate change and improving the ecological environment. Despite existing research having predominantly focused on assessing the ecological benefits of DCPs, the understanding of their impacts on surrounding socioeconomic aspects remains limited, particularly at the household level. To comprehensively evaluate the returns of DCPs, this study chose the representative desertification control area of the Gonghe Basin on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the research region and identified the dual benefits in terms of ecological environment and socioeconomic gains. Firstly, two essential ecosystem services, carbon sequestration (CS) and wind erosion prevention (WEP), were assessed using the MODIS NPP dataset and the RWEQ model from 2001 to 2021. Household surveys were conducted in 36 villages across 14 townships within the Gonghe Basin to gain a deeper understanding of the residents' socioeconomic conditions. Through regression analysis, the study assessed the impact of DCPs on the regional ecological environment and household socioeconomic status. The research findings revealed significant improvements in CS and WEP across a significant portion of the study area from 2001 to 2021. Upon analyzing data from 401 household questionnaires, it was generally perceived by residents in the Gonghe Basin that the implementation of DCPs led to environmental improvements and increased their income levels. Further regression analysis revealed a significant impact of both natural factors and the extent of resident participation in the projects on the ecological environment surrounding the villages and on household socioeconomic aspects. With increased resident engagement in the projects, the likelihood of increased household income and life satisfaction was higher. The diverse array of DCPs implemented in the Gonghe Basin not only improved the regional ecological environment but also stimulated socioeconomic development. In future projects, it is imperative to consider regional characteristics, align ecological effects, ensure the sustainability of livelihoods, and maximize the role of social capital., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

To address global climate change, achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality has become a global consensus. However, the means to simultaneously achieve carbon reduction and promote green economic development, particularly in developing countries, require further investigation. This study evaluates the impact of e-commerce on CO 2 emissions. Through an examination of the effects of the National E-Commerce Demonstration City (NEDC) policy from 2006 to 2017, this paper reveals that e-commerce growth facilitated by the NEDC policy resulted in a 7.89% reduction in total CO 2 emissions and a per capita reduction of 1.1146 tons in the pilot cities. Mechanism analysis demonstrates that the upgrading of industrial structure, development of digital finance, and the growth of innovation and entrepreneurship serve as primary pathways for this impact. The robustness of the findings is supported by parallel trend tests, placebo tests, and additional sensitivity analyses. Furthermore, the research reveals that the NEDC policy exhibits a more significant reduction in CO 2 emissions in cities with higher levels of economic development and non-resource-based cities. Welfare analyses show that the NEDC policy has significant socio-economic effects. These findings provide new evidence on the environmental effects of the digital economy and offer insights into achieving carbon neutrality., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination service system lacks standardized indicators to assess resource allocation. Moreover, data on specific vaccination-promoting measures is limited. This study aimed to evaluate vaccination accessibility and capacity and investigate convenience-related factors in China during the Omicron variant epidemic. We collected information on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination services among vaccination sites in Beijing. Analysis was performed using nearest neighbor, Ripley's K, hot spot analysis, and generalized estimating equations. Overall, 299 vaccination sites were included. The demand for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine increased with the increase in daily new cases, and the number of staff administering vaccines should be increased in urban areas at the beginning of the epidemic. Providing vaccination for both children and adults, extending vaccination service hours, and offering a wider range of vaccine categories significantly increased the doses of vaccines administered (all P  < .05). The provision of mobile vaccination vehicles effectively increased the doses of vaccines administered to individuals aged ≥ 60 years ( P  < .05). The allocation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination services should be adjusted according to geographic location, population size, and vaccination demands. Simultaneous provision of vaccination services for children and their guardians, flexible service hours, prompt innovative vaccine production, and tailored vaccination strategies can foster vaccination uptake.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the factors associated with the sexual needs and behaviours among elderly men living with HIV/AIDS in Chongqing, China., Study Design: The study used a cross-sectional design., Methods: Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire by convenience sampling from July to December 2021. The chi-squared test and logistic regression were conducted to identify factors associated with sexual needs and behaviours., Results: In total, 63.70% of participants (493/774) reported having sexual needs. Individuals aged 50-59 years (odds ratio [OR] = 7.257, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.620, 11.401) and those who were married or cohabiting (OR = 1.595, 95% CI: 1.133, 2.246) reported high sexual needs. Among those with sexual needs, 69.17% (341/493) reported having sex in the past year. In total, 11.37% (40/341) and 9.68% (33/341) reported having commercial and casual sex, respectively. Participants aged 60-69 years (OR = 2.175, 95% CI: 1.128, 4.193), those who were married or cohabiting (OR = 3.371, 95% CI: 2.192, 5.184) and individuals who were employed (OR = 2.301, 95% CI: 1.339, 3.954) had higher odds of engaging in sexual behaviour, while participants with an awareness of AIDS-related knowledge (OR = 0.504, 95% CI: 0.307, 0.829) and those who had ≥1 year of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (ART 1-2 years: OR = 0.374, 95% CI: 0.176, 0.795; ART ≥3 years: OR = 0.429, 95% CI: 0.218, 0.846) had a lower likelihood of engaging in sexual behaviour., Conclusions: The sexual needs and behaviours of elderly men living with HIV/AIDS in Chongqing, China, remain at a high level. There was a discrepancy between sexual needs and behaviours among elderly men living with HIV/AIDS. Continuous dissemination of sexual health education and the promotion of condom use are necessary., (Copyright © 2023 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cognitive decline in older adults has become one of the critical challenges to global health. This study aims to examine both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (25(OH)D 3 ) (briefed as VD3) concentration and sleep quality/duration, especially their interactions, with risk of cognitive impairment among older adults in China., Methods: We utilized a special subsample of adults aged 65-105 years (individuals = 3412, observations = 4816) from eight provinces in China derived from the 2011/2012 and 2014 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Cognitive impairment was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination scale. Sleep quality was classified as good versus fair/poor, and sleep duration was classified into short (<7 h), normal (≥7 but <9 h), and long (≥9 h). The VD3 concentration was divided into three levels: deficiency (VD3 < 25 nmol/L), insufficiency (25 nmol/L ≤ VD3 < 50 nmol/L), and sufficiency (VD3 ≥ 50 nmol/L). A wide set of covariates that include demographics, socioeconomic status, family support, health practice, and health conditions was adjusted for robust findings. Multilevel random intercept logit regression models were used to examine the cross-sectional associations between VD3, sleep, and cognitive impairment, whereas logit regression models were applied to investigate the longitudinal associations., Results: In the cross-sectional analyses, when all covariates were adjusted, VD3 sufficiency was significantly associated with a 33% lower risk of cognitive impairment compared with VD3 deficiency; good sleep quality was associated with 34% lower odds of cognitive impairment compared with fair/poor sleep quality; sleep hours were not associated with cognitive impairment, although a long sleep duration (≥9 h) was associated with 30% higher odds of being cognitively impaired when baseline health was not controlled. Interaction analyses reveal that VD3 sufficiency could help to additionally reduce the risk of cognitive impairment for good sleep quality and normal sleep hours. In the longitudinal analyses, the association of VD3 sufficiency remains significant, whereas sleep quality and sleep duration were not significant associates., Conclusions: Good sleep quality, normal sleep hours, and VD 3 sufficiency are positively associated with good cognitive function. VD3 sufficiency could enhance the associations between sleep and cognitive impairment.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a class of natural drugs with multiple components and significant therapeutic effects through multiple targets. It also originates from a wide range of sources containing plants, animals and minerals, and among them, plant-based Chinese medicine also includes fungi. Fungal traditional Chinese medicine is a medicinal resource with a long history and widespread application in China. Accumulating evidence confirms that polysaccharide is the main pharmacodynamic material on which fungal TCM is based. The purpose of the current systematic review is to summarize the extraction, isolation, structural identification, biological functions, quality control and medicinal and edible applications of polysaccharides from fungal TCM in the past three years. This paper will supplement and deepen the understanding and application of polysaccharides from fungal TCM, and propose some valuable insights for further research and development of drugs and functional foods.

Globally, natural wetlands have suffered severe ecological degradation (vegetation, soil, and biotic community) due to multiple factors. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving forces of natural wetlands is the key to natural wetlands' protection and regional restoration. In this study, we first investigated the spatiotemporal evolutionary trends and shifting characteristics of natural wetlands in the Northeast Plain of China from 1990 to 2020. A dataset of driving-force evaluation indicators was constructed with nine indirect (elevation, temperature, road network, etc.) and four direct influencing factors (dryland, paddy field, woodland, grassland). Finally, we built the driving force analysis model of natural wetlands changes to quantitatively refine the contribution of different driving factors for natural wetlands' dynamic change by introducing the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) and extreme gradient boosting algorithm (XGBoost). The results showed that the total area of natural wetlands in the Northeast Plain of China increased by 32% from 1990 to 2020, mainly showing a first decline and then an increasing trend. Combined with the results of transfer intensity, we found that the substantial turn-out phenomenon of natural wetlands occurred in 2000-2005 and was mainly concentrated in the central and eastern parts of the Northeast Plain, while the substantial turn-in phenomenon of 2005-2010 was mainly located in the northeast of the study area. Compared with a traditional regression model, the SSA-XGBoost model not only weakened the multicollinearity of each driver but also significantly improved the generalization ability and interpretability of the model. The coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) of the SSA-XGBoost model exceeded 0.6 in both the natural wetland decline and rise cycles, which could effectively quantify the contribution of each driving factor. From the results of the model calculations, agricultural activities consisting of dryland and paddy fields during the entire cycle of natural wetland change were the main driving factors, with relative contributions of 18.59% and 15.40%, respectively. Both meteorological (temperature, precipitation) and topographic factors (elevation, slope) had a driving role in the spatiotemporal variation of natural wetlands. The gross domestic product (GDP) had the lowest contribution to natural wetlands' variation. This study provides a new method of quantitative analysis based on machine learning theory for determining the causes of natural wetland changes; it can be applied to large spatial scale areas, which is essential for a rapid monitoring of natural wetlands' resources and an accurate decision-making on the ecological environment's security.

Background: Over the past few years, HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China has increased significantly. Chongqing, located in the southwest of China, has the highest prevalence of HIV among MSM in the country., Methods: Blood samples were taken from 894 MSM in Chongqing who had recently been diagnosed with HIV-1 infection and had not yet started getting treatment. In order to determine the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes, transmitted drug resistance, and assessments of molecularly transmitted clusters, we sequenced the Pol genes and employed them in phylogenetic analysis. The genetic distance between molecular clusters was 1.5%. To find potential contributing factors, logistic regression analyses were performed., Results: Of the 894 HIV-1 pol sequences acquired from study participants, we discovered that CRF07&#95;BC (73.6%) and CRF01&#95;AE (19.6%) were the two most prevalent HIV-1 genotypes in Chongqing among MSM, accounting for 93.2% of all infections. In addition, CRF08&#95;BC (1.1%), B subtype (1.0%), CRF55&#95;01B (3.4%), and URF/Other subtypes (1.3%) were less frequently observed. Among MSM in Chongqing, transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was reported to be present at a rate of 5.6%. 48 clusters with 600 (67.1%, 600/894) sequences were found by analysis of the molecular transmission network. The distributions of people by age, sexual orientation, syphilis, and genotype were significantly differentially related to being in clusters, according to the multivariable logistic regression model., Conclusion: Despite the low overall prevalence of TDR, the significance of genotypic drug resistance monitoring needs to be emphasized. CRF07&#95;BC and CRF01&#95;AE were the two main genotypes that created intricate molecular transmission networks. In order to prevent the expansion of molecular networks and stop the virus's spread among MSM in Chongqing, more effective HIV intervention plans should be introduced., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple food crops worldwide. For people fed on rice, toxic elements cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) and mineral nutrients in rice are pivotal to evaluate potential risks of harmful element intake and malnutrition. We collected rice samples of 208 cultivars (83 inbred and 125 hybrid) from fields in South China and determined Cd, As, As species, and mineral elements in brown rice. Chemical analysis shows that the average content of Cd and As in brown rice were 0.26 ± 0.32 and 0.21 ± 0.08 mg·kg -1 , respectively. Inorganic As (iAs) was the dominative As species in rice. Rice Cd and iAs in 35.1% and 52.4% of the 208 cultivars exceeded rice Cd and iAs limits, respectively. Significant variations of rice subspecies and regions were found for Cd, As, and mineral nutrients in rice (P < 0.05). Inbred rice had lower As uptake and more balanced mineral nutrition than hybrid species. Significant correlation was observed between Cd, As versus mineral elements like Ca, Zn, B, and Mo (P < 0.05). Health risk assessment indicates that high risks of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic of Cd and iAs, and malnutrition, in particular Ca, protein and Fe deficiencies, might be caused by rice consumption in South China., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Climate has critical roles in the origin, pathogenesis and transmission of infectious zoonotic diseases. However, large-scale epidemiologic trend and specific response pattern of zoonotic diseases under future climate scenarios are poorly understood. Here, we projected the distribution shifts of transmission risks of main zoonotic diseases under climate change in China. First, we shaped the global habitat distribution of main host animals for three representative zoonotic diseases (2, 6, and 12 hosts for dengue, hemorrhagic fever, and plague, respectively) with 253,049 occurrence records using maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling. Meanwhile, we predicted the risk distribution of the above three diseases with 197,098 disease incidence records from 2004 to 2017 in China using an integrated Maxent modeling approach. The comparative analysis showed that there exist highly coincident niche distributions between habitat distribution of hosts and risk distribution of diseases, indicating that the integrated Maxent modeling is accurate and effective for predicting the potential risk of zoonotic diseases. On this basis, we further projected the current and future transmission risks of 11 main zoonotic diseases under four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5) in 2050 and 2070 in China using the above integrated Maxent modeling with 1,001,416 disease incidence records. We found that Central China, Southeast China, and South China are concentrated regions with high transmission risks for main zoonotic diseases. More specifically, zoonotic diseases had diverse shift patterns of transmission risks including increase, decrease, and unstable. Further correlation analysis indicated that these patterns of shifts were highly correlated with global warming and precipitation increase. Our results revealed how specific zoonotic diseases respond in a changing climate, thereby calling for effective administration and prevention strategies. Furthermore, these results will shed light on guiding future epidemiologic prediction of emerging infectious diseases under global climate change., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aim: This research aimed to explore the link of strength use with job burnout and investigate the role of psychological capital in the strength use-job burnout relationship among Chinese workers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional design., Method: This study was conducted from September to October 2020. A total of 351 employees working at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from five cities in China completed a series of valid and reliable instruments, namely, Strengths Use Questionnaire, Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire and Job Burnout Questionnaire. The PROCESS macro was used to test our hypotheses., Results: We found that people with higher strength use had lower job burnout compared with those with lower levels of strength use. Furthermore, resilience and hope acted as mediators of the relationship between strength use and job burnout. Moreover, resilience and hope played equally important roles in the strength use-job burnout relationship., Conclusion: Resilience and hope mediate the association of strength use with job burnout in workers of Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., Impact: Health authorities can alleviate employees' job burnout by encouraging strength use and building their psychological capital, especially resilience and hope., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The increase in population and economic development has made environmental issues more serious and threatens regional ecological security and sustainable development. Currently, most indicators in the related research field of ecological security tend to be socio-economic and neglect depicting the state of the ecosystems. This study, therefore, assessed the ecological security by constructing the evaluation index system embedded in the ecosystem service supply and demand based on the pressure-state-response model and identified the key obstacles to ecological security in the Pearl River Delta from 1990 to 2015. Our results showed that soil retention, carbon sequestration, and water yield increased with fluctuation except for grain production and habitat quality. The grain demand, carbon emission, and water demand increased sharply by 10.1%, 769.4%, and 17.5%, respectively. The ecosystem service supply areas were mainly located in the low hills, while the demand regions were mainly in the low plain areas. The ecological security index's decline in vitality was caused by the decrease in the pressure index, indicating that the ecological security showed an inevitable deterioration and increased pressure on the ecosystem. During the study period, the source of the five key obstacle factors changed from the state layer and response layer to the pressure layer. The accumulative degree of the five top obstacle factors was above 45%. Therefore, governments should grasp the key indicators to improve ecological security as this study provides the theoretical basis and scientific information for sustainable development.

Identifying CO 2 emission from different perspectives is necessary for developing the effective mitigation policies for China. Previous studies mainly focus on exploring important sectors from production and consumption sides, while the perspective of betweenness has been neglected. For narrowing the gap, a new perspective for accounting the critical transmission sectors is discussed. In this study, we calculated and compared the CO 2 emissions of production-based, consumption-based, and betweenness-based from 2012 to 2017 based on the multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model. A structural decomposition analysis (SDA) is conducted to uncover the driving forces of CO 2 emissions change from three accounting principles. The Findings are as follows: (1) the heavy industry sector (559.26 Mt) in Shandong and Jiangsu (471.97 Mt), Power in Guangdong (83.77 Mt) and Beijing (199.24 Mt), Equipment in Jiangsu (213.88 Mt) are identified as the key transmission sectors; (2) the emission intensity effect and the final demand product structure effect contribute to CO 2 emission decrease in China, which are largely offset by the structure effect of final demand source and the final demand scale effect. Based on this, we propose some typical policy implications, such as paying close attention to the production efficiency of the key transmission sectors, optimizing the intermediate product input structure and increasing investment in the technology level, and then reducing the intensity of carbon emission., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rapidly increasing in China. Beyond disease management, frailty is an important predictor of adverse outcomes in IBD patients, which has not been well investigated. This study aimed to assess frailty status and explore the impact factors in IBD inpatients., Methods: A total of 372 IBD inpatients were recruited from July 2021 to November 2021 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. All the participants were surveyed by face-to-face questionnaires, including demographic characteristics, disease conditions, lifestyle, psychology, social support, and frailty. The impact factors of frailty were further assessed by multinomial logistic regression analysis., Results: The participants' median age was 31.00 (Q1: 24.00, Q3: 40.00) years. The overall prevalence of prefrailty and frailty in IBD patients was 59.4% (n = 221) and 14% (n = 52), respectively, and was higher for frailty in females (17.2%) than in males (12.3%). Increased body mass index (odds ratio (OR) 0.917; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.860-0.978), increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (OR 1.039; 95% CI: 1.002-1.077), sleep impairment (OR 5.160; 95% CI: 2.394-11.119), and depression (OR 9.480; 95% CI: 3.602-24.949) were independently significantly correlated with prefrailty (p < 0.05). Increased body mass index (OR 0.744; 95% CI: 0.654-0.848), increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (OR 1.052; 95% CI: 1.011-1.096), sleep impairment (OR 5.832; 95% CI: 2.092-16.260), and depression (OR 10.041; 95% CI: 2.740-36.793) were independently significantly correlated with frailty. Among the factors, whether for frailty or prefrailty, the strongest impact factor was depression., Conclusions: IBD inpatients are prone to frailty. Comprehensive management focused on the prevention of frailty is warranted to improve the overall prognosis., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Eutrophication leads to the degradation of lake habitat types from macrophyte-dominated habitats (MDH) to algae-dominated habitats (ADH), which is a common environmental problem faced by many lakes. However, the variations in diversities and community assembly processes of bacterioplankton in the process of lake eutrophication have not been thoroughly elucidated. Here, we contrasted bacterial diversity patterns and processes of community assembly among ADH, MDH, and other habitats (OH) of Lake Taihu, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China with strong wind-induced disturbances. We found that the bacterial diversity patterns and potential functions between ADH and MDH were significantly different. Moreover, the contributions of purely environmental variables to the bacterial diversity patterns of all habitat types were much higher than those of spatial variables. However, the relative importance of stochasticity in the bacterial community assembly of each habitat type was much higher than that of determinism. Intriguingly, 'undominated' stochastic processes shape the diversity patterns of bacterioplankton in ADH, MDH, and OH of Lake Taihu. These findings demonstrate that the degradation of lake habitats caused by eutrophication can profoundly change the diversity and potential function patterns of the bacterioplankton community in lake ecosystems. Although the distinct diversity patterns of the bacterioplankton among the different aquatic habitats in Lake Taihu can be affected by deterministic processes (local environmental variables), they were dominated by stochastic processes (drift). Our study confirms that strong, disordered, wind-induced disturbances in shallow lakes could lead to strong hydrologic mixing, thus increasing the randomness of bacterial community assembly in each habitat., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

China's iron and steel (IS) industry contributes approximately 16 % of the nation's total CO 2 emissions. This study evaluates the environmental impact of each step in the production process based on the life cycle assessment method. It then explores potential deep decarbonisation pathways, developing an integrated dynamic model to meet the carbon neutrality target. The results reveal three primary findings. (1) In 2020, the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace contributed significantly to the global warming potential -1.77 E -8 kg CO 2 equivalents per year (eq/yr) higher than the electric arc furnace-and the blast furnace process makes the largest contribution in ironmaking (8.9E -9 kg CO 2 eq/yr). (2) Converter negative energy steelmaking technology has the highest energy savings at 39.07 million tons of coal equivalent (Mtce) and an emissions-reduction potential of 72.01 Mt. Its mitigation cost is 69 CNY/t CO 2 , followed by thick-layer sintering (30.21 Mtce, 61.21 Mt. and 70 CNY/t CO 2 ) and the application of dry vacuum system for molten steel degassing circulation (26.17 Mtce, 56.03 Mt. and 102 CNY/t CO 2 ). (3) Technological improvement could significantly impact the IS industry, reducing CO 2 emissions through production structure improvement, technological development and ultra-low emissions technology, from 789 Mt. in a business-as-usual scenario to 516 Mt., 261 Mt. and 157 Mt. in 2060, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Light after dusk disrupts the circadian rhythms and shifts the timing of sleep later; but it is unknown whether outdoor artificial light at night (ALAN) affects sleep quality. This study aimed to explore the association between residential outdoor ALAN and sleep duration in a nationally representative sample of Chinese older adults., Methods: We examined the cross-sectional associations of outdoor ALAN with self-reported sleep duration in 13,474 older adults participating in the 2017-2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Outdoor ALAN exposure was estimated at the residence level using satellite images. We applied generalized linear mixed models to investigate the association between ALAN exposure and sleep duration. We performed stratified analyses by age, sex, education, and household income levels. Moreover, we used multi-level logistic regression models to investigate the effects of ALAN on the short sleep duration (≤6 h) and the long sleep duration (>8 h), respectively, in reference to sleep for >6-8 h per day., Results: We found a significant association between outdoor ALAN intensity and sleep duration. The highest quartile of ALAN was associated with 17.04 (95% CI: 9.42-24.78) fewer minutes of sleep as compared to the lowest quartile. The reductions in sleep duration per quartile change in ALAN were greater in the young old (≥65-85 years) and in those with higher levels of education, and those with higher household income, respectively. We did not detect a sex difference. In addition, those in the highest quartile of ALAN were more likely to report a 25% (95% CI: 10%-42%) increase in short sleep (<6 h), and a 21% (95% CI: 9%-31%) decrease in long sleep (>8 h)., Conclusions: Increasing outdoor nighttime light intensity surrounding residences was associated with shorter sleep duration in older residents in China. This finding implies the importance of urban outdoor artificial light management as a potential means to lower the public health burden of sleep disorders., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The parental expectation in adolescents' education is an essential factor of adolescents' social and emotional development. However, little is known about how it is related to adolescents' mobile phone addiction, especially for adolescents from low-income families. To address this issue, this study investigated the relationship between parental expectation and mobile phone addiction, and its underlying mechanisms in adolescents from low-income families. We hypothesized that parental expectation would negatively predict mobile phone addiction, and self-esteem and social anxiety would play multiple mediation roles in this relationship. Results from a sample of 1,953 Chinese adolescents in low-income families revealed that (a) parental expectation was negatively associated with adolescents' mobile phone addiction, (b) both social anxiety and self-esteem played partial and parallel mediating roles between parental expectation and mobile phone addiction, and (c) social anxiety and self-esteem mediated the association between parental expectation and mobile phone addiction sequentially. This study would advance our understanding of how proper parenting styles and social networks helped to prevent children's mobile phone addiction. The limitations and implications of this study are discussed.

Based on the research methods of literature review and philosophical reflection, this article points out the deficiencies and problems in the current research of brain banks: lack of nature analysis of brain banks and human brains; insufficient discussion of ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) in the process of brain bank implementation - which has become the main research goal of this article. The article firstly clarifies the formation process of modern brain banks and briefly introduces the current development status of brain banks in the UK, the US and China, as well as the different types of modern brain banks. Next, the nature of brain banks and human brain samples are analyzed through an analogical model. Then, the ELSI issues at different stages are analyzed according to three stages: recruitment of donors, acquisition and storage of human brain tissue samples, and release and use of human brain tissue samples. Last, in the conclusion section, the main ideas of this paper are reiterated and questions for further reflection are presented.

In the last two decades, developing countries have increasingly engaged in improving the governance of their health systems and promoting policy design to strengthen their health governance capacity. Although many well-designed national policy strategies have been promulgated, obstacles to policy implementation and compliance among localities may undermine these efforts, particularly in decentralized health systems. Studies on health governance have rarely adopted a central-local analysis to investigate in detail local governments' distinct experiences, orientations and dynamics in implementing the same national policy initiative. This study examines the policy orientations of prefectural governments in strengthening governance in health financing in China, which has transitioned from emphasizing the approach of fiscal resource input to that of marketization promotion and cost-containment regulation enforcement at the national level since 2009. Employing text-mining methodologies, we analysed health policy documents issued by multi-level governments after 2009. The analysis revealed three salient findings. Firstly, compared to higher-level authorities, prefectural governments generally opted to use fiscal resource input over marketization promotion and cost-containment regulation enforcement between 2009 and 2020. Secondly, policy choices of prefectural governments varied considerably in terms of enforcing cost-containment regulations during the same period. Thirdly, the extent of the prefectural government's orientation toward marketization promotion or cost-containment regulation enforcement was not only determined by the top-down orders of higher-level authorities but was also incentivized by the government's fiscal dependency and the policy orientations of peer governments. These findings contribute to the health governance literature by providing an overview of local discretion in policy choices and the political and fiscal dynamics of local policy orientations in promoting health governance in a decentralized health system., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Studies on the association of greenness with respiratory health are scarce in developing countries, and previous studies in China have focused on only one or two indicators of lung function., Objective: The study aims to evaluate the associations of residential greenness with full-spectrum lung function indicators and prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)., Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional survey included 50,991 participants from the China Pulmonary Health study. Lung function indicators included four categories: indicators of obstructive ventilatory dysfunction (FEV 1 , FVC and FEV 1 /FVC); an indicator of large-airway dysfunction (PEF); indicators of small-airway dysfunction (FEF 25-75% and FEV 3 /FEV 6 ); and other indicators. Residential greenness was assessed by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Multivariable linear regression models and logistic regression models were used to analyze associations of greenness with lung function and COPD prevalence., Results: Within the 500 m buffer, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in NDVI was associated with higher FEV 1 (24.76 mL), FVC (16.52 mL), FEV 1 /FVC (0.38), FEF 50% (56.34 mL/s), FEF 75% (33.43 mL/s), FEF 25-75% (60.73 mL/s), FEV 3 (18.59 mL), and FEV 6 (21.85 mL). However, NDVI was associated with lower PEF. In addition, NDVI was significantly associated with 10% lower odds of COPD. The stratified analyses found that the associations were only significant in middle-young people, females, and nonsmokers. The associations were influenced by geographic regions., Conclusions: Residential greenness was associated with better lung function and lower odds of COPD in China. These findings provide a scientific basis for healthy community planning., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This paper examines the impact of China's public long-term care insurance (LTCI) pilots on the well-being of older adults and their families. Using panel data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, we exploit the rollout of the LTCI pilots across different cities during 2015-2017 and identify the effect of LTCI using a difference-in-differences approach. We find that the implementation of LTCI has reduced the likelihood of older adults reporting unmet activity of daily living (ADL)-related need for care, the intensity of informal care, and the amounts of ADL-related care expenditures and out-of-pocket medical expenditures. LTCI coverage was also associated with an improvement in self-reported health and a reduction in one-year mortality risk of older adults with baseline need for care. From a policy perspective, these findings suggest that the introduction of LTCI may benefit all members of the household, both care recipient and caregivers, which has important implications for the development of LTCI in China and other middle-income and developing countries., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: Head injury is the leading cause of fatalities and disabilities in children. Characterizing the variation in cranial size/shape and thickness during growth is important for developing finite element models of child heads and evaluating head injury risk at different ages. However, the quantitative morphological features of the cranial vault (size/shape and non-uniform thickness distribution) have not been accounted for in children aged between 3 and 10 years old (YO)., Methods: Geometrically equivalent discrete points were identified on 42 head CT scans of 3-10 YO children by separation, curve dividing, and point fitting. Based on discrete points, the principal component analysis and regression (PCA&R) method was used to develop a statistical model of the cranial vault as a function of age and head circumference., Results: The ontogeny of three-dimensional cranial morphology and non-uniform thickness from 3 to 10 years of age was quantified and cranial vault morphologies for 3-10 YO children were generated in 1 year intervals., Conclusions: The automatic method, the procedure of identifying discrete points from CT scans, and the developed quantitative cranial vault model are reliable and accurate., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors do not have financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Rationale: It remains unknown whether long-term ozone exposure can impair lung function. Objectives: To investigate the associations between long-term ozone exposure and adult lung function in China. Methods: Lung function results and diagnosis of small airway dysfunction (SAD) were collected from a cross-sectional study, the China Pulmonary Health Study ( N  = 50,991). We used multivariable linear and logistic regression models to examine the associations of long-term ozone exposure with lung function parameters and SAD, respectively, adjusting for demographic characteristics, individual risk factors, and longitudinal trends. We then performed a stratification analysis by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Measurements and Main Results: We observed that each 1 SD (4.9 ppb) increase in warm-season ozone concentrations was associated with a 14.2 ml/s (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8-19.6 ml/s] decrease in forced expiratory flow at the 75th percentile of vital capacity and a 29.5 ml/s (95% CI, 19.6-39.5 ml/s) decrease in mean forced expiratory flow between the 25th and 75th percentile of vital capacity. The odds ratio of SAD was 1.09 (95% CI, 1.06-1.11) for a 1 SD increase in warm-season ozone concentrations. Meanwhile, we observed a significant association with decreased FEV 1 /FVC but not with FEV 1 or FVC. The association estimates were greater in the COPD group than in the non-COPD group. Conclusions: We found independent associations of long-term ozone exposure with impaired small airway function and higher SAD risks, while the associations with airflow obstruction were weak. Patients with COPD appear to be more vulnerable.

Nurses have a relatively higher rate of depressive symptoms compared to other people. Previous studies have reported that gratitude is correlated with depressive symptoms among healthcare workers. The purpose of this study was to explore the causal relationship between gratitude and depressive symptoms among Chinese nurses. We collected data over 4 months, with 393 nurses at Time 1 and 241 at Time 2. All participants completed online questionnaires. We employed the structural equation models to test the hypotheses. The results revealed that gratitude at Time 1 could predict depressive symptoms at Time 2, and depressive symptoms at Time 1 could predict gratitude at Time 2. These results remained significant after controlling for gender, age, education, marital status, professional title, general positive affect, and negative affect. The findings provide initial evidence about the causal relationship between gratitude and depressive symptoms among Chinese nurses. Hospital administrators can intervene in depressive symptoms of nurses by developing gratitude interventions. Furthermore, nurses with lower levels of depressive symptoms feel more grateful., (© 2021 The International Association of Applied Psychology.)

Objective: We aimed to establish an easy-to-use screening questionnaire with risk factors and suspected symptoms of COPD for primary health care settings., Methods: Based on a nationwide epidemiological study of pulmonary health among adults in mainland China (China Pulmonary Health, CPH study) between 2012 and 2015, participants ≥40 years who completed the questionnaire and spirometry tests were recruited and randomly divided into development set and validation set by the ratio of 2:1. Parameters including sex, age, BMI, residence, education, smoking status, smoking pack-years, biomass exposure, parental history of respiratory diseases and daily respiratory symptoms were initially selected for the development of scoring system. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under curve (AUC), positive and negative predictive values were calculated in development set and validation set., Results: After random split by 2:1 ratio, 22443 individuals were assigned to development set and 11221 to validation set. Ten variables were significantly associated with COPD independently in development set after a stepwise selection by multivariable logistic model and used to develop scoring system. The scoring system yielded good discrimination, as measured by AUC of 0.7737, and in the validation set, the AUC was 0.7711. When applying a cutoff point of ≥16, the sensitivity in development set was 0.69 (0.67 - 0.71); specificity 0.72 (0.71 - 0.73), PPV 0.25 (0.24 - 0.26) and NPV 0.94 (0.94 - 0.95)., Conclusion: We developed and validated a comprehensive screening questionnaire, COPD-CPHS, with good discrimination. The score system still needs to be validated by large cohort in the future., Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15412555.2022.2042504 .

Purpose: Anxiety and depression are often underdiagnosed and affect the prognosis of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We analyzed data from the China Pulmonary Health (CPH) study to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in COPD patients and their relationship with disease severity., Patients and Methods: A total of 57,779 subjects aged 20 years or older were recruited in the CPH study. All participants were assessed using a standard questionnaire and underwent pulmonary function tests before and after the use of a bronchodilator in local health centers. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire with a cutoff score of 8 was used to define anxiety and depression. The prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients of COPD were investigated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the effects of COPD and lung function on anxiety and depression., Results: A total of 49,053 participants (20,661 men and 28,392 women) completed the questionnaire with reliable post-bronchodilator pulmonary function test results and were included in the final analysis, of which 4686 (9.55%) were diagnosed with COPD. Of the patients with COPD, 10.79% had anxiety, 13.65% had depression, and 7.08% had anxiety and depression concomitantly. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, COPD was not significantly associated with anxiety, depression, or both. After adjusting for confounders in model 1, patients in the GOLD III-IV group had a significantly higher risk of anxiety, depression, and their coincidence. After further adjusting for respiratory symptoms in model 2, lung function impairment in the GOLD III-IV group was only significantly associated with a higher risk of depression or at least one of anxiety and depression., Conclusion: Anxiety and depression are prevalent in patients with COPD in China. More severe lung function impairment is significantly associated with a higher risk of depression., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2021 Huang et al.)

Winter rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) is a major oilseed crop in Northern China, where its production was severely affected by chilling and freezing stress. However, not much is known about the role of differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) during the chilling and freezing stress. In this study, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology was performed to identify DAPs under freezing stress. To explore the molecular mechanisms of cold stress tolerance at the cellular and protein levels, the morphological and physiological differences in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of two winter rapeseed varieties, Longyou 7 (cold-tolerant) and Lenox (cold-sensitive), were explored in field-grown plants. Compared to Lenox, Longyou 7 had a lower SAM height and higher collar diameter. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content was also decreased. Simultaneously, the soluble sugars (SS) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, soluble protein (SP) content, and collar diameter were increased in Longyou 7 as compared to Lenox. A total of 6330 proteins were identified. Among this, 98, 107, 183 and 111 DAPs were expressed in L7 CK/Le CK, L7 d/Le d, Le d/Le CK and L7 d/L7 CK, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of the coding genes for seventeen randomly selected DAPs was performed for validation. These DAPs were identified based on gene ontology enrichment analysis, which revealed that glutathione transferase activity, carbohydrate-binding, glutathione binding, metabolic process, and IAA response were closely associated with the cold stress response. In addition, some cold-induced proteins, such as glutathione S-transferase phi 2(GSTF2), might play an essential role during cold acclimation in the SAM of Brassica rapa. The present study provides valuable information on the involvement of DAPs during cold stress responses in Brassica rapa L, and hence could be used for breeding experiments., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The associations of long-term exposure to various constituents of fine particulate matter (≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, PM 2.5 ) air pollution with lung function were not clearly elucidated in developing countries. The aim was to evaluate the associations of long-term exposure to main constituents of PM 2.5 with lung function in China. This is a nationwide, cross-sectional analysis among 50,991 study participants from the China Pulmonary Health study. Multivariable linear regression models were used to obtain differences of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV 1 /FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of exhaled FVC (FEF 25-75% ) associated with an interquartile range (IQR) change of PM 2.5 or its constituents. Residential annual PM 2.5 levels varied from 26 μg/m 3 to 92 μg/m 3 (average: 53 μg/m 3 ). An IQR increase of PM 2.5 concentrations was associated with lower FEV 1 (19.82 mL, 95% CI: 11.30-28.33), FVC (17.45 mL, 95% CI: 7.16-27.74), PEF (86.64 mL/s, 95% CI: 59.77-113.52), and FEF 25-75% (31.93 mL/s, 95% CI: 16.64-47.22). Black carbon, organic matter, ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate were negatively associated with most lung function indicators, with organic matter and nitrate showing consistently larger magnitude of associations than PM 2.5 mass. This large-scale study provides first-hand epidemiological evidence that long-term exposure to ambient PM 2.5 and some constituents, especially organic matter and nitrate, were associated with lower large- and small- airway function., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Background: The EXTREME regimen (chemotherapy [CT; cisplatin/carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil]) plus cetuximab is a standard-of-care first-line (1L) treatment for patients with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M SCCHN), as supported by international guidelines. The phase III CHANGE-2 trial assessed the efficacy and safety of a modified CT regimen (with a reduced dose of both components) and cetuximab versus CT for the 1L treatment of Chinese patients with R/M SCCHN., Methods: Patients were randomised to receive up to six cycles of CT plus cetuximab followed by cetuximab maintenance until progressive disease or CT alone. The primary end-point was the progression-free survival (PFS) time assessed by the independent review committee (IRC)., Results: Overall, 243 patients were randomised (164 to CT plus cetuximab; 79 to CT). The hazard ratios for PFS by IRC and overall survival (OS) were 0.57 (95% CI: 0.40-0.80; median: 5.5 versus 4.2 months) and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.50-0.93; median: 11.1 versus 8.9 months), respectively, in favour of CT plus cetuximab. The objective response rates (ORR) by IRC were 50.0% and 26.6% with CT plus cetuximab and CT treatment, respectively. Treatment-emergent adverse events of maximum grade 3 or 4 occurred in 61.3% (CT plus cetuximab) and 48.7% (CT) of patients., Conclusions: CHANGE-2 showed an improved median PFS, median OS and ORR with the addition of cetuximab to a modified platinum/5-fluorouracil regimen, with no new or unexpected safety findings, thereby confirming CT plus cetuximab as an effective and safe 1L treatment for Chinese patients with R/M SCCHN., Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT02383966., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Y. Guo received speaker honoraria from Merck Serono Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Roche, Celgene, Janssen, and Bayer; and served on scientific advisory boards for Merck Serono Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, and Boehringer Ingelheim. X. Chang is an employee of Merck Serono Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, an affiliate of Merck KGaA. W. Chen and Y. Zeng are former employees of Merck Serono Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, an affiliate of Merck KGaA. All remaining authors have no potential conflicts to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Soil moisture is an important indicator for monitoring land degradation and plays an important role in soil biogeochemistry. Mapping the spatial distribution of soil moisture provides fundamental information for soil management and agricultural production. In this study, 225 sampling points in the study area, Nanxiong basin, were investigated to map the spatial distribution of soil moisture in the typical ecological degradation red beds area. Four interpolation methods including inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), radial basis function (RBF) and empirical bayesian kriging (EBF) were used to estimate the continuous soil moisture distribution. The results showed that the soil moisture of the study area ranged from 8.12% to 32.82% with an average of 18.42% and a median of 18.20%. The annual average temperature and soil bulk density had significantly negative correlations with soil moisture, of-0.53 and - 0.31, respectively. The regional soil moisture had a moderate variation with the variation coefficient of 21.66% and strong spatial dependence with the nugget-to-sill ratios of 32.23%. The IDW method obtained a more accurate estimation on the spatial variability of soil moisture in the Nanxiong basin. The spatial distribution of soil moisture in the study area was drawn by different interpolation methods. The results show that the red bed degradation in the eastern part of the Nanxiong basin is more severe than in other areas, in which the geomorphic characteristics of red bed desert have appeared with the lowest soil moisture in this study. In addition, the spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture is also pertinent to human disturbance and land use. The results of spatial soil moisture distribution are of great significance for monitoring land degradation and agricultural drought in the red bed area., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sleep duration and vegetable consumption are associated with mortality at old age (termed as sleep-mortality linkage and vegetable-mortality linkage, respectively). Yet, little is known about the interplay of sleep duration and vegetable consumption on mortality., Methods: A dataset of nationwide longitudinal survey with 13,441 participants aged 65 years or older recruited in 2008 and followed up till 2014 was used. Sleep duration was classified into five groups (≤5, 6, 7-8, 9, and ≥ 10 h/day). Vegetable consumption was classified as either high frequency (eating vegetables almost daily) or low frequency. We used parametric Weibull hazard regression models to estimate associations of sleep duration and frequency of vegetable consumption with mortality, adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic factors, family/social support, health practice, and health conditions., Results: Over the six-year study period, when only demographics were present, participants sleeping ≤5, 6, 9, and ≥ 10 h/day had relative hazard (RH) of mortality 1.18 (p < 0.001), 1.14(p < 0.01), 1.06 (p > 0.1), and 1.30 (p < 0.001), respectively, compared to those sleeping 7-8 h/day. The HRs were attenuated to 1.08 (p < 0.05), 1.08 (p < 0.05), 1.09 (p < 0.1), 1.18(p < 0.001), respectively, when all other covariates were additionally adjusted for. High frequency of eating vegetables was associated with 22% lower risk of mortality (RH= 0.78, p < 0.001) compared to low frequency in the demographic model, and with 9% lower risk (RH = 0.91, p < 0.05) in the full model. Subpopulation and interaction analyses show that the sleeping-mortality linkage was stronger in female, urban, oldest-old (aged ≥80), and illiterate participants compared to their respective male, rural, young-old, and literate counterparts. High frequency of vegetable intakes could offset the higher mortality risk in participants with short-sleeping duration, but low frequency of eating vegetables could exacerbate mortality risk for participants with either short or long sleep duration; and except for few cases, these findings held in subpopulations., Conclusions: Too short and too long sleep durations were associated with higher mortality risk, and infrequent vegetable consumption could exacerbate the risk, although frequent vegetable intake could offset the risk for short sleep duration. The relationship between these two lifestyles and mortality was complex and varied among subpopulations.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) are highly heterogeneous, and the management of pNENs patients can be intractable. To address this challenge, an expert committee was established on behalf of the Group of Pancreatic Surgery, Chinese Society of Surgery, Chinese Medical Association, which consisted of surgical oncologists, gastroenterologists, medical oncologists, endocrinologists, radiologists, pathologists, and nuclear medicine specialists. By reviewing the important issues regarding the diagnosis and treatment of pNENs, the committee concluded evidence-based statements and recommendations in this article, in order to further improve the management of pNENs patients in China.

Background: Perioperative treatment has become an increasingly important aspect of the management of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Small-scale clinical studies performed in recent years have shown improvements in the major pathological remission rate after neoadjuvant therapy, suggesting that it will soon become an important part of NSCLC treatment. Nevertheless, neoadjuvant immunotherapy may be accompanied by serious adverse reactions that lead to delay or cancelation of surgery, additional illness, and even death, and have therefore attracted much attention. The purpose of the clinical recommendations is to form a diagnosis and treatment plan suitable for the current domestic medical situation for the immune-related adverse event (irAE)., Methods: This recommendation is composed of experts in thoracic surgery, oncologists, thoracic medicine and irAE related departments (gastroenterology, respirology, cardiology, infectious medicine, hematology, endocrinology, rheumatology, neurology, dermatology, emergency section) to jointly complete the formulation. Experts make full reference to the irAE guidelines, large-scale clinical research data published by thoracic surgery, and the clinical experience of domestic doctors and publicly published cases, and repeated discussions in multiple disciplines to form this recommendation for perioperative irAE., Results: This clinical recommendation covers the whole process of prevention, evaluation, examination, treatment and monitoring related to irAE, so as to guide the clinical work comprehensively and effectively., Conclusions: Perioperative irAE management is an important part of immune perioperative treatment of lung cancer. With the continuous development of immune perioperative treatment, more research is needed in the future to optimize the diagnosis and treatment of perioperative irAE.