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Endoclita signifer is a major wood-boring pest of eucalyptus trees in China, and its third instar larvae can accurately find and infest eucalyptus trees in mixed-species forests, although it can also feed on another 51 tree species in the same planted area. A total of 34 volatile compounds were identified from eucalyptus trunks, including non-infested and infested trunks with single or multiple (more than three) larval entrance cover packets, and forest floor humus. Of these, o-cymene showed a strong gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) activity and significant attraction of the third instar E. signifer larvae. Higher abundance of alpha-phellandrene, o-cymene, and the unique 2-phenyl-2-propanol in the volatile profile from infested eucalyptus trunks indicated that they were herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). The larvae showed significantly higher attraction to volatile blends, especially those from infested eucalyptus trunks, than to single volatiles. A blend of the three HIPVs, α-pinene, D-limonene, and n-butyl ether may serve as an attractant for the control of E. signifer larvae in eucalyptus plantations. Further, exposure of third instar E. signifer larvae to some of these volatiles which also elicited electroantennogram and behavioral responses, influenced expressions of some olfactory proteins. Our results show that third instar E. signifer larvae can recognize o-cymene from host eucalyptus trunks and are attracted to the trunk by the three HIPVs when they shift their habitats from the forest floor humus to the tree trunks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competence (i.e., one's knowledge, intelligence, and abilities) and warmth (i.e., one's sociability, friendliness, and caring) are traditionally regarded as the two fundamental dimensions of social cognition. This study was aimed at examining how competence might influence perceived warmth. We hypothesised and found that compared to inept persons, competent ones were perceived as being more attractive, which made them being perceived as warmer (Studies 1–4). High competence increased warmth perception for those who were initially perceived as being cold (Study 2) whereas low competence decreased warmth perception of those who were initially perceived as being warm (Study 3). The effect of competence on perceived warmth was not simply a halo effect (Study 4). Thus, the studies provided converging evidence that competence fosters warmth perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a society dominated by tourism consumption, space changes occurring in rural areas can generally reflect their social changes. On the theoretical basis of flow, regeneration and adaptation of rural tourism space, this paper originally and creatively proposes that the spatial elements in a rural tourist area can be classified into three categories: Attractions (A), Towns (T) and Villages (V). By analyzing the spatial transformation characteristics of A, T and V, five types of rural spatial transition modes are found, the types of heritage, theme park, those serving as scenic spots, leisure industrial clusters and ecotourism areas. These different classes emerge due to their geographical differentiation. They show the same spatial evolution trend: The Attractions are distributed throughout the whole area and characterized by diversification; supporting services facilities gather in the Towns; and the Villages are landscape images. In this area the traditional rural benefit trends toward that of compound development. Mufu Town, Hubei province, is taken as a study case, and the changing characteristics of A, T and V from 2006 to 2016 are described. Problems in the process of establishing the new spatial order are considered. In order to realize the synergy between production space, living space and ecological space, the interactive development between Attractions, Towns and Villages is recommended. The perspective of Attraction-Town-Village (ATV) can lead to a better understanding of the situation of tourism space in rural areas and provide directions for thinking about the reconstruction path for the modernization of traditional societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The overall aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the strength of attraction factors of professional football club brands with foreign fans, and of the influence of demographics and individual characteristics on the influence of these factors in the context of sport spectatorship services. Design/methodology/approach: This research was based on a quantitative study surveying 1,160 Chinese fans of English Premier League clubs and its results were produced through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. They identify the relative importance of 21 organisation– (e.g. star players, charismatic managers, team kits, partnerships and alliances, etc.), market and environment– (e.g. peer influence, TV coverage, etc.), and experience– (e.g. personal bonds, past attendance, etc.) induced service brand attraction points that were categorised into six main factors: star players, on-the-field performance, brand identity, marketing and merchandising, localism and experience. Findings: Organisation-induced factors are the most important club brand attraction factors for Chinese fans. ANOVA analysis showed that demographic (i.e. gender, age, and education) and individual (i.e. brand identification and loyalty levels) characteristics influence the importance of attraction factors for fans. For instance, fans who had previously supported a different club brand rated the marketing and merchandising dimensions lower, localism higher, on-the-field performance lower and brand identity lower than those who had always supported the same club. Originality/value: These results emphasise the importance of segmentation when considering consumer attraction to professional sport brands. They also provide specific practical knowledge that is useful when expanding into new foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current inner-city1 depopulation coupled with significant peripheral expansions disrupting nature, are the rule in many of the world's large cities such as Montreal. Expansion needs to be balanced from the inner-city attraction perspective. To deal with that objective and following an inductive process in the scientific method, two field surveys were implemented in one of Montreal's inner-city most popular neighbourhoods (Sainte-Marie) for measuring its current attraction power. Results expose that current local residential housing/services improvement in terms of their medium to high needs/impedances2 linear correlations to achieve it discourage people to continue living in Sainte-Marie on a 'free will' basis. This report concludes that limiting city expansion at least through this inner-city neighbourhood's attraction level is still very much a myth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shoot beetles Tomicus minor, Tomicus yunnanensis, and Tomicus brevipilosus have been decimating Pinus yunnanensis trees for more than 30 years in Southwestern China. To understand the chemical ecological relationship between pines and Tomicus, and among the three beetle species, we compared the attraction of these beetles to damaged shoots, extracts from damaged shoots, and volatiles from damaged shoots collected by the dynamic headspace sampling method. Experiments were performed using a modified open-arena olfactometer. The male T. minor and both sexes of T. brevipilosus were more strongly attracted to damaged shoots than to undamaged shoots and they showed attraction to shoots damaged by the same species. Female T. minor and both sexes of T. yunnanensis were attracted to shoots damaged by female T. brevipilosus. The three beetle species were attracted to shoot extracts and dynamic headspace volatiles from shoots damaged by the same species and sex. Female T. minor and male T. yunnanensis were also attracted to dynamic headspace volatiles from shoots damaged by both sexes of T. brevipilosus. The results suggested that specific semiochemicals that are induced or produced by T. brevipilosus also attract T. minor and T. yunnanensis. The semiochemicals in damaged shoots affect the attraction of the three beetle species and play an important chemical communication role in weakening the host trees during the beetles’ shoot-feeding phase. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Community health workers (CHWs) are essential to improve the responsiveness of the national health system and the capacity of community health services. Since the implementation of the new program for health system reform in 2009, China has adopted an unprecedented policy to attract and retain CHWs to increase the quantity and quality of CHWs equitably. The policy's effects need to be further determined. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the temporal and spatial dynamics of CHWs' mobility in China from 2008 to 2017., Methods: This study used a multistage stratified sampling method to collect 14,094 CHW mobility records from 24 counties and 12 districts in six provinces in China for analysis. The data cover the period from 2008 to 2017. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were adopted to analyse the distribution of mobile CHWs across different years and different subgroups from 2008 to 2017., Results: This study found that China's CHWs were in a state of net inflow from 2008 to 2017. The number of net inflows continued to increase from 2008 to 2011 and had a slight downward trend afterwards. CHW turnover occurred more in rural areas and amongst males, physicians, management and support staff, intermediate and senior professional titles, ≥30 years old group and contractual temporary employees. By contrast, the attraction and retention of CHWs are remarkable amongst nurses, pharmacists, imaging and laboratory technicians, junior title, junior college degree and above and <30 years old group., Conclusions: China has made great achievements with the policy targeting the attraction and retention of CHWs since the implementation of the new program for health system reform in 2009. However, CHWs in China are faced with the dilemma of an extremely high total mobility, the attraction of CHWs in rural areas is still insufficient, the professional structure of CHWs is unreasonable, and the attrition of high-quality health workers exists. China must pay attention to the fair allocation of urban and rural areas, dynamically adjust the recruitment structure of health technicians, improve the mechanism for attracting and retaining technicians with higher titles and guarantee the benefits of temporary employees., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zou, He and Zhang.)

What can we say about the colour red in the films of the Cultural Revolution model stage works? Any mention of the model works today is always associated with the colour red. We all know that red is the colour of the Communist revolution. But is there anything more to say? This article argues that although red certainly does signify socialism in these films, there is more variety in the use and meanings of red than one might expect. Primary heroes are more likely to dress in white than in red. Furthermore, it is the female 'apprentice characters' who are most likely to dress in red, carrying pre-revolutionary significations of bridal red into their roles as brides of the revolution. The article also argues that colours need to be understood as forces rather than meanings, and that as forces they coordinate with cutting framing music, lighting and other elements to create patterns of embodied engagement for the spectator. The autonomy of this embodied engagement from signification may help us to understand the continuing popularity of these works long after their initial political significations held sway, but the impossibility of their operation without invoking memory of those significations also helps to explain unease about today's red craze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult white-spotted flower chafers (WSFC), Protaetia brevitarsis, feed on developing sweet corn ears in China causing extensive losses in quality and quantity. Considering these losses, the lack of natural enemies caused by excessive past chemical pesticide use and a complete lack of present insecticides for acceptable use against WSFC on developing sweet corn, it is important to find novel measures for controlling this serious pest. The attractiveness of eight compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, fruit esters, acetoin, and some aliphatic alcohols, was established in a specially designed olfactometer. Subsequently, rubber dispensers containing 40-mg of those attractive compounds were hung in field plots on 12 sweet corn ears on the borders and down the center of 11 × 9.6-m plots comprised of 615 plants. One day later, the same ears were sprayed with Malathion. These attract-and-kill plots were maintained in 2006, 2007, and 2008, and provided substantial protection of non-treated ears in the same field. The mean damage value (DV from 0: none to 3: >5% eaten ears) and percent of damaged ears in the treated fields (DV: 0.8 ± 0.3, 0.8 ± 0.3, and 0.7 ± 0.3; % damage: 19.4, 19.4, and 19.0%) was significantly lower than that in control plots (DV: 1.8 ± 0.2, 2.0 ± 0.1, and 1.7 ± 0.1; % damage: 92.1, 89.7, and 95.0%) for 2006-2008. This attract-and-kill method gives sweet corn growers a method to protect their crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated 12 precursors to falling love – reciprocal liking, appearance, personality, similarity, familiarity, social influence, filling needs, arousal, readiness, specific cues, isolation, and mysteriousness – with respect to culture, ethnicity, gender, and speed. In Study 1, White–American and Asian–American participants wrote narratives of their falling in love experiences. In Study 2, participants from the United States and China wrote narratives and completed self–ratings of the precursors. Few ethnic, gender, and speed differences were obtained in either study, but those found were in the predicted direction. Many cultural differences were found in Study 2, the majority of which were consistent with individualismcollectivism models. Implications for understanding falling in love and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aphidius gifuensis Ashmaed is a generalist endoparasitoid that parasitizes a variety of aphid species. In China, it is widely used as a biological control agent to protect vegetables and tobaccos in open fields; control efficiency is largely dependent on its host-seeking ability. In this study, a six-choice olfactometer was used to investigate the olfactory responses of A. gifuensis to tobacco plants that had suffered damage (either varying degrees of mechanical damage or from aphid-feeding at different time intervals) and tobacco volatiles with different dosages. Furthermore, the regularity of A. gifuensis females' response toward an aphid/tobacco complex was monitored using a Y-tube olfactometer. Our findings suggest that tobacco plants are significantly attractive to A. gifuensis after they have been punctured with 50 holes, or housed with Myzus persicae (Sulzer) at a density of 400 aphids, except at an infestation time of 12 h. Moreover, aphid density had a more significant effect on the response than the time interval since aphid application. Aphidius gifuensis was found to be active during the daytime and preferred to search for their aphid hosts at 14:00 h. Five EAG-active tobacco volatiles (trans-2-hexenal, methyl salicylate, benzaldehyde, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, and 1-hexanal) were found to significantly attract A. gifuensis females at different concentration ranges. The practical implications of these results are discussed in the framework of the sustainable biological control of pest aphids in agricultural production systems., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.)