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Introduction: In response to the call for active aging, improving the quality of residential environments for older people is becoming a worldwide concern. Over the past decade, China has witnessed a significant increase in the construction of long-term care facilities (LTCFs) catering to the older adult with physical and mental limitations. However, the fast pace of LTCF development has led to substandard physical environments that compromise the quality of life for older individuals. Consequently, there is an urgent need to conduct comprehensive post-occupancy evaluations (POEs) in order to systematically assess the current state of LTCF physical environments and identify prevailing problems therein., Methods: This study conducted POEs on 37 existing LTCFs from both objective and subjective perspectives, using self-developed environmental assessment tools and user satisfaction questionnaires., Results: The results reveal substantial room for improvement within LTCF physical environments, particularly concerning outdoor areas, resident rooms and staff spaces. The psychological needs of residents and working requirements of staff are not adequately addressed or supported., Discussion: A total of ninety-two typical problems are identified across eight categories, and relevant causes associated with programming, design, construction, and operation are discussed. The findings are expected to serve as warnings for future designs, provide empirical evidence for the revision of relevant standards, and promote the sustainable development of LTCF construction., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Chen, Zhang, Yang and Qiu.)

Urban regeneration involves a highly contested process of social transformation. Examples from China have shown that this process has led to poor social sustainability. Previous studies have not adequately addressed the issue of poor social sustainability. This study aims to address this gap by developing a set of valid and reliable performance indicators for assessing the social sustainability of urban regeneration initiatives in China's Historic Urban Areas (HUAs). Through an extensive literature review and a Delphi survey, critical social sustainability factors facilitating urban regeneration were identified. An assessment tool was subsequently proposed, comprising eight themes, 29 indicators, and a corresponding point-scoring system. Finally, Xi'an was selected as a case study to apply and test the applicability of the tool and to evaluate social sustainability performance to further explore improvement strategies. The results show that adequate housing, housing quality, participation in regeneration initiatives, and safe design were the most critical indicators determining the social sustainability of urban regeneration. Additionally, the results reveal indicators with limited contribution to achieving social sustainability in Xi'an. The research findings have policy implications for pushing socially sustainable urban regeneration initiatives in China., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There is no conflict of interest between the authors., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Patients diagnosed with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) commonly experience a substantial burden of symptoms encompassing both physical and psychological aspects. Presently, there's a dearth of standardized assessment tools to effectively gauge the extent of symptom burden in IgAN patients. Therefore, this study aims to devise an IgAN Symptom Assessment Tool that enables a comprehensive evaluation of patient symptom burden and their self-perceived severity. Employing a prospective observational design, this study conducted a survey among patients diagnosed with IgAN at a hospital in China. The research team formulated an IgAN Symptom Burden Assessment Scale and administered a questionnaire to gauge patient symptom burden. Severity assessment was conducted on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating a more pronounced burden of symptoms. The finalized scale comprised 14 distinct symptom items, and the questionnaire survey garnered responses from 200 patients, achieving a 100% response rate. Statistical analysis unveiled that nearly all patients regarded these symptoms as prevalent and significantly impactful on their daily lives, resulting in a considerable burden. Notably, mild oliguria, moderate nasal congestion, bitter taste , throat discomfort, alongside severe manifestations such as muscle weakness, fatigue, and foamy urine, were frequently reported by patients. The findings underscore that a substantial proportion of IgAN patients grapple with a significant burden of symptoms, emphasizing the imperative for healthcare providers to prioritize symptom management and implement proactive measures to alleviate these challenges. This study presents an innovative tool tailored for evaluating symptom burden specifically in IgAN patients. Subsequent research should center on validating this tool within larger patient cohorts to optimize the efficacy of symptom management in this demographic., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the measurement properties and methodological quality of stigma assessment tools designed for breast cancer patients. The aim was to provide clinical medical staff with a foundation for selecting high-quality assessment tools., Methods: A comprehensive computer search was carried out across various databases, including SinoMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP), Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Scopus, which were searched from the inception of the databases until March 20, 2023. Literature screening and data extraction were performed independently by two researchers, adhering to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The assessment tools were evaluated using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) systematic evaluation guidelines., Results: In the final analysis, a total of 9 assessment tools were included. However, none of these tools addressed measurement error, cross-cultural validity, criterion validity, and responsiveness. Following the COSMIN guidelines, BCSS and CSPDS were assigned to Class A recommendations, while the remaining tools received Class B recommendations., Conclusion: The BCSS and CSPDS scales demonstrated comprehensive assessment in terms of their measurement characteristics, exhibiting good methodological quality, measurement attribute quality, and supporting evidence. Therefore, it is recommended to utilize these scales for evaluating breast cancer stigma. However, further validation is required for the remaining assessment tools., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Based on intrinsic capacity (IC) as defined by the World Health Organization, an accelerated decline may be an important precursor of frailty among older adults; however, there is a lack of validated instruments that both screen for frailty and monitor IC. This study aims to develop a comprehensive and acculturative frailty screening scale to determine healthy aging among older Chinese adults., Setting and Participants: A cross-sectional and a cohort study both based on community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and older., Methods: This study mainly consisted of two parts. First, the selection and revision of 20 items related to frailty based on a literature review, expert consultation, and stakeholder analysis; second, a cross-sectional study was conducted to simplify the scale and test the reliability and validity of the new frailty screening tool. The fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness, and loss of weight (FRAIL) scale, the Tilburg frailty indictor (TFI), and a 49-item Frailty Index (FI) were investigated as criteria. Additionally, a cohort study in Shanghai was conducted to verify the predictive validity of the new screening scale. The disability measured by the activity of daily living (ADL), instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) and all-cause mortality were documented as outcomes., Results: A 10-item Chinese frailty screening scale (CFSS-10) was successfully developed and validated. It presented a Cronbach's α of 0.63 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.73, which indicated good reliability. Taking the other frailty tools as criteria, Kappa values of 0.54-0.58 and an area under the curve of 0.87-0.91 showed good validity. The results of the log-binomial and Poisson models showed a high score, which predicted a higher risk of disability and all-cause mortality. An optimal cut-off point of 5 gave an excellent prediction of one-year disability., Conclusions: The CFSS-10 has good validity and reliability as a quick and acculturative frailty screening scale for community-dwelling older adults in Shanghai. It may also supplement existing frailty screening tools.

Background: In recent years, spiritual health became a focus of interest and nurses' spiritual health is crucial to the quality of their own lives and patients' health care. In China, high workloads, tense nurse-patient relationships, and low social status have been found to have negative impacts on the work attitude and nursing quality and spiritual health offers direction for solving this problem. This study assessed the spiritual health levels of nurses on the Chinese mainland using a revised Chinese version of the spiritual health scale (SHS-C)., Methods: A total of 747 nurses were recruited in Zhejiang Province, China. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the revised SHS-C were performed using convenience sampling, with 291 and 456 nurses used for each analysis type, respectively. Items on the SHS-C were screened using the discrete trend method, the extreme group approach, correlation analysis, and EFA to create a revised mental health questionnaire for nurses. An internal consistency test and CFA were then performed to verify the spiritual health questionnaire for nurses. A self-reporting questionnaire consisting of demographic questions and the revised SHS-C items was used for this cross-sectional correlation study., Results: The revised SHS-C included 6 subscales comprising a total of 28 items. Cronbach's α and retest reliability for the revised questionnaire were 0.90 and 0.73, respectively. The fit of the model was analyzed by CFA [χ2/df =1.79; goodness of fit index (GFI) =0.83; adjusted GFI (AGFI) =0.79; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) =0.06; normed fit index (NFI) =0.86; comparative fit index (CFI) =0.93; non-NFI (NNFI) =0.92; incremental fit index (IFI) =0.93; parsimony NFI (PNFI) =0.76; parsimony CFI (PCFI) =0.83; and parsimony GFI (PGFI) =0.69; with each index score higher than those of the 5-subscale SHS short form previously developed by Hsiao et al.]. A reliability test showed that the overall Cronbach's α was 0.93, with a Cronbach's α of between 0.82 and 0.92 for each section. This study developed and validated a revised SHS-C., Conclusions: Our research will help policymakers, administrators, nursing leaders, and educators to identify areas for improvement regarding nurses' spiritual health, which could translate into significant improvements in patients' health care.

Objective: This study reports the evaluation of the original 31-item Quality of Dying and Death Questionnaire (QODD) using a sample of caregivers of recently deceased older adults in China, and the validation of a shortened version (QODD-C) derived from the original scale., Methods: The translation was performed using a forward and back method. The full scale was tested with 212 caregivers of decedents in four regions of China. Confirmatory factor analysis tested the model fit between the full Chinese version and the original conceptual model and generated the QODD-C. The psychometric analysis was performed to evaluate the QODD-C's internal consistency, content validity, construct validity, and discriminant validity., Results: A five-domain, 18-item QODD-C was identified with excellent internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.933; split-half Pearson's value = 0.855). The QODD-C total score was significantly associated with constructs related to five domains. The caregiver's relationship with the decedent, the decedent's age at death, death reason, and death place was significantly associated with the QODD-C total score., Significance of Results: The QODD-C is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the quality of dying and death among the Chinese populations.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (C-SIBDQ), and its measurement invariance across sex in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)., Methods: Between September 2018 and July 2021, 284 patients with IBD were recruited from a spleen and stomach clinic. All participants completed the C-SIBDQ, 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-9), and the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Floor and ceiling effects were evaluated by testing frequencies and composition ratios for the minimum and maximum C-SIBDQ scores. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the C-SIBDQ's factor structure and construct validity. Convergent validity was evaluated through examining bivariate correlations between the C-SIBDQ and the SF-12, PHQ-9, and GAD-7. Internal consistency reliability and retest reliability were evaluated by respectively calculating the Cronbach's α and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) among a subsample (n = 79) after 2 weeks. The measurement invariance across sex was evaluated through multiple-group CFA., Results: The C-SIBDQ scores showed no floor or ceiling effects and had a single-factor structure and good convergent validity, with significant correlations with the SF-12, PHQ-9 and GAD-7. Good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.920) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 959) were observed. The C-SIBDQ also showed measurement invariance across sex, and females showed higher C-SIBDQ scores than males., Conclusions: The C-SIBDQ has high reliability, validity, and stability across sex, and can be used in clinics to assess the health-related quality of life of patients with IBD., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Dyspnoea-12 scale is a validated assessment tool, capturing the perception of dyspnoea and its physical and affective effects in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A validated version for the Chinese-speaking population has been unavailable., Objective: To develop a Chinese version of D-12 (D-12-C) scale and evaluate its validity and reliability., Methods: D-12 was translated from English to traditional Chinese in collaboration with a physician and a linguist. Back translation was adopted to ensure accuracy of the translation. A total of 155 COPD patients were recruited to test the reliability and validity of the D-12-C scale. Internal reliability and test-retest reliability were measured with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient, respectively. Construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Concurrent validity was assessed by the correlation of D-12-C total score and sub-scores and the Chinese version of Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) total score and sub-scores., Results: The two-factor structure of D-12-C was confirmed by EFA. D-12-C and its sub-scores demonstrated high level of internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88) and moderate level of test-retest reliability. D-12-C total score, physical and affective sub-scores were significantly correlated to SGRQ total score (r s  = 0.59, p < 0.001) and activity sub-score (r s  = 0.38, p = 0.006), SF-36 mental health sub-score (r s  = -0.36, p < 0.001), CAT (r s  = 0.56, p < 0.001), HADS anxiety (r s  = 0.51, p < 0.001) and depression sub-scores (r s  = 0.44, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: D-12-C scale was developed, which demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity in measuring dyspnoea among COPD patients., (© 2021 The Authors. The Clinical Respiratory Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Identification of the service competences of family physicians is central to ensuring high-quality primary care and improving patient outcomes. However, little is known about how to assess the family physicians' service competences in primary care settings. It is necessary to develop and validate a general model of core competences of the family physician under the stage of construction of family doctor system and implementation of 'Internet Plus Healthcare' service model in China.Methods: The literature review, behavioural event interviews, expert consultation and questionnaire survey were performed. The scale's 35 questions were measured by response rate, highest score, lowest score, and average score for each. Delphi method was used to assess content validity, Cronbach's α to estimate reliability, and factor analysis to test structural validity. Respondents were randomly divided into two groups; data for one group were used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to explore possible model structure. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was then performed.Results: Effective response rate was 93.56%. Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.977. Factor analysis showed KMO of 0.988. Bartlett's test showed χ2 of 22 917.515 (df = 630), p < .001. Overall authority grade of expert consultation was 0.80, and Kendall's coefficient of concordance W was 0.194. By EFA, the five-factor model was retained after thorough consideration, and four items with factor loading less than 0.4 were proposed to obtain a five-dimension, 32-item scale. CFA was performed on the new structure, showing high goodness-of-fit test (NFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.91, SRMSR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.04). Overall Cronbach's α coefficients of the scale and each sub-item were greater than 0.9.Conclusions: The scale has good reliability, validity, and credibility and can therefore serve as an effective tool for assessment of Chinese family physicians' service competences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately assessing children's vulnerabilities and needs is important for child service delivery in social work. In China, different agencies (including international non-governmental organizations, government sectors and social organizations) utilize different tools for assessing children's needs. However, the advantages and disadvantages of these tools have been rarely discussed, leaving their quality and effectiveness unknown. As a result, it is difficult to realize the goal of improving the well-being of Chinese children. This paper contributes to existing knowledge through the use of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders of different types of agencies, along with an in-depth exploration, analysis and comparison of their practical assessment tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A variety of diabetes self-management instruments have been developed but few of them consist of the preparedness for diabetes self-management behavior. The novel psychometric evaluation tool "the LMC Skills, Confidence & Preparedness Index (SCPI)" measures three key aspects of a patient's diabetes self-management: knowledge of the skill, confidence in being able to perform skill and preparedness to implement the skill. The objective of this study was to translate, adapt and validate the SCPI for use in Chinese adult patients with type 2 diabetes., Methods: This study followed the guideline recommended by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Evidence Based Medicine Committee (AAOS) to indigenize the scale. Forward and back translation, and cross-cultural language debugging were completed according to the recommended steps. A convenience sample of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 375) were recruited from a university-affiliated hospital in Shanghai. The validity (criterion, discriminant validity, and construct validity), reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability) and the interpretability of the instrument were examined. The content validity was calculated by experts' evaluation., Results: The Chinese version of SCPI (C-SCPI) has good internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92. The ceiling effects of the preparedness subscales is 21%. The criterion validity of three dimensions of C-SCPI was established with significantly moderate correlations between the DKT, DES-SF and SDSCA (p < 0.05). The S-CVI of the whole scale was 0.83. Except for entry 21, the I-CVI values of all entries were greater than 0.78. The C-SCPI has also shown good discriminative validity with statistically significant differences between the patients with good and poor glycemic control. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that modified results indicate that the fitting degree of the model is good, χ 2 /df = 2.775, RMSEA = 0.069, CFI = 0.903, GFI = 0.873, TLI = 0.889, IFI = 0.904. The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.61 (p < 0.01)., Conclusion: We established a Chinese version of SCPI through translation and cross-cultural adaptation. The C-SCPI is reliable and valid for assessment of the level of self-management in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Coping style is a cognitive or behavioral strategy taken by individuals in the face of stress. Positive coping style is of great significance for improving the physical and mental outcomes of elderly patients with urinary incontinence. Accurate assessment of coping styles for the elderly patients with urinary incontinence can provide reference for the subsequent development of intervention measures. The existing coping style assessment tools for elderly incontinence at home and abroad include specific scale of incontinence, relevant psychological assessment scale, and universal scale. In a word, the progress in the studies on relevant assessment tools is slow, and it mainly focuses on the assessment of female population. The assessment content is relatively single and lacks of pertinence and systematization. In the future, a comprehensive scale with strong adaptability should be developed based on the characteristics of elderly incontinence patients in China.

Professionalism is crucial in all professions and is particularly important in the medical field. Measuring students' perceptions of professionalism can help to form education targeting the enhancement of professionalism. This study aimed to validate an effective assessment tool for the measurement of medical students' perceptions of medical professionalism in mainland China. The cross-sectional survey was conducted in three medical colleges in Guangdong, China. Of the 2103 eligible medical students, 1976 responded, and 1856 questionnaires were deemed valid. Students from clinical medicine in these three medical colleges were randomly selected by cluster sampling. First, a Simplified Chinese Version questionnaire to measure Student's Perception of Medical Professionalism (SCV-SPMP) was constructed. Second, questionnaires from 1856 students majoring in clinical medicine at three medical colleges were included in the analysis. Third, exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, item-subscale correlation, and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to test the validity and reliability of the SCV-SPMP. Nine items were eliminated following exploratory factor analysis, and four subscales were extracted from the analysis. All internal consistency reliability exceeded the minimum standard. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.94, and four subscales' alphas were 0.82 (Accountability and excellence), 0.81 (Duty), 0.89 (Honor and integrity), and 0.85 (Practice habits and respect for others), respectively. The model fit was good. The convergent validity and discriminant validity were acceptable. The modified SCV-SPMP was found to be a valid and reliable tool to capture the main features of Chinese students' perceptions of medical professionalism in four dimensions, and it provides a quantitative method for the measurement of the students' perceptions in mainland China..