Search

Nighttime warming decreased single rice production in southern China, while silicate supply increased the yield and stress resistance. It is still unclear regarding the impacts of silicate application on the growth, yield and quality in rice under nighttime warming. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impacts of silicate application on the growth, yield and quality during rice growing period under nighttime warming. The warming was set at two levels, that is, ambient temperature (CK) and nighttime warming (NW). The open passive nighttime warming was used in this study, that is, rice canopy was covered with aluminium foil reflective film at night (19:00–6:00). Silicate fertiliser (steel slag) was applied at two levels, that is, Si0 (0 kg SiO2·hm−2) and Si1 (200 kg SiO2·hm−2). The results indicated that, compared with the control, the average nighttime temperature on rice canopy and at 5 cm soil layer increased by 0.51°C–0.59°C and 0.28°C–0.41°C during the rice growing period, respectively. Under nighttime warming, silicate supply increased the dry weight of shoot, total dry weight of the whole plant and yield by 64.1%, 55.3% and 7.1% at the filling‐maturity stage, respectively. Silicate application significantly reduced dry matter translocation rate with 15%–18%, but significantly increased the root‐shoot ratio with 0.39–0.41 in rice. Under nighttime warming, silicate supply significantly increased milled rice rate, head rice rate and total starch content by 2.3%, 2.5% and 41.8%, respectively. Nighttime warming reduced the yield by decreasing the number of effective panicle, seed setting rate and 1000‐grain weight, but increasing empty chaff grain. Silicate supply increased the yield by increasing the number of effective panicle, filled grains per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000‐grain weight, but reducing empty chaff grain. This study suggests that silicate supply can effectively alleviate the suppressive effects of nighttime warming on single rice growth, yield and quality in Southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takeaway food has become a prominent component of the diet in urban areas of China, especially for young people. Although dietary intake is a major pathway to contaminants for human exposure, studies on emerging organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in food are scarce. Here, we investigated four OPAs and 19 OPEs in takeaway foods (n = 99) and paired takeaway food packaging (n = 50) in China. AO168=O (mean: 14.9 ng/g ww), TPPO (mean: 1.05 ng/g ww), and TCIPP (mean: 0.579 ng/g ww) were dominant in the takeaway food. Some OPEs had significant correlations in takeaway food. Emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food varied significantly depending on the packaging materials and food types. AO168 and AO168=O were widespread in the paired takeaway food packaging. The migration efficiencies of emerging OPAs and OPEs were low in takeaway food packaged in aluminum foil. Although the actual contamination of emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food significantly differed from those of in food simulants migrated from paired takeaway food packaging, the results imply that food itself and takeaway food packaging are potential contamination sources of emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food. The average estimated dietary intakes of emerging OPAs and OPEs were 465 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day and 91.9 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The exposure risk of emerging OPAs and OPEs through takeaway food intake is low in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air‐dried chestnut is a traditional snack in northern China, but no standardized quality control methods or commercial products are available. The browning of air‐dried chestnut kernels was inhibited by the combined use of 1.5% EDTA‐2Na, 1% pullulan, and 1% l‐cysteine. The air‐dried chestnut kernels were packed in three different bags (PB1, polyethylene (PE); PB2, polyamide resin (PA)/PE; and PB3, polyethylene terephthalate/PA/aluminum foil/PE), and stored at 4°C, 25°C, and 35°C, respectively. With increased storage time, the degree of browning, weight loss, and hardness increased, while the antioxidant activity and respiration rate decreased. The shelf life (SL) of packaged air‐dried chestnut kernels in different storage conditions was predicted by the Arrhenius equation, and the longest predicted shelf‐lives at 4°C, 25°C, and 35°C were 105.3 days (PB2), 19.5 days (PB3), and 10.8 days (PB1), respectively. The results provide guidance for inhibiting the browning of packaged air‐dried chestnut kernels and prolonging their SL during production and consumption. Practical applications: Air‐dried chestnut has a crisp and sweet taste and low digestibility of starch, however, it has not been industrially processed until now. The optimal browning inhibitors and packaging materials of air‐dried chestnut kernel were explored, and the shelf life of packaged air‐dried chestnut kernel was predicted using Arrhenius equation. The results of this study will be beneficial to the commercial production of air‐dried chestnut kernel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current ATLAS Inner Detector will undergo a complete upgrade in order to meet the requirements of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The new Inner Tracker (ITk) will be made completely of silicon sensors fabricated by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK). Quality Assurance (QA) is focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled in production such as irradiation tolerance and testing specification for the mini sensors. The Associated Proton beam Experiment Platform (APEP) beam line at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) was commissioned in 2022. This study focused on verifying the feasibility of CSNS as an ITk sensor QA irradiation site. A low-temperature Peltier cold box has been developed to keep the irradiation sensor samples at −15 ° C. Several fluence points have been studied from 5. 1 × 1 0 14 n eq /cm2 to 1. 6 × 1 0 15 n eq /cm2, measured with the activation of the aluminium foils. The post-irradiation measurements (IV, CV, and CCE) are done under cold temperatures (−8 ° C for IV and CV, −20 ° C for CCE), after annealing for 80 min at 60 ° C. Test results show CSNS could be a suitable proton irradiation site for the ATLAS ITk sensor project, after formal site qualification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

First experimental investigations of foil aluminium liner implosions with a high aspect ratio of ∼ 103 at an 8 MA pulsed-power facility in China, motivated by possible application for magneto-inertial fusion, will be reported. Key diagnostics including UV cameras, micro-magnetic probes and x-ray pinhole imaging systems were fielded. Quasi-monochromatic UV images and optical streak data showed localized plasma formation at breakdown positions, suggesting that vacuum gaps in contact play a crucial role in long-time and non-uniform initiation. In liner ablation, quasi-periodic striation patterns were directly observed in UV self-emission images and were found to be azimuthally correlated with Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities. An m ≠ 0 azimuthal helical mode was obtained for the unmagnetized liner, which could be attributed to the large surface roughness that may act as an inherently and randomly seeded instability. Precursor plasma formation was confirmed by the observed x-ray emission on-axis at −70 ns by the end-on x-ray framing camera. Further quantitative current measurements taken by micro magnetic probes suggested that the current division due to precursor plasma was approximately 20% of the load current at −66 ns. Side-on imaging diagnostics indicated an evident liner implosion, however with a relatively low convergence ratio of ∼ 3.2 at stagnation. For the observed emission rings with much faster velocity in end-on x-ray images, possible mechanisms were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trombe wall system is an effective passive solar heating, and phase change material can enhance its heat storage performance significantly. However, excessive heat loss during winter nighttime has been observed. Setting the curtain in air cavity can improve heat preservation of winter nighttime. The three-dimensional model of a phase change material-Trombe wall (TW-PCM) is established with FLUENT, and the influences of phase change temperature (PCT) and location of curtain/aluminum foil on thermal performance of the TW-PCM are obtained. It indicates that the total heat output reduces and the heating time extends for the TW-PCM, and the proportion of glass heat loss is over 50%. The heat efficiency of the TW-PCM in the nighttime are significantly improved for TW-PCM with the curtain (CTW-PCM). For a TW with an air cavity width of 0.15 m, when the thickness of circulation air cavity exceeds 0.07 m (turbulent flow), heat efficiency is higher. The aluminum foil should attach to the external surface of the curtain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach was used to compare the environmental impacts in the life cycle of two milk packaging systems, PA-PE-Al laminate—a laminated foil made from paper, polyethylene and aluminum foil—and polyethylene. The data for the mass, energy fluxes and environmental emissions were obtained from published literature and from site investigations, for the two systems being analyzed for environmental impacts. The application of LCA using Eco-Indicator 99 has made the comparison of the environmental impacts of the two milk packages possible. The results of this LCA study are discussed and the results reveal that the composite packaging has a slightly higher environmental impact than the plastic one. In addition, the environmental impact of raw material extraction is the highest in all of the life cycle stages except for disposal. The environmental impact of composite packaging mainly comes from the fossil fuels, land use and respiratory inorganics categories, while the plastic packaging mainly comes from the fossil fuels category. However, the composite packaging has a greater environmental impact because it has not been well recycled and reused. This environmental impact could be decreased by developing the technology to separate out polyethylene and aluminum from the packaging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Tin and gold foils are used in gildings of Cave 171 in Kizil Grottoes. • Lac resin was identified for the first time as mordant for adhering gold foils. • Drying oil was applied as mordant in the tin gilding. The present work reports the new characterization results of the gilding materials used in Cave 171 of Kizil Grottoes, China, which is dated between 5th and 7th Century, A.D. Tiny samples collected from four different gilding decorations were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with element energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to identify the gilding structure and inorganic materials. It was discovered that both tin and gold leaves were used as the gilding foils. Interestingly, different organic mordants were used under different foils. The pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) results show that drying oil was applied as the mordant for the adhesion of tin foils while lac resin was used for gold foils. The presence of lac resin has been further confirmed by liquid chromatography-electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Although lac dye has been detected as the red colorant in wall paintings of Buddhist grottoes, its use as gilding mordant is a new finding. These gilding materials found in the wall paintings of Kizil Grottoes may provide some evidence of painting materials and techniques exchange along the Silk Road. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a research done in China on development of new aluminum foil coating that will increase the life of an air conditioner.