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Background: Abusive supervision by the nurse manager significantly influences nurses' withholding voice about patient safety. The role of impression management motivation and speak up-related climate is crucial in understanding their connection. This study aimed to explore the relationship between abusive supervision, impression management motivation, speak up-related climate, and withholding voice about patient safety. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed a convenience sampling method to recruit 419 clinical nurses from Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang Province, China, between 1 November 2022 and 31 January 2023. The study adhered to the STROBE checklist. Abusive supervision and impression management motivation were assessed using the Chinese versions of the Abusive Supervision Scale and the Impression Management Motivation Scale, respectively. Withholding voice about patient safety and speak up-related climate were identified using the Chinese version of the Speaking Up about Patient Safety Questionnaire. Results: Nurse leaders' abusive supervision (β=0.40, p<0.01) and nurses' impression management motivation (β=0.10, p<0.01) significantly and positively influenced nurses' withholding voice about patient safety. We introduced impression management motivation as a mediating variable, and the effect of abusive supervision on nurses' withholding voice decreased (β from 0.40 to 0.38, p< 0.01). Nurses' speak up-related climate played a moderating role between abusive supervision and impression management motivation (β= 0.24, p<0.05). Conclusions: Abusive supervision by nursing leaders can result in nurses withholding voice about patient safety out of self-protective impression management motives. This phenomenon inhibits nurses' subjective initiative and undermines their proactive involvement in improving patient safety, and hinders the cultivation of a culture encouraging full participation in patient safety, which should warrant significant attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide is a global public health crisis, and little evidence has focused on associations between suicide attempts and childhood maltreatment (CM) in Chinese middle school students., Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts and the sex difference in Chinese middle school students., Participants and Setting: In this prospective cohort study, students in grades 7 and 8 filled out the questionnaire at baseline and 6-month follow-up., Methods: Demographic data, childhood maltreatment, and suicide attempts were surveyed. Depression, anxiety, and stress were measured at baseline as covariates. Logistic regression was employed to measure the impact of childhood maltreatment and its sex differences on suicide attempts., Results: Among 782 students, 39.6 % suffered from childhood maltreatment, and the incidence rate of suicide attempts in 6 months was 4.60 % (36/782). After controlling for covariates, childhood maltreatment (adjusted odds ratio, OR = 2.899, 95%CI = 1.349-6.227) and its subtypes, physical abuse (adjusted OR = 4.077, 95%CI = 1.593-10.505) and emotional neglect (adjusted OR = 2.179, 95%CI = 1.059-4.481) were independent risk factors of suicide attempts. The association remained significant in females but not males, while no interactions between sex and childhood maltreatment were found., Conclusions: Childhood maltreatment was prevalent in Chinese middle school students and closely associated with the incidence of suicide attempts, which provided valuable evidence for suicide prevention., Competing Interests: Competing interest There is no conflict of interest for all authors., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

To 1) determine the prevalence and types of disrespectful maternity care witnessed by students; 2) describe students' perceptions of respectful maternity care and associated factors; and 3) investigate whether witnessing disrespectful care influences their perceptions of respectful maternity care. Limited evidence exists about nursing and midwifery students' perceptions of respectful maternity care and prevalence of disrespectful maternity care in China. Understanding students' perceptions can inform pre-registration curricula and clinical practice programs, promoting the implementation of respectful maternity care. An exploratory national online survey was conducted. Data were analysed using bivariate analysis and multi-factor analysis of variance. Among 733 students, positive perceptions towards respectful maternity care were common. Approximately one-fifth witnessed disrespect, with physical violence, lack of communication and untimely care most frequently reported. A better understanding of respectful maternity care was associated with female students of Han ethnicity, majoring in midwifery, undertaking a longer internship/practicum and reporting fewer instances of observed disrespect. Although students reported positive perceptions of respectful maternity care, inadequate understanding was evident. Incorporating relevant content about respectful care into the curriculum is suggested. Reducing students' exposure to disrespectful maternity care may ensure that certain forms of disrespect or abuse do not become normalized among students. This requires system-level efforts to create a safe and supportive working environment for maternity health providers. To promote respectful maternity care in China, system-level changes are warranted. Respectful maternity care needs to be essential content in pre-registration midwifery and nursing curricula. Encouraging students to identify poor practice and discuss good practice in a safe learning environment is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Recreational nitrogen oxide (N2O) abuse can cause nervous system damage. There was a sharp increase in the number of patients with neurological disorders associated with recreational N2O use in China, as recreational N2O use became popular in young people nationwide. Among cases with neurological disorders caused by N2O abuse, a few showed skin hyperpigmentation, which has rarely been reported. We explored the characteristics of hyperpigmentation in N2O abusers to draw the attention of clinicians to this rare cutaneous symptom related to N2O abuse. Methods: We retrospectively collected data of patients with neurological disorders related to recreational N2O abuse in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2014 to June 2019. Detailed clinical data were gathered from patients who manifested skin pigmentation, including the history of N2O abuse and characteristics of neurological lesions and skin pigmentation. Results: In total, 66 patients (average age: 22.7 ± 4.5 years, 36 males) with neurological disorders due to N2O abuse were included; four of them (17–23 years old, 1 male) manifested skin hyperpigmentation. The duration of N2O abuse of the four patients ranged from 2 to 24 months, and they all had peripheral neuropathy; the two patients also had subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. One patient exhibited significant hyperpigmentation throughout the body (trunk, limbs, and face), with no abnormalities in cortisol and other biochemical tests. One patient presented with punctuate pigmentation throughout the trunk. Two patients presented with finger skin pigmentation, especially in the distal phalanxes. Pigmentation after N2O use remitted slowly with vitamin B12 supplementation. Conclusion: Skin hyperpigmentation is a rare symptom in N2O abusers, which can distribute locally in hands or diffusely throughout the body. Therefore, attention should be paid to a history of N2O abuse and serum vitamin B12 level should be tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay theorizes the potential uses and limitations of describing a text as "viral." Literary texts are often described as viral when they serve as tools of self-expression for those who reproduce them: viral texts must therefore delete or suppress qualities that mark them as alien, and emphasize qualities that identify them with those who might repeat them. As they circulate, viruses span and connect social and intellectual lineages through rhizomatic motion, as described by Deleuze and Guattari. These concepts provide an occasion for a rereading of the contemporary circulation of the poetry of Gu Cheng 顾城, whose verse and biography have circulated widely and been intensively transformed in the past thirty years. The partial and mutated versions of his life and verse that circulate via film, television, print, calligraphy, and especially the Internet produce a shared fantasy of a "free" poet whose genius excludes him from social constraint, and who deserves and enjoys the limitless adoration of women. This fantasy is made circulable in part by suppressing the experience of his wife, Xie Ye 谢烨, whom he killed in 1993, a deletion whose marks are clearly visible in a historicized analysis of popular treatments of their story. On the strength of Deleuze and Guattari's argument that the rhizome cannot be encompassed but instead only extended through rupture, the essay then reads Xie Ye's prose compositions "Games" and "Your Name Is Little Mu'er," finding them to contain stories that can travel and concepts whose circulation may contribute to antipatriarchal goals. The piece concludes by arguing that the metaphor of the virus reveals the position of the scholar who reproduces texts for study, and that thinking through the virus implicates scholars in the ethics and pragmatics of spreading texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methamphetamine (MA) abuse continues in East Asia and shows an increasing trend among youths in South Korea, Japan, and China. Although the negative effects of MA abuse on youth are considered as significant problems, few studies have been conducted on the topic in these countries. This paper focuses on the effects of MA on the human body and current MA abuse among youths in South Korea, Japan, and China. To investigate the negative effects of MA on the human body, we searched the keywords "MA," "human," and "effect" for studies published from 2013 to 2017. MA activates the neurotransmitter system and the central nervous system, and when used at high dosage or for long term, MA can cause severe neurotoxicity and cardiovascular problems. Online networks contribute to MA abuse by sharing methods for preparing synthetic MA. Despite efforts to reduce MA abuse, social crimes associated with its abuse continue and numbers of illegal MA users are increasing steadily in Korea, Japan, and China. In young users, diverse factors associated with drug addiction, such as curiosity and peer effect, lead to MA abuse and its attendant personal and social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the views of Tibetan women who have experienced physical violence from male intimate partners. How they conceptualise abuse, their views on acceptable versus unacceptable hitting, and the acts besides hitting which they felt to be unacceptable or abusive, are explored. Views of survivors’ relatives/friends and men who have hit their wives are also included. Western-based domestic violence theory is shown to be incommensurate with abuse in particular socio-cultural settings. As feminist scholars emphasize listening deeply to voices of women in the global South, this article demonstrates how such listening might be undertaken when the views expressed by women diverge from feminism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, while strengthening intellectual property rights (IPR) protection, China has also explored means to regulate the abuse of IPRs. IPR protection in China is mainly based on the Anti-Monopoly Law (AML), in particular Article 55. Recent years have seen more and more judicial and administrative enforcement practices related to China's antimonopoly regulation on the abuse of IPRs. Provisions on the Prohibition of the Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights to Eliminate or Restrict Competition was released on April 7, 2015, and the draft of Antimonopoly Guidelines in Relation to the Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights was released for public comment in early 2017. It can be expected that China's antimonopoly guidelines on the regulation of abuses of IPRs will come out in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private prosecutions have been part and parcel of the law of Hong Kong for some time now. For example, in 1970, the Court of Appeal observed that '[t]here are, from time to time, private prosecutions brought for a variety of offences which adversely affect the rights or interests of private individuals or registered companies; institutions or organizations e.g. infringement of patent rights, trespass etc'. The 2013 Prosecution Code, which replaced the 2009 Statement of Prosecution Policy and Practice, states that '[u]nder the common law a person has the right to commence a criminal prosecution in the public interest.' Private prosecutions may be abused. This article analyses case law from courts in Hong Kong to demonstrate how magistrates have prevented the abuse of private prosecutions by refusing to issue private summons and how the Secretary of Justice or the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) has intervened in private prosecutions to, inter alia, prevent their abuse. Relying on legislation or case law from other countries, the author recommends ways through which the right to institute a private prosecution may be strengthened in Hong Kong. In particular, the author argues that there is no need for a prima facie case to institute a private prosecution; the requirement for the existence of direct evidence before a private prosecution is permitted to proceed is too restrictive and should be reconsidered; and the court's consent should be required before the DPP takes over a private prosecution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is a common mental disorder in Chinese adolescents. Identifying its risk factors will facilitate early prevention. As abuse is reported to be a great risk factor of depression, it is necessary to identify factors mediating the relation between abuse and depression., Objective: This study aims to investigate the association between abuse and depression by investigating the mediating role of academic stress, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety to offer insights for depression prevention., Participants and Setting: We investigated adolescents in urban and rural areas in Wansheng District of Chongqing city in China. This study included a total of 14,108 students from secondary and primary schools, among whom 7,086 were men (50.2%) and 7,022 were women (49.8%). The participants aged from 11 to 17 with an average age of 13.58 ( M = 13.58, SD = 1.86)., Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among the participants between October and December in 2020. The following questionnaires were adopted: DSM-5 Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents, DSM-5 Severity Measure for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, The International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse Screening Tool, DSM-5 Severity Measure for Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia), and Study Stress Scale., Results: The lifetime prevalence of abuse was high in Chinese adolescents. The direct effect value from abuse to depression was 0.05, the total mediating effect value was 0.14, and the overall effect value was 0.19. According to the mediating effect analysis, the direct and indirect effects from abuse to depression were significant, and the mediating effect accounted for 73.68% of the total effect, suggesting that 73.68% of the effects of abuse to depression are mediated by academic stress, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety., Conclusions: Academic stress, social anxiety and generalized anxiety play a chain multiple mediating role in the association between abuse and depression, which sheds light on the prevention of depression in the future., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhan, Li, Zheng, Yang and Luo.)

Multiple types of victimization or poly-victimization ( PV) can occur simultaneously during childhood, resulting in outcomes that are detrimental and difficult to reverse. Very few studies have focused on PV in Chinese adolescents. The present study is based on information collected from a stratified cluster sample of 1,561 females and 1,594 males aged 12-18 years living in Shandong Province, China. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess background information, the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire was used to measure the extent of victimization and PV, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders was used to measure anxiety levels, and a Depression Self-rating Scale for Children was used to ascertain depression. A majority of the study sample (66.2%) had experienced at least one form of victimization over the past year. Prevalence of PV was 16.9%, and was significantly higher among males (21.1%) than females (12.5%). Younger ages, one-child families, and lower socioeconomic status were positively associated with PV. Logistic regression analysis indicated that smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to pornography, and anxiety- and depression-like symptoms were risk factors of PV. Results of this study highlight the need for further exploration of factors related to the PV of Chinese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of dissociative disorders in a sample of Chinese psychiatric inpatients. Participants in the study were 569 consecutively admitted inpatients at Shanghai Mental Health Center, China, of whom 84.9% had a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia based on the Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders, Version 3. All participants completed a self-report measure of dissociation (the Dissociative Experiences Scale), and none had a prior diagnosis of a dissociative disorder. A total of 96 randomly selected participants were interviewed with a structured interview (the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule) and a clinical interview. These 96 patients did not differ significantly from the 473 patients who were not interviewed on any demographic measures or who did not complete the self-report dissociation measure. A total of 28 patients (15.3%, after weighting of the data) received a clinical diagnosis of a dissociative disorder based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.) criteria. Dissociative identity disorder was diagnosed in 2 patients (0.53%, after weighting). Compared to the patients without a dissociative disorder, patients with dissociative disorders were significantly more likely to report childhood abuse (57.1% vs. 22.1%), but the 2 groups did not differ significantly on any demographic measures. Dissociative disorders were readily identified in an inpatient psychiatric population in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To examine socio-demographic associations of transitions from alcohol use to disorders and of remission from disorders in metropolitan China. Design and setting Face-to-face interviewing by trained lay-interviewers on a multi-staged, clustered sample from the general population of Beijing and Shanghai, China. Participants A total of 5201 adults aged 18–70 years and with household registration. Measurements World Mental Health version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Findings Lifetime prevalence estimates for alcohol use, regular use (at least 12 drinks in a year), DSM-IV abuse and dependence with abuse were 65.4%, 39.5% (60.4% of ever-drinkers), 4.6% (11.6% of regular users) and 0.9% (20.4% of lifetime alcohol abusers), respectively. These estimates were higher among respondents from the recent cohort; 64.3% and 36.9% respondents with a history of lifetime abuse and dependence respectively had remitted. The number of socio-demographic associations for the onset of each transitional stage decreased from alcohol use to alcohol dependence. Onset of ever-use was more common in respondents who were male, 18–50 years of age, with middle education level and never married, but less common among the previously married and students. First onset of regular use among those with ever-use was more common in respondents who were male, less than 50 years of age and never married, but less common in students. Being male and less than 50 years of age was associated with more alcohol abusers among regular users. Conclusion This study was the first to reveal in a Chinese population that qualitatively different risk factors might operate during the different stages of progression from alcohol use to disorders. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these differences in order to guide prevention programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Western countries continually criticize developing countries, especially China, for a lack of effective protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs), the IPR abuses of developed countries in developing countries are also worth paying attention to. This article takes several representative cases that have occurred in recent years in China and discusses the IPR abuses in the licensing of technology standards from developed countries to developing countries. Under de facto standards, the IPR abuses of western enterprises are mainly conducted through blocking competitors by taking advantage of the status of controlling the standards. Under de jure standards, the most urgent antitrust concerns for developing countries are being charged an excessively high patent royalty and being refused independent licensing in practice by the western patent pools under the standards. In addition, this article also shows China's responses, such as improving its legal system to restrict IPR abuses and commonweal intellectual property litigation filed by IPR scholars. A brief analysis on categories of commonweal relative to IPR abuses is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug crime in China is on an overall rising trend. Major drug crime cases are becoming more common, the types of drugs being trafficked are more diverse, and the smuggling and trafficking of drugs into the country and the smuggling of precursor chemicals out of the country have formed a bidirectional cycle. Drug crimes in China have also begun to show a conspicuous trend of internationalization. China's main countermeasures against drug crimes have been to pass new laws and regulations against drugs, to increase the efforts to eradicate cultivation, to establish and expand "drug-free communities" pro- grams, and to strengthen international cooperation in antidrug campaigns. The existing problems demand prompt solutions, which include a shortage of funding and lack of accurate knowledge about prevalence of drug abuse and related data for scientifically studying the drug problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims This is the first part of the Second National Epidemiological Survey on Illicit Drug Use in six high-prevalence areas in China in 1996. The scale of illicit drug abuse and patterns of use in the survey areas were assessed. Design, setting and participants 67 319 registered permanent residents in the community and those who were at institutions at the point of the survey (15 years old and over, males 34 755, 51.6%; females 32 564, 48.4%) in selected areas in China were screened and interviewed by trained psychiatrists. Measurements Demographics and drug-related data were assessed using the Epidemiological Inventory for Illicit Drug Use developed by the authors. Illicit drugs in this study were defined as a group of psychoactive substances controlled by international and national laws, used for non-medical purposes, including opiate, cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), cannabis, hallucinogens, etc. Findings The lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use was 1.60% (male, 2.58%, female 0.57%), and 1-year prevalence was 1.17% (male 1.80%, female 0.48%). There were 67 cases who used a drug initially before 1952; no new cases of illicit drug use could then be found during the period of 1952-86. However, the number of new drug users in each year has been rising steadily since 1986. The majority of drugs used were opiates in which heroin dominated, although there was some variability among the six sites. The main routes of administration were inhalation and intravenous injection. More than half the users (59.1%) took drugs on seven occasions or less per week, and 15.8% users used drugs on 21 occasions or more per week. Conclusion Compared with the data from the 1993 survey, illicit drug use has continued to escalate across the areas, calling for priority concern in various sections of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-fluoro-deschloroketamine (FDCK) is a ketamine (KET) analog and new psychoactive substance that has appeared on the drug market in Europe and China in the past few years. The substance has been recently listed as a controlled drug by the narcotics control authority of China. In this work, FDCK and its metabolite nor-fluoro-deschloroketmaine (N-FDCK) in wastewater were analyzed for the first time to monitor FDCK abuse in a southern Chinese province that used to be a major producer and consumer of ketamine. For comparison, KET and its metabolite, nor-ketamine (N-KET) were monitored simultaneously. The concentration ratios between FDCK and N-FDCK were not statistically different from those of KET and N-KET. The average FDCK loads in the province in 2019 were higher than KET loads in most major cities in China in 2014 (when KET abuse hit its peak in the country). Rough estimation of FDCK and KET consumption revealed that FDCK was the predominant synthetic drug in the province in 2019, indicating rapid spread of the substance since its first appearance on the market. FDCK consumption decreased dramatically in 2020 and 2021, due to proactive actions by the local drug police before its listing as a controlled drug. Despite the dramatic decrease, FDCK was still the drug with greatest consumption by 2021, indicating that this substance persisted on the market even in the presence of forceful law enforcement. This finding also demonstrates that this substance may indeed have similar or even improved psychoactive effects relative to KET. Quick spread and persistence of FDCK demonstrated here indicates the urgent need to conduct wastewater-based monitoring of the abuse of the substance in other Chinese provinces and other countries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Better understanding of the causes and circumstances of maltreatment deaths of children is needed to prevent tragedy. The purpose of this article is to facilitate understanding of child maltreatment fatality review processes and their outcomes. A literature review was conducted through searches of the databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE and through citations in publications. Over 165 publications were reviewed and 55 were selected for inclusion. Papers were from the United States, England, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Netherlands, France, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, Japan, and China. These were included if they described fatality review goals, authority, procedures, and outcomes. Although we searched databases on a continual basis during the preparation of this review, we could have missed publications, particularly those in newspapers and journals that are not included in large-scale databases or cited in other articles. Improvement of fatality review requires diligence by individuals and organizations that provide information to the reviewers. Among challenges to the review process are varying criteria for review, misclassifications of the manner of death, inadequate or incomplete forensic and medical investigations, lack of information about the perpetrator, diversity of the community, concealment of the cause of death by parents or other caregivers, and disagreement among reviewers about the results of their inquiries. Institutional challenges are also present, which include the need for funding, privacy issues on obtaining information, updating reviewer training, lack of follow-up by institutional authorities on the recommendations of the reviews, and research facilitating the review of maltreatment fatalities.

• Using standardized tool to explore the childhood trauma in Chinese adolescents. • First divided psychotic experiences into bizarre experiences, perceptual abnormalities, persecutory ideation and magical thinking in China. • Further understand the relationship between childhood trauma and subgroups of psychotic-like experiences. Adolescents with childhood trauma may be associated with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and is at high risk for later development of psychoses. Exploring early age risk factors for childhood trauma may provide useful information for prevention of mental disorders and improvement of mental health, yet no studies have examined the association between exposure to specific forms of trauma and different types of PLEs in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Thus, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form was used to measure five types of childhood trauma (emotional abuse, EA; physical abuse, PA; sexual abuse, SA; emotional neglect, EA; physical neglect, PA) in junior middle school students. And the positive subscale of Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences divided into four types (bizarre experiences, perceptual abnormalities, persecutory ideation and magical thinking) was used to measure PLEs. Then the possible associations among demographic information and specific types of childhood trauma on specific forms of PLEs was compared. The rates of EA, PA, SA, EA and PA were 14.2%, 13.0%, 16.1%, 60.0%, and 78.6%, respectively. Moreover, childhood trauma seems to be a main role in the development of PLE, and EA and SA patients are particularly likely to experience PLEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the prevalence of maltreatment and the combined effect of maltreatment and frequency of positive parent-child interaction on psychosocial well-being in young children in China., Study Design: A retrospective study was conducted in 2016 in a representative sample of 20 324 children aged 3-4 years who were newly enrolled in kindergartens in Shanghai, China. All data were collected through online platforms. Parents reported the maltreatment history of their children and completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Chinese Parent-Child Interaction Scale., Results: The prevalence of parent-reported child maltreatment in Shanghai was 2.70% (95% CI, 2.38-3.05). A history of maltreatment increased the risk of total difficulties (aOR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.39-4.03) and prosocial problems (aOR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.37-3.91). A high frequency of positive parent-child interaction had a moderating effect on the correlation between maltreatment and prosocial problems., Conclusions: Maltreated children had an increased risk of developing psychosocial problems, particularly those with a low frequency of positive parent-child interactions. A higher frequency of positive parent-child interactions may be associated with fewer adverse outcomes in maltreated children., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Few studies have investigated how multiple childhood maltreatment experiences co-occur and influence personality disorder symptoms and criminal behaviors in Chinese population. Using a large sample of 1001 incarcerated Chinese males (M age  = 30.86 years), the current study identified profiles of self-reported childhood maltreatment experiences and examined their associations with Axis II personality disorder symptoms and criminal behaviors. Latent profile model was built on five types of maltreatment (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; emotional and physical neglect). Results showed high prevalence and co-occurrence of maltreatment, and revealed four profiles: Minimal Maltreatment (61.5%), Low Abuse and High Neglect (26.6%), High Sexual Abuse with Multiple Maltreatment (4%), and High Physical and Emotional Maltreatment (7.8%). Profiles with high neglect level showed higher Cluster A personality disorder symptoms as well as borderline, avoidant, and dependent symptoms than those with minimal maltreatment. The two profiles with moderate to high abuse level showed elevated symptoms in all clusters of personality disorder and higher prevalence of juvenile offense than the other two profiles. High Physical and Emotional Maltreatment profile also had higher prevalence of violent offending and recidivism. These findings revealed the importance and utility of identifying profiles of co-occurring maltreatment to tailor treatment based on specific maltreatment experiences and their co-occurrence to address negative outcomes associated with each maltreatment profile., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Heroin consumption in major cities across China was estimated for the first time via wastewater-based epidemiology. Influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected from 49 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 24 major cities that cover all the geographic regions of the country. Concentrations of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, and codeine were measured. Near complete removal of morphine by wastewater treatment processes was observed, whereas removal rates of codeine were slightly lower. Morphine loads were much higher than codeine loads at most WWTPs in China, a trend opposite to that in many European countries. In addition, morphine and codeine loads were strongly correlated at most WWTPs, indicating morphine and codeine in wastewater were predominantly from the same source, street heroin. At WWTPs in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, codeine loads were considerably higher than morphine loads, consistent with previous reports of codeine abuse (e.g., as cough syrup) among middle and high school students in Guangdong province. Heroin consumption was derived based on morphine loads and taking into account therapeutic use of morphine and codeine, as well as contribution of codeine and acetylcodeine in street heroin. Highest heroin consumption was observed in northwestern and southwestern China. The average heroin consumption of the sampled cities was 64.6±78.7mg/1000inh/d. The nation-wide average heroin consumption was much lower than that of methamphetamine, consistent with seizure data and numbers of registered heroin and methamphetamine users in China., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Childhood trauma is a major public health problem which has a long-term consequence, a few studies have examined the relationship between childhood trauma and clinical features of bipolar disorder, most in western culture, with no such studies done in Chinese culture., Methods: The CTQ-SF was administered to 132 Chinese patients with DSM-IV bipolar disorder. Participants also completed the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q), the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The CTQ-SF cut-off scores for exposure were used to calculate the prevalence of trauma. The relationship between childhood trauma and clinical features of bipolar disorder were examined., Results: The internal consistency of CTQ-SF was good (Cronbach׳s α=0.826) and four week test-retest reliability was high (r=0.755). 61.4% of this sample reported physical neglect (PN) in childhood, followed by emotional neglect (EN, 49.6%), sexual abuse (SA, 40.5%), emotional abuse (EA, 26.0%) and physical abuse (PA,13.1%). Significant negative correlations existed between age of onset and EA and EN score (r=-0.178~-0.183, p<0.05). Significant positive correlations were observed between EA, CTQ-SF total score and intrusion and hyper-arousal scores of IES-R (r=0.223~0.309, p<0.05). Similarly, significant positive correlations were found between EN, PN, CTQ-SF total and STAI score (r=0.222~0.425, p<0.05)., Limitations: Data on childhood trauma were derived from a retrospective self-report questionnaire without independent corroboration. A number of potential patients (more severe or chronic patients) was excluded because they were either refused to participate or inappropriate to participate in research., Conclusions: Significant number of subjects in patients with BD reported experience of childhood abuse and neglect. Exposure to childhood trauma is associated with age of onset of illness, co morbid PTSD and anxiety symptoms. To study the pathogenesis of childhood trauma on bipolar disorder and explanation the interaction between childhood trauma and susceptibility genes are proposed., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Childhood trauma is a major public health problem which has an impact on personality development, yet no studies have examined the association between exposure to trauma and personality in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Four hundred eighty-five students completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). The CTQ-SF cut-off scores for exposure were used to calculate the prevalence of trauma. The possible associations between specific types of trauma and the EPQ subscale scores were examined. The rates of emotional abuse (EA), physical abuse (PA), sexual abuse (SA), emotional neglect (EN), and physical neglect (PN) were 18.76%, 11.13%, 27.01%, 49.48%, and 68.66%, respectively. Individuals subjected to EA, PA, and SA had significantly higher neuroticism (EPQ-N) and psychoticism (EPQ-P) scores on the EPQ compared with those who had not experienced EA, PA, or SA (all p values<0.05). Significant positive correlations existed between CTQ-SF subscale scores for EA, SA, CTQ-SF total scores, and EPQ-N, EPQ-P scores (all p values<0.05). Significant number of subjects in this adolescent sample reported experience of childhood abuse and neglect. Exposure to childhood trauma is associated with personality development in Chinese adolescents., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)