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Organotin compounds (OTs) accumulate in fish easily, however, research on their influencing factors is still limited. This study collected 25 species of fish with different diets, habitats, and age from the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), the largest deep-water river channel-type reservoir in China, and analyzed the accumulation characteristics of OTs in these fish. The results showed that tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT) were the dominant OTs in fish from the TGR. The correlation between OTs concentration and age, body length, and body weight varied with fish species. The concentrations of TBT and TPhT in carnivorous fish (mean, 25.78 and 11.69 ng Sn/g dw, respectively) were higher than those in other diet fish (P<0.01), but there was no significant difference in fish at different habitat water layers (P>0.05). In addition, the degradation rates of TBT and TPhT in different fish species were all below 50%. In summary, the accumulation of TBT and TPhT in fish is mainly influenced by diet, and both TBT and TPhT were difficult to degrade in fish. These results reveal the pollution characteristics of OTs in fish from the TGR, and can improve our understanding of the factors influencing TBT and TPhT accumulation in freshwater fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water quality security of the Three Gorges Reservoir during different operating periods has been a subject of recent concern. This study is the first to report the spatiotemporal variability of organotins (OTs) in surface water under dynamic water level conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR). TGRR surface water was collected during three monitoring campaigns to analyze butyltins (BTs) and phenyltins (PTs) using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry system. Our results showed that TGRR surface water was polluted by BTs and PTs, with mono-OTs being the dominant species. A wide range of BTs and PTs concentrations was observed across the study area, but tributyltin (TBT) displayed extensive spatial distribution, and the highest concentrations consistently occurred in the downstream region of the TGRR study area, with a maximum of 393.35 ng Sn/L in Zigui (S27). The total OTs contamination level decreased over time. The diphenyltin concentration exhibited significant seasonal variation, while other OTs showed seasonal changes only during two monitoring campaigns, with the exception of dibutyltin. An ecological risk assessment indicated that both TBT and triphenyltin posed risks to aquatic organisms in TGRR surface water. We urgently recommend continuous monitoring and further measures to prevent and control OTs pollution in the TGRR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triphenyltin (TPhT) and tributyltin (TBT) remain widely present in various aquatic environments despite restrictions on their use in many countries for many years. The biomagnification of these compounds in the aquatic food web remains controversial. This study reports the bioaccumulation of TPhT and TBT in aquatic animals in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), a deep-water river channel-type reservoir and the largest reservoir in China. We measured TPhT, TBT and their metabolites in 2 invertebrates, 27 fish and the aquatic environment. The logarithmic bioaccumulation factors of TPhT and TBT were 4.37 and 3.77, respectively, indicating that TPhT and TBT were enriched in organisms of the TGR. Both TPhT and TBT concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with trophic level, with trophic magnification factors of 3.71 and 3.63, respectively, indicating that TPhT and TBT exhibited similar trophic enrichment in the freshwater food web of the TGR. The results of health risk assessment showed that although all hazard index (HI) values were <1, more attention should be paid to the health risk to children associated with consumption of aquatic products (HI = 0.67). This study provides powerful evidence of trophic enrichment of TPhT and TBT in a freshwater food web in a deep-water river channel-type reservoir and provides valuable data regarding organotins in aquatic animals in the TGR., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, considerable amounts of organotin compounds have entered the environment due to the wide industrial applications in China. Organotins were found in various environmental media. An overview of organotin contamination and distribution in China from various environmental samples, including waters and sediments, is presented to better understand the current state of organotin pollution in China and to improve environmental monitoring and management of organotin contamination. Exposure to organotin contaminated water and sediments induces accumulation of organotins in molluscs and biological effects such as imposex. Potential harmful effects on human health may also result from consumption of contaminated seafoods. Detailed information on distribution, impacts and assessment of risk to human health and marine ecosystems is discussed and monitoring of TBT using biomarkers is described. This review highlights the serious organotin contamination of coastal cities in China and emphasizes the need for long-term monitoring and the development of an effective regulatory program. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In 2006, organotins pollution were investigated in the coastal environment of Xiamen, China. Six species of organotin compounds including tributyltin, triphenyltin and their degradation compounds were quantified in the dissolved and particulate phases of the water, and in the sediment using GC-FPD. The concentrations of organotin compounds ranged from 2.2 to 160ng (Sn) L−1 dissolved in the water, 0.14–6.7ng (Sn) L−1 in suspended particulate matter and nd∼26ng (Sn) g−1 (dry weight) in the sediment. The highest concentration of total organotin or tributyltin in water was found in a shipyard and at a station near the inlet of the harbor, indicating fresh inputs of antifouling paints to Xiamen’s coastal environment. Organotin speciation was performed on sediment cores to investigate contamination trends over the past ten years in the harbor. The results of 210Pb dating indicated that Xiamen western harbor suffered contamination during 2000. The environmental behavior of organotins such as the enhancement of the microlayer, partitioning between water/suspended particulate matter and between water/sediment are also discussed in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As a part of the pilot study on “Freshwater Mussel Watch”, butyltin (monobutyltin, MBT; dibutyltin, DB; tributyltin, TBT), and phenyltins (monophenyltin, MPT; diphenyltin DPT; triphenyltin TPT) were analyzed in soft tissues of 15 bivalve mussels Anodonta woodiana sampled from five separate sites (Huzhou, Xueyan, Dapu, Sansandao, and Wulihu) around the Taihu Lake of China in 2004. The residue of total butyltins and total phenyltins in the all mussels ranged 142–1693 and 3.0–90 ng Sn g−1 dry weight, respectively. Except for the mussels from Xueyan, DBT and MBT accounted more than 60% of total butyltins in those from other four sites. In contrast, TPT were usually almost 100% of the mussels studied. The present study provides most recent information about the organotin contamination in the Taihu Lake, and suggests Anodonta woodiana can be used as a suitable bioindicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organotins, especially tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT), are of particular concern due to their ubiquity in the aquatic environment and their toxicity to aquatic organisms. This study reports field studies on trophic magnification factors (TMF) of TBT and TPT in a marine food web. TBT, TPT, and their metabolites in plankton, five benthic invertebrate species, and six fish species collected from Bohai Bay, North China were determined, and it was found that the concentrations of TPT in marine fish were unexpectedly higher than those of TBT. A positive relationship was found between trophic levels and concentrations of TPT, indicating trophic magnification of TPT in this food web. The TMF of TPT was calculated to be 3.70. On the other hand, concentrations of TBT, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) did not exhibit statistically significant trends with trophic levels, and the TMF of TBT was 0.59. Analysis of organotins in the water and surface sediment from Bohai Bay revealed low inputs of TPT to the environment, which indicated that the high concentrations of TPT found in fish from Bohai Bay were due to the food web magnification of TPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which examined the level of butyltins and monphenyltin in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Yangtze River in China. Solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used in the study combined with ethylation by tetraethylborate. Water samples were collected at 12 monitoring stations in the region. No organotins were found in Qingxichang, Lianerqi, Xiayanshi and Daninghe. Monophenyl trichloride (MPT) was found in Mishiquan, Baidicheng, Wuxiakou and Baqian. Monobutyltin trichloride, dibutyl dichloride and MPT were found in Wanglongmen and Xiangxihe. The study concluded that Wanglongmen and Xiangxihe are the two hotspots for organotin contamination in the region.

This article presents a study which discusses various issues related to tributyltin compounds distribution in the coastal waters of Bohai Bay, China. Tributyltin is one of the most toxic chemicals to the aquatic organisms. Bohai Bay is a large, semi-enclosed shallow water basin located along the western region of the Bohai sea in the northeastern part of China. While it has been suffered from growing pollution in its coastal areas for the last few decades, which led to the disappearance of many species, no knowledge about the occurrence of butyltin compounds in Bohai Bay is available. The results of the study enable identification of areas that may contain hazardous concentrations.

The article presents a study conducted in China of the relationship of the quantitative structure and activity of the toxicity of organotin compounds in algae. According to the results of the few studies published, the critical controlling factors of the toxicity of organotins are still a contention. Several parameters were used in the study including electronic parameters and lipophilic parameters. The results showed that lipophilic parameters always had better correlation with the toxicity for the unitary sustituent series than that for the mixed substituent series.

In order to recognize organic contaminants responsible for ecological stresses from intensive shipping traffic and dockyard works, this study aimed at characterizing the sediment contamination of a large industrialized port located in Hainan Island, China. Surface sediment samples were collected from 17 stations including the main docks, the dockyards and the major industrial wastewater outlets. Organotin compounds, the pesticide DDT (bis(chlorophenyl)trichloroethane) and its metabolites and polycyclic aromatic compounds were identified as main pollutant groups by GC/MS applying a non-target screening approach. The pesticide DDT and its metabolites were found in the same samples as the organotin derivatives pointing to similar emission sources. The concurrent presence of these compounds in the dockyard samples suggests a combined usage of organotin compounds and DDT as active ingredients in antifouling paints in Yangpu. As highly specific molecular indicators for dockyard activities, butyltin and phenyltin compounds were identified. Noteworthy, also tributylmethyltin and triphenylmethyltin were detected, likely resulting from microbial assisted biomethylation of synthetic organotin compounds in the sediments. The concentrations of PAHs, DDX and TBT in sediments from dockyards exceeded global sediment quality guidelines and the toxicity thresholds, and potentially have adverse biological effects on marine organisms. • Intensive shipping traffic and dockyard works discharge pollution in China. • Butyltin and phenyltin derivatives are highly specific molecular indicators. • DDX and PAHs are indicators of minor significance. • A clear impact on benthic ecosystems is evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]