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Subduction zone magmatism is a major control of volcanism, the generation of modern continental crust and the formation of economically important porphyry Cu–(Mo–Au) deposits. Reading the magmatic record of individual arc segments and constraining the rates of magmatic changes are critical in order to fully understand and quantify the processes that drive magma evolution in subduction settings during arc growth. This study focuses on the San Francisco Batholith and the Rio Blanco-Los Bronces porphyry deposit cluster in central Chile, which provides an igneous rock record over ~13.5 Myr of arc evolution. We use whole-rock geochemistry, zircon geochronology and Hf isotope geochemistry to track changes in the crustal magmatic system of this arc segment during crustal thickening and porphyry Cu deposit formation. By combining the analytical dataset with Monte Carlo fractional crystallisation and assimilation fractional crystallisation modelling, we test a model for significant crustal involvement during magma evolution. Systematic and continuous increases in Dy/Yb, La/Yb, V/Sc and Sr/Y in the magmas over time indicate a transition in the main fractionation assemblage from plagioclase-dominated to amphibole-dominated that reflects deeper crystallisation and/or a higher meltwater content. Concomitant decreases in εHf and Th/La as well as increasing Ba/Th are best explained by assimilation of progressively deeper crustal lithologies from low (Chilenia) to high Ba/Th (Cuyania) basement terranes. Our study highlights that an increasingly hydrous magma and a deepening locus of crustal magma differentiation and assimilation, driven by crustal thickening contemporaneous with increased tectonic convergence and ingression of the aseismic Juan Fernandez ridge, can account for all investigated aspects of the multi-Myr magmatic evolution leading up to the formation of the Rio Blanco-Los Bronces porphyry Cu deposits. Our findings corroborate the importance of high-pressure differentiation of hydrous magma for the formation of Andean-style porphyry deposits. Once magmas favourable for porphyry Cu mineralisation were generated in the lower crust, multiple episodes of efficient magma migration into the upper crust fed several, discrete, shallow magmatic-hydrothermal systems over ~3.5 Myr to form the world's largest known Cu resource at Rio Blanco-Los Bronces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pampean flat slab in central Chile and Argentina is characterized by the inland migration and subsequent cessation of arc volcanism since the mid‐Miocene. Slab flattening also affects the distribution and number of intermediate‐depth earthquakes and the evolution of the overlying continental thermal structure. In this study, we combine thermal‐mechanical models with petrological models to examine temporal changes in pressure, temperature, and composition during flat‐slab subduction and estimate water carrying capacity, predicted melt distributions and predicted changes in melt composition. Model results indicate that the present‐day flattened Nazca plate carries water to ∼700 km inland from the trench and could cause flux melting if the material above the slab remains fertile. Observed slab seismicity matches areas where hydrated materials have ∼>3 wt% H2O in the oceanic crust and mantle lithosphere. Seismicity increases as slab water carrying capacity decreases (slab dehydration). As P‐T conditions and compositions of the rock trapped above the slab change during slab flattening, flux melting switches from a peridotite‐dominated early phase to a combined mid‐ocean ridge basalt/eclogite and peridotite melting at ∼8 Ma. The results provide broad consistency with known earthquake distributions, seismic velocities, and observed temporal and spatial changes in volcanic patterns above the Pampean flat slab and point toward the role of melt depletion in the decrease and ultimate cessation of arc volcanism in this region. Key Points: We estimate the water carrying capacities, melt distributions, and composition during the Pampean flat‐slab subductionThe predicted hydrated areas match the observed slab seismicity in the Pampean regionFlux melting above the flat slab is predicted to migrate inland, providing constraints on the causes of the spatiotemporal changes in magmatism [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porphyry copper ore‐forming intrusions are distinguished from barren arc magmas by high oxidation state and "adakitic" high Sr/Y and La/Yb. Controversy over petrogenesis of adakites has centered on ambiguities in interpretation of their steep rare earth element (REE) patterns, and on whether garnet participates in their petrogenesis. Lambda (λ) coefficients deconvolute subtle differences in REE pattern curvature, providing a more quantitative method to explore mineral fractionation processes. Here, we use trace element and numerical λ coefficient modeling to assess the relative influence of amphibole, garnet, and plagioclase in the petrogenesis of porphyry ore‐forming intrusions. We find that garnet‐fractionation trends are not evident in REE patterns of many adakitic porphyry‐forming intrusions. Instead, porphyry‐forming intrusions in the western Pacific and Eocene porphyry‐forming intrusions in northern Chile have REE patterns consistent with a garnet‐free, amphibole‐dominated cumulate. Traditional element ratios such at Dy/Dy*, LaN/YbN, and DyN/YbN are poor discriminants for garnet or amphibole fractionation. Plain Language Summary: Copper is a crucial metal for electrification and emission‐free energy generation. Copper is primarily sourced from active and extinct volcanic mountain chains. The minerals forming in the root zones of these volcanoes are crucial for ore formation processes, but identification of the exact minerals involved in these processes is still debated. We use a novel method of detecting small variations in the chemical signature of the rare earth elements, combined with numerical modeling of mineral crystallization to distinguish the participation of two minerals, garnet and amphibole. We show that amphibole is ubiquitous whereas garnet only occurs in some deposits. Therefore, garnet fractionation is not necessary for copper deposit formation as has been previously suggested. Key Points: Analysis of rare earth element pattern curvature distinguishes between amphibole and garnet fractionation better than element ratios like Dy/Yb or Dy/Dy*Polybaric differentiation or plagioclase fractionation is unlikely to overprint a pre‐existing garnet signatureWe find that garnet fractionation is not necessary for porphyry copper deposit formation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southern Chile subduction zone is a complex tectonic environment, where the Chile Ridge, the Nazca (NZ) and Antarctic (AN) plates subduct underneath the South American (SA) plate. The intersection between the NZ, AN and SA plates is referred to as the Chile Triple Junction (CTJ). In this region, a gap, often referred to as a slab window, has been formed between the NZ and AN slabs due to the divergence in their plate motion velocities, with volcanoes existing mainly above the subducted NZ and AN plates. In this study, we constructed a three-dimensional thermomechanical model associated with simultaneous subduction of the NZ and AN plates near the CTJ. The results show that the current temperature distributions on the upper surface of the slabs are higher closer to the Chile Ridge, and the AN plate has a distribution of elevated temperatures relative to the NZ plate at the same depth due to the northward migration of the CTJ and the slower convergence rate of the AN plate. Moreover, we calculated the water content and dehydration gradient from the temperature distribution near the upper surface of the slab and discussed their relationship to the distribution of volcanoes. In the northern part of the model domain, high dehydration gradients were obtained below the volcanic chain. Therefore, we suggest that the water released from the slab and the mantle wedge decreased the melting point of the mantle wedge just above the slab and produced melts, which may have contributed to form the overlying volcanoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mesozoic magnetite-(apatite) deposits of the Coastal Cordillera of Chile are interpreted as the product of the crystallization of oxidized iron-rich melts and subsequent hydrothermal alteration produced by related magmatic-hydrothermal systems. These deposits form a regional-scale mineral system controlled by the Atacama Fault System and where the mineralization spans more than 10 km in vertical extent. Individual sub-vertical bodies of massive magnetite coexist with and evolve vertically into pegmatite-, breccia-, and vein-like apatite-actinolite-magnetite/ilmenite rock. The mineralization is always hosted by a hydrothermal aureole of alkali-calcic-iron alteration that includes stockwork-like to disseminated mineralization. The deposits cluster in two groups. Those located in the northern part are mostly vein-like, and are hosted by Jurassic diorite. They have 87Sr/86Sri and εNdi values of 0.7042–0.7062 and + 5.1 to + 7.2, respectively. The southern group includes shallowly emplaced ore lenses in broadly coeval (sub-)volcanic intermediate rocks. They show similar 87Sr/86Sri signatures (0.7033–0.7065, with one value up to 0.7097) and more variable εNdi values (+ 3.9 to + 8.6). As a whole, the Sr-Nd data do not seem to be influenced by the type of crust intruded, but rather, likely track the mixing between a MORB-like reservoir and another source with elevated 87Sr/86Sri (≥ 0.706). The genetic model proposed involves the dehydration of variably altered subducted oceanic crust, the interaction of fluids released from the mantle wedge, the separation of iron-rich melts, and their ascent along transcrustal faults. The broadly coeval intermediate host rocks show a lesser contribution of subducted crust, something that perhaps excludes a genetic relationship between these rocks and the magnetite-(apatite) mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subduction zones are complex geodynamic settings in which volcanic arcs form due to the interaction between subducting slabs, water, and continental materials. Investigating this extensive Earth recycling system offers valuable insights into the exchange of materials between the crust and mantle. While previous research has primarily focused on analyzing polygenetic volcanoes to explore this interaction, monogenetic volcanic fields (MVF) present an opportunity to delve into the mechanisms operating within the upper and lower mantle. Monogenetic volcanoes are a class of volcanoes that are typically smaller in size but showcase a range of eruptive styles and compositions. These volcanoes can be found in various locations along the arc, including the main Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) (arc-front volcanoes), and even far from the tectonic plate boundaries in the back-arc region (intraplate volcanism). We carried out a detailed geochemical study of El Negrillar (EN) MVF, located in the Central Andes main-arc, on the Altiplano-Puna Plateau's southwestern border. The volcanic field has 35 eruptive centers and a total of 86 eruptive phases originating from its three clusters: Northern, Central, and Southern. EN magmas range in composition from basaltic andesite to dacite and have produced over 6.8 km3 (DRE) of lava and pyroclastic material, which makes it the most voluminous volcanic field in the Central Andes, and therefore, an excellent example to study MVF in arc-systems. We have conducted an extensive study encompassing major and trace elements, as well as isotopic analysis using whole rock Sr-Nd-Pb. We also present an analysis of our results with available geochemical data from the back-arc and main-arc volcanoes, including other monogenetic volcanoes near EN (<80 km, EN's neighbors). The results revealed that EN magmas and their neighbors are strongly related and exhibit a clear similarity in major and trace element compositions and isotopic ratios, indicating a common source and origin of their melts. Our comparison across the arc surprisingly reveals similarities between EN and back-arc monogenetic volcanism. Both regions indicate geochemical signatures that do not support melting via slab metasomatism, typical of subduction zones. Instead, they show low Th/Ce (<0.1 ppm) and Ba/La (<30 ppm) and high Ce/Pb (>6 ppm), Ba/Th (>100 ppm), high 143Nd/144Nd > 0.51240, and La/Yb ratios at a given La/Sm compared to the main-arc polygenetic volcanoes. Interestingly, EN also exhibits adakite-like signatures with increasing SiO 2 content (high Sr > 600 ppm, Sr/Y > 40, and high La/Yb > 20), a term used for igneous rock suites with chemical characteristics that are identical to those of adakites but produced through petrogenetic processes that do not include a slab component. We explore how fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation participate in the development of monogenetic volcanoes, and our findings underscore the significant influence of fractional crystallization on the monogenetic volcanic processes in the Salar de Atacama region. The geochemical changes observed in this area can be attributed to a combination of varying degrees of fractional crystallization within magmas generated through the partial melting of a garnet-enriched environment, which could be primary lower crust or partial melting of a peridotite mantle that has later equilibrated with garnet-bearing crustal melts. • El Negrillar (EN) exhibits adakite-like signatures indicating a garnet-rich source. • The EN and Salar de Atacama monogenetic volcanoes share a similar genesis. • Geochemical similarities between EN and back-arc volcanism suggest a common source. • The key role of fractional crystallization vs. assimilation in monogenetic systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present-day North Chilean Coastal Cordillera between 18°30′S and 22°S records an important part of the magmatic evolution of the Central Andes during the Jurassic. Calc-alkaline to subordinate tholeiitic members from four rock groups with biostratigraphically constrained age display incompatible element pattern characteristic of convergent plate-margin volcanism, whereas alkaline basalts of one group occurring in the Precordillera show OIB-type trace element signatures. The correlation of biostratigraphic ages, regional distribution, and composition of the volcanic rocks provides a basis for the discussion on geochemical evolution and isotope ratios. Major and trace element distributions of the volcanic rocks indicate their derivation from mantle-derived melts. LILE and LREE enrichments in calc-alkaline basaltic andesites to dacites and some of the tholeiites hint at the involvement of hydrous fluids during melting and mobile element transport processes. A part of the Early Bajocian to ?Lower Jurassic and Oxfordian andesites and dacites are adakite-like rocks with a substantial participation of slab melt and are characterized by high Sr/Y ratios and low HREE contents. The Middle Jurassic tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts and basaltic andesites have been transported and partly stored within a system of deep-seated feeder fissures and crustal strike-slip faults before eruption. The isotopic composition of Sr (87Sr/86Sr i =0.7032–0.7056) and Nd of the Jurassic volcanic rocks mostly fall in the range characteristic for mantle melts although some crustal components may have been involved. A few samples show slightly more radiogenic Sr isotopic composition, which is probably due to interaction with ancient sea-water. The Pb isotopic composition of the arc rocks is uncoupled from the isotopic composition of Sr and Nd and is dominated by the crustal component. Since the Cretaceous and Modern arc volcanic rocks show Pb isotopic compositions that can be largely explained by in situ Pb isotope growth of Jurassic arc volcanic rocks, we argue that the various Andean arc systems between 18°30′S and 22°S formed on the same type of basement. Most of the investigated samples have high Ba, Zr, and Th concentrations compared to island arc mafic volcanic rocks. About 20% of the Jurassic arc volcanics comprise of dacitic to rhyolitic rocks. These characteristics combined with the Pb isotopic composition that shows the influence of a Palaeozoic (or partly older) basement point to a continental margin setting for the North Chilean Jurassic arc. The distribution of the magmatic rocks throughout time, their textures, and the character of intercalated sedimentary rocks reflect westward movement of the magma sources and of the arc/back-arc boundary relative to the current coast line during the Early Bajocian on a broad front between 19°30′ and 21°S. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]