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The present research aimed to analyze the perception of high school students about the characteristics of a good teacher. The educational process refers essentially to a teacher-student relationship that unfolds in the classroom space, with the idea of generating more and better learning. In methodological terms, the study was based on the interpretive-comprehensive paradigm, through a qualitative methodology, which makes it a case study. The data were collected through four focus groups and four in-depth interviews conducted with secondary school students from a public high school in the province of Talca, Maule region, Chile. The results show the relevance of the handling of disciplinary content by teachers, as well as the pedagogical domain of teaching. On the other hand, it is evident from this study that good teachers are the ones who motivate students to learn, who show an understanding attitude with their learning, and generate a strong affective-emotional bond that transcends the classroom and connects with their lives. Among the limitations presented by the study is the need to increase the size of the sample, an issue that would allow a more comprehensive perspective on teaching. Regarding projections, the study provides useful background for comparison with research in different international contexts.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, regions were affected by a combination of economic crises: weak demand and constrained supply. Several studies have sought to analyse the heterogeneous effects of supply and demand shocks on the labour market, economic growth, and the environment. This study has a different focus, estimating both direct and indirect effects of demand and supply shocks adopted during the pandemic in Brazil and Chile. Afterwards, the paper compares the degree of regional absorption (leakage) of income resulting from each of these shocks, applying an interregional input–output model for each country. The results of this study show that income absorption by the poorest regions is relatively greater in the case of a supply shock. It can be said, therefore, that this type of shock improves the retention of income generated in the poorest regions, favouring the development of these localities and the reduction in regional inequalities. The main reason for this result is that supply policies have restricted essential sectors to a lesser extent, and these sectors are generally less concentrated in large urban centres in both Brazil and Chile. In other words, much of the interregional leakage is driven by the demand for non-essential products, mainly in the richest urban economy centres. Finally, the geographical dimension of regional inequalities leads to the economic benefit of prosperous areas in the country when shocks occur in vulnerable regions, highlighting the centre–periphery pattern in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification and tracking of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in the general population are essential components of the global strategy to limit the COVID-19 viral spread, specifically for maintaining traceability and suppressing the resurgence of local outbreaks. Public health programs that include continuous RT-qPCR testing for COVID-19 in the general population, viral sequencing, and genomic surveillance for highly contagious forms of the virus have allowed for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 infections and reinfections. This work identified SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a homeless person, which occurred 58 days after the first COVID-19 diagnosis. Genomic sequencing identified a different Nextstrain classification clade (20A and 20B) and PANGO lineage, with a divergence of 4 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in S and ORF1ab genes, suggesting reinfection by different viral variants. This study is the first from the great metropolitan area of Santiago, Chile, one of the top ten countries in the world to live during the COVID-19 pandemic. We support the importance of performing intensive genomic surveillance programs in the whole population and high-risk groups, such as homeless people, nearly 20 thousand people in Chile, and have limited access to health care services and poor viral traceability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports on the first isolation of Tenacibaculum maritimum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in Chile. In March 2020, two cages raising rainbow trout (~250 g) in the Los Lagos Region suffered a disease outbreak. In total, 17,554 fish died (3.5%–4.8% accumulated mortality). Microbiological analysis of the diseased fish obtained two representative isolates (i.e. Tm‐035 and Tm‐036). These were obtained from the external gross skin lesions—typical of tenacibaculosis—of two fish. Phenotyping, PCR tests and sequencing of the 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes confirmed the isolates as T. maritimum. The pathogenic potential of Tm‐035 was further assessed by bath challenging Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), which killed 70 ± 15% of fish within 11 days. Dead fish presented the same external clinical signs as did the farmed rainbow trout specimens. This research further broadens the known host distribution of this pathogen. Furthermore, the virulence experiments demonstrated that T. maritimum does not have a specific host. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the risk of T. maritimum for the O. mykiss farming industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ibero-Americana de Estudos em Educação is the property of Jose Luis Bizelli, editor of Revista Ibero-Americana de Estudos em Educacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to analyze how fuel prices impact spatial price transmission between two Chilean horticultural wholesale markets. We implement a regime-dependent VECM where price transmission parameters depend on dynamics imposed by a stationary exogenous variable (fuel price). We identified two price transmission regimes characterized by different equilibrium relationships and short-run adjustment processes. This implies that fuel prices affect price transmission elasticities and intermarket adjustment speeds. Our results show increasing marketing costs as farm to market distance grows. This impact depends on each product's attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study developed and tested a mediation model that accounts for the procedural justice in the relationship between the perception of job insecurity and affect. We used a sample of 681 workers, from four private enterprises in the retail industry in Chile, who survived an organizational downsizing process. The hypotheses were tested by using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicated that the perception of job insecurity and employees' negative affects was partially mediated by procedural justice. However, the relationship between job insecurity and employees' positive affects was totally mediated by procedural justice. Therefore, such results suggest that it is important during a downsizing process for companies to implement actions to enhance job security in order to develop adequate affect among survivors. Furthermore, it is also seemingly crucial that justice should be an important issue in the downsizing process, and that the company should develop actions that reflect the perception of procedural justice throughout the process. Thus, this research provides evidence that it is useful to simultaneously consider procedural justice and stress reactions in a downsizing process, since neither are independent variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the design philosophy, operational implementation, and future development of the Integrated Tsunami Forecast and Warning System (henceforth SIPAT, by its acronym in Spanish), a complete Decision Support System of the National Tsunami Warning System of Chile. SIPAT provides a detailed tsunami hazard assessment rapidly once a seismic event occurs, discriminating between four hazard levels and providing a spatial discretization of the hazard along Continental, Insular, and Antarctic Chile. SIPAT delivers its assessment in less than 20 s, well below the five min threshold considered by the existing protocols, thereby allowing consecutive evaluations if they are considered necessary by the operators. SIPAT was initially developed under the framework of the Japan-Chile Research Project on Enhancement of Technology to Develop Tsunami Resilient Community, sponsored by SATREPS program by Japan Science and Technology Agency, and it continued development under the sponsorship of the National Council of Science and Technology of Chile. It became operational in SNAM in May 2016, and it was officially used for the first time on December 25, 2016 for the Quellón Event (Mw7.6), with successful results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile commodity prices have become commonplace in the world economy. Although is widely accepted that commodity‐rich countries are affected by this phenomenon, information about how commodity price shocks impacts their regional economies is scarce. This work analyses how shocks in copper prices impact the economies of the major copper‐producing regions in a developing country, such as Chile. To achieve this goal, a two‐step method is implemented. First, we estimate long‐term copper prices using the Wets and Rios approach (2015) and these estimates are then contrasted with those forecast by the Chilean public advisory committee. Second, a general equilibrium model is implemented to simulate the effects of both expansive and restrictive copper price cycles within major producing regions in Chile. Our results show that the proposed approach yields more homogeneous price projections than those made by the Chilean Government, which, in turn, are very close to variations in response to negative shocks. The price simulations confirm that price cycles affect the savings of government and business, which directly dampens regional production, mainly via investment, capital mobilisation and diversification of production. Because of this, fiscal revenues generated by copper sales act as a trade cycle term multiplier in regional economies. Overall, within copper‐producing regions, we suggest implementing long‐term policies to improve profit distribution efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• PV, wind power and battery system sizes to steadily generate 1 MWh are estimated. • The study relies on ERA5 global reanalysis data. • The system size estimation is performed for all possible locations in Chile. • Even in regions with high renewable potential, hybrid system requirements are high. • Demand response serves to considerably reduce installation capacity requirements. Chile has an immense renewable energy potential but its integration into the energy system constitutes a major challenge. The country has a complex topography that is expressed by a divided national grid with almost isolated subsystems and wide differences in the availability of renewable energy resources. The present study aims at evaluating the potentials of combining solar power, wind power and storage systems to provide steady loads already from the generation source. The analysis relies on an optimization model to size hybrid renewable energy systems and 10 years of weather data from the brand new ERA5 global reanalysis. Multiple scenarios are calculated and intercompared for all possible locations across the country. These scenarios include system sizing considering hourly weather data for the period 2008–2017 and for one year without major weather extreme events. In both analyses, the results are calculated for systems that generate 1 MWh of electricity at every time step and systems that have certain intraday flexibility. Results show that the necessary generation and storage capacities to provide a steady energy output are very high even for areas with exceptionally high renewable energy potential (in the Atacama desert the system configuration requirements could reach 10 MWp of photovoltaics and 10 MWh of storage). Intraday flexibility has direct effects on these results by reducing the total size of the systems but the effects on the sizes of the installations of the particular technologies depend on the individual geographical location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the draft genome sequence from Aeromonas salmonicida sp. strain CBA100, which was characterized as an antibiotic-resistant bacterium isolated from infected rainbow trout. The total size of the genome is 4 788 109 bp, with a G + C content of 60.55%. Comparison of its open reading frames shows that the closest homologue to one third of the genes of strain CBA100 are found in A. hydrophila. The strain contains several efflux pumps and putative genes that confer resistance to multiclass antibiotics, including macrolide, β-lactamics, florfenicol and quinolones. The antibiogram profile suggests that efflux pumps are the main mechanism of resistance to non-β-lactamic antibiotics. This is the first genome of a Chilean isolate of A. salmonicida, which should shed light on the design of strain-specific vaccines against this pathogen and reduce the use of antibiotics for preventive treatment in Chilean aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current wine marketing requires a rethinking of business strategy in order to increase the current market share and international prestige. This paper provides a comparative diagnosis of the positioning of Chilean wine in the European market, focusing on the case of Germany. The working methodology was based on the registering and market segmentation of the selection of wines on display on the shelves of supermarkets, hypermarkets and specialty stores. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was performed in order to evaluate the growth dynamism of this target market from 2001 to 2013. The results show an increase from one period to another in the prices of national wines, and both an increase in and diversification of the supply in the German market. Chile, with its share in a wide range of prices, has become a more prominent competitor, and has managed to attain higher price ranges as compared to 2001. Currently, when it comes to Carmenere and Merlot, Chile appears as it is the only country offering this varietal in the German market. This is a situation that should be strengthened using commercial strategies that allow for a more aggressive positioning of this varietal. Lastly, it is recommended to adopt a more aggressive positioning method for Chilean wine, using a country-strategy that improves its long-term competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious salmon anaemia virus ( ISAV) caused a large epidemic in farmed Atlantic salmon in Chile in 2007-2009. Here, we assessed co-infection patterns of ISAV and sea lice ( SL) based on surveillance data collected by the fish health authority. ISAV status and SL counts in all Atlantic salmon farms located in the 10th region of Chile were registered monthly from July 2007 through December 2009. Each farm was categorized monthly according to its ISAV and SL status. A multinomial time-space scan test using a circular window was applied to identify disease clusters, and a multivariate regression model was fitted to quantify the association between disease-clustering and farm-management factors. Most of the identified clusters (9/13) were associated with high SL burdens. There were significant associations ( P < 0.05) between management factors and ISAV/ SL status. Areas in which good management practices were associated with a reduced disease risk were identified. The findings of this study suggest that certain management practices can effectively reduce the risk of SL and ISAV in the face of an epidemic and will be helpful towards creating an effective disease control programme in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The main goal of this study is to measure the impact of two alternative methods of overhead cost allocation of chilean public hospitals into the final production cost of 256 health care services which are recurrent in health problems whose burden of disease is high in Chile. Methods: A purposively sample of six important hospitals of metropolitan region in Chile was considered. A survey was applied to them in order to collect analytic cost data of resource use (labor, medical supplies and use of capital) in the production of health care services. The data of overhead cost (electricity, central heating, laundry, administrative support, transport, maintenance, etc.) were obtained from the Information System of each hospital. The final cost of each health care service was calculated from the perspective of health public system, in two ways: (1) using a proxy rate of common use, and (2) using overhead cost rates as a result of a step-down methodology. The final costs calculated with each method were compared and analized. Results: Considering that the gold standard method for allocation of overhead cost is the step-down methodology, the results using proxy rate revealed that 185 services (72,3%) are under costing, and 71 health care services (27,7%) are over costing. Conclusion: The use of proxy rates to allocate overhead costs into the final cost lead to important under costing and over costing of health services. This finding is important at least by two reasons: (1) for the management of hospitals, (2) in economic evaluations, the variations in cost can modify the ratio of cost-effectiveness, cost-utility or cost-benefit, influencing the health public decision. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Identifies analytical issues and dilemmas involved in the joining of the North American Free Trade Agreement and/or MERCOSUR from the perspective of an observer of Chile's agriculture. Evolution of real farm prices; Trade creation, diversion and rules of origin; Potential costs.

This paper reports the results of a sample survey for the year 1965. From it I obtain estimates of the market value in 1965 of an increment to the schooling of an agricultural worker in Chile. Thus this paper is a contribution, albeit small, to the growing literature on investment in humans in economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between external agricultural trade and economic incentives was examined under the hypothesis that a large proportion of the agricultural trade deficit in Chile in the 1945-1965 period resulted from commercial policies, particularly those relating to rate of exchange, price fixing in the internal market, export quotas, and high prices of some inputs originating in protected national industries. Negative rates of protection were estimated for wheat, bee[, wool, and lamb, while barley was determined to have a neutral rate of protection. Alternative commercial policies could have reduced the agricultural trade deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand side management is a promising alternative to offer flexibility to power systems with high shares of variable renewable energy sources. Numerous industries possess large demand side management potentials but accounting for them in energy system analysis and modelling is restricted by the availability of their demand data, which are usually confidential. In this study, a methodology to synthetize anonymized hourly electricity consumption profiles for industries and to calculate their flexibility potential is proposed. This combines different partitioning and hierarchical clustering analysis techniques with regression analysis. The methodology is applied to three case studies in Chile: two pulp and paper industry plants and one food industry plant. A significant hourly, daily and annual flexibility potential is found for the three cases (15%–75%). Moreover, the resulting demand profiles share the same statistical characteristics as the measured profiles but can be used in modelling exercises without confidentiality issues. • The electricity demand of paper and food companies in Chile is analysed. • The analysis is based on two years of data from three companies. • 22 clustering methods are tested to generate synthetic electricity load profiles. • The demand response potential for a typical hour is approximately ± 15%. • On a daily basis up to 70% of the demand can be mobilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the sorption characteristics of NH 4 + -N and PO 4 3 − -P onto the surface of natural zeolites coming from Chile and their potential application in the subsurface-flow treatment wetlands for wastewater treatment in rural areas. For this purpose, adsorption experiments onto the zeolite were developed in batch assays. The effects of the adsorbent quantity (20 g and 50 g) and particle size (0.2–1.0 mm; 1.5–3.0 mm, and 5.0–8.0 mm) were evaluated in terms of adsorption capacity at different NH4+-N and PO4−3-P concentrations. Then, the obtained laboratory results were adjusted to theoretical models: Saturation-growth-rate and Langmuir. The saturation adsorption of NH4+-N on the zeolite increases at the same time that the initial concentration increases for the same zeolite quantity; however, the saturation values were similar between the different zeolite sizes tested. For PO4−3-P, the adsorption did not have a direct relationship with the initial concentration nor zeolite quantity and better results were only achieved for zeolite sizes of 1.5–3.0 mm. Regarding the Langmuir model, sizes of 1.5–3.0 mm had the best adsorption characteristics, with the maximum adsorption capacity of up to 1.58 mg/g for NH4+-N and up to 0.08 mg/g for PO4−3-P. Therefore, a new material—a natural zeolite from the Maule Region of Chile—is described as a potential support medium for treatment wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study objective was to identify risk factors associated to: i) the infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and ii) paratuberculosis clinical incidence in Chilean dairy herds. A random sample of forty herds with previous history of MAP infection was selected. At herd level, all lactating cows were tested using a commercial ELISA kit. On the sampling date, a questionnaire gathering information on herd demographics, husbandry practices, and biosecurity measures was applied. Additionally, the farm manager/owner was surveyed regarding the number of paratuberculosis compatible clinical cases (CCC) in the last 12 months. Two Bayesian generalized linear mixed effect models were used to evaluate the association between the questionnaire data, and the proportion of truly infected animals (model 1) or the number of CCC (model 2). A total of 4963 animals were sampled with an average apparent prevalence of 6.3 % (95 % confidence interval (4.0–8.0%). All sampled herds presented seropositive animals. Forty eight percent of the herds did not observe any CCC in the last year. Although, among those herd that did report CCC , a median of two cases per year was estimated. Model outputs showed that the proportion of truly infected animals and CCC reporting rates are associated to management practices. Specifically, positive associations were observed for feeding of calves exclusively with milk replacer, and the distance between the milking parlor and the calves' barn. Additionally, CCC reporting rates were higher in farms that recently purchased animals, and where the distance between the milking parlor and the calves' barn was less than 30 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile has a very ambitious energy transition agenda and massive challenges ahead to accomplish it. To integrate the high solar energy potential in the north an the high wind power potential of the south of the country, considerable investments in the electrical grid and new balancing mechanism and storage capacities are necessary. This study addresses the potential of individual industries, particularly the paper industry, to provide flexibility to the electrical system on-site. To achieve this, an optimization model that minimizes energy provision costs is proposed. The model considers the demand of a company including its demand side management potential, combined heat and power generation capacities, as well as on-site renewable energy generation location potential from photovoltaics and wind power. The model is computed under multiple parametrization scenarios to estimate under which conditions it would be advantageous for the company to use renewable electricity. This allows to evaluate how much of the renewable electricity produced in high peaks can be used by the company, and in how far, demand side management and combined heat and power can compensate low generation periods of renewable electricity. The model is feeded with typical hourly electricity and heat demand profiles of a prototypic paper producing company, which were statistically derived from one and a half years of measurements. Moreover, electricity generation time series from photovoltaics and wind power are derived from physical models that rely on ERA5 reanalysis data. The latter data set allows to compute the model in locations all around Chilean territory in a 30 km x 30 km spatial grid. Results are presented in the form of maps of the shares of renewables that would be enabled at avery location by industries of the same characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile, abundant in solar and wind energy resources, presents significant potential for the production of green hydrogen, a promising renewable energy vector. However, realizing this potential requires an understanding of the most suitable locations for the installation of green hydrogen industries. This study proposes a quantitative methodology that identifies and ranks potential public lands for industrial use, based on a range of technical parameters (such as solar and wind availability) and socio-environmental considerations (including land use restrictions and population density). The results reveal optimal locations that can facilitate informed, sustainable decision-making for large-scale green hydrogen implementation in Chile. While this methodology does not replace project-specific technical or environmental impact studies, it provides a flexible, general classification to guide initial site selection. Notably, this approach can be applied to other regions worldwide with abundant solar and wind resources, such as Australia and Northern Africa, promoting more effective and sustainable global decision-making for green hydrogen production. • Innovative spatial area scoring methodology for green hydrogen industrial site selection. • Novel quantitative approach for multi-criteria decision-making for Chile. • Integrating socio-environmental considerations, and technical factors in GH2 site prioritization. • Quantitative Scoring Framework for Identifying Optimal Green Hydrogen Deployment Sites. • Solar scenario shows 100 % of the GH2 industrial sites with scoring above 9.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) infection is a constant major threat to farmed and wild Atlantic salmon worldwide. Many epidemics have recently been reported in the most important salmon farming regions of the world, including Chile (2007–2009), where ISAV generated the most important disease and economic crisis in history of the salmon industry of the country. The spread of ISAV within a region is most likely by local or neighborhood spread from an infected farm; however, there is evidence that anthropogenic activities, such as movement of live or harvested fish or their byproduct, may have played a more important role than environmental or passive transmission in the 2007–2009 outbreak. Atlantic salmon farms (n =421) were retrospectively followed from stocking to harvesting in southern Chile at the time of the ISAV epidemic (2007–2009). The effect of husbandry and spatial risk factors, in addition to contact-network risk factors, which were obtained from the social network analyses, on time to first ISAV infection was estimated using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Five variables were retained in the final fitted model: co-existing multiple generations on a farm (hazard ratio [HR]=2.585), mean smolt weight at stocking greater than 120g (HR=1.165), farm area (perkm2) (HR=1.005), and increased number of shipments entering a farm, i.e. the farm input degree (HR=1.876) were associated with reduced time to infection; whereas time-to-infection was longer for farms located farther from an ongoing ISAV outbreak (HR=0.943). It was demonstrated that movements of latently infected fish resulted in approximately 7 outbreaks, and potentially explain about 6% of the total number of cases during the epidemic. Results from this study provide new information about the mechanisms of spread of ISAV in one the largest documented ISAV epidemics in the world. Findings may be used to support the design and implementation of risk-based surveillance and control programs that may help to prevent, detect and control future ISAV outbreaks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study assessed the feasibility of integrating a green hydrogen value chain into the local industry, examining two case studies by comparing four scenarios. The optimization focused on generating electricity from stationary renewable sources, such as solar or through Power Purchase Agreements, to produce sufficient hydrogen in electrolyzers. Current demand profiles, renewable participation targets, electricity supply sources, levelized costs of energy and hydrogen, and technology options were considered. The most cost-effective scenario showed a levelized cost of energy of 0.032 and 0.05 US$/kWh and a hydrogen cost below 1.0 US$/kg H2 for cases 1 and 2, respectively. A sensitivity analysis highlighted the critical influence of fuel cell technology on cost modification, underscoring the importance of focusing cost reduction strategies on these technologies to enhance the economic viability of the green hydrogen value chain. Specifically, a high sensitivity towards reducing the levelized costs of energy and hydrogen in the port sector with adjustments in fuel cell technology costs was identified, indicating the need for specific policies and supports to facilitate their adoption. • Two case studies estimate PV or wind power sizes to generate green hydrogen. • Optimization of the case studies relies on Calliope free and open-source tools. • The green hydrogen value chain size estimation is performed for four scenarios in Chile. • LCOH lower than 1.0 USD/kg H2 are obtained. • Green hydrogen technologies serve to cover the real profile demand considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Analysis of precipitation observations from Chile indicated that man-made water reservoirs might be affecting the intensity of extreme precipitation events. Fifty rain gauges were used to evaluate rainfall intensities under different climates, using the Gumbel method (T =5 and 100years) and average maximum recorded rainfall intensities to construct IDF curves for each station. A spatial analysis of the stations was undertaken to establish graphical relationships on documented maximum annual rainfall intensities for 1h and those obtained by the Gumbel method as a function of latitude, longitude, elevation, and the distance from water bodies. The Mann–Whitney U test was applied with an error of 5%. Values obtained from stations located close to water bodies were compared to those located away from them. The results show significant changes in dryer climates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An epidemic of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) has greatly impacted salmon production in Chile with devastating social and economic consequences. The epidemic is analyzed here and is likely the largest ISAV outbreak reported affecting one of the most productive regions for salmon farming activities in the world. After re-emerging in 2007, ISAV rapidly expanded the following two years, both in magnitude and geographic range, affecting about 65% and 50% of salmon farms located at the 10th and 11th regions of Chile, respectively. A useful metric for the control of infectious diseases that quantifies the progression of an epidemic is the reproduction number at the farm level (R f), which describes the mean number of secondary cases generated by an infectious farm. The parameter in this study was estimated for individual farms (R fi ), specific phases (R tf), and for the entire epidemic (R f) by using several analytical approaches based on the characterization of the epidemic curves for the two regions. For the initial spread and the epidemic growth phase, initial and intrinsic growth rates were used to estimate R tf. In addition, two approaches (epidemic final size and nearest neighbor analyses) were used to obtain an individual (R fi ) and overall estimate of R f for the complete epidemic. In general, two distinct regional patterns of spread were identified. In the 10th region, after an explosive initial spread of ISAV in which R tf reached 12.0–16.9, a smaller epidemic growth of 1.6≤ R tf ≥2.5 and a final burnout with R tf <1 were observed. For the 11th region, R tf only reached 2.4 during the initial spread phase, ranged from 1.6≤ R tf ≥4.4 during the epidemic growth phases and ended when R tf was <1.0. The epidemic was characterized by clustering of ISAV ‘superspreaders’ farms i.e., farms with statistically significantly (P <0.047) higher R fi values. Distances between pairs of infected farms were statistically significantly (P =0.003) shorter in the 10th compared to the 11th region. Overall, R f ranged from 1.6 to 2.5 and 1.3 to 1.7 in the 10th and 11th regions, respectively. Our findings suggest that control efforts were able to protect 38–60% and 23–41% of the farms in the 10th and 11th regions, respectively, and may have resulted in the epidemic not spreading further. In addition, control strategies in highly populated areas using a control zone of at least 10km radius may be more effective than the 5km zone recommended by the World Animal Health Organization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights • A Chilean code-conforming reinforced concrete office building is designed. • Incremental dynamic analyses of the building are performed using 45 ground motions. • Two collapse fragility curves and two seismic hazard curves are proposed. • Estimated mean annual frequencies of collapse were in the order of 10−5–10−4. • Estimated probabilities of collapse in 50 years were in the order of 0.1–0.7% Abstract Several code-conforming reinforced concrete buildings were severely damaged during the 2010 moment magnitude (M w) 8.8 Chile earthquake, raising concerns about their real collapse margin. Although critical updates were introduced into the Chilean design codes after 2010, guidelines for collapse risk assessment of Chilean buildings remain insufficient. This study evaluates the collapse potential of a typical dual system (shear walls and moment frames) office building in Santiago. Collapse fragility functions were obtained through incremental dynamic analyses using a state-of-the-art finite element model of the building. Site-specific seismic hazard curves were developed, which explicitly incorporated epistemic uncertainty, and combined with the collapse fragility functions to estimate the mean annual frequency of collapse (λ c) values and probabilities of collapse in 50-years (P c (50)). Computed values of λ c and P c (50) were on the order of 10−5–10−4, and 0.1–0.7%, respectively, consistent with similar studies developed for buildings in the US. The results also showed that the deaggregation of λ c was controlled by small to medium earthquake intensities and that different models of the collapse fragility functions and hazard curves had a non-negligible effect on λ c and P c (50), and thus, propagation of uncertainty in risk assessment problems must be adequately taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]