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Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Actividad Física UCM is the property of Ediciones Universidad Catolica del Maule and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the causal agents of bacterial canker is Pseudomonas amygdali pv. morsprunorum—Pam (formerly Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum). Recently detected in Chile, Pam is known to cause lesions in the aerial parts of the plant, followed by more severe symptoms such as cankers and gummosis in the later stages of the disease. This study presents the design of PCR and LAMP detection methods for the specific and sensitive identification of Pseudomonas amygdali pv. morsprunorum (Pam) from cherry trees. Twelve Pseudomonas isolates were collected, sequenced, and later characterized by Multi-locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) and Average Nucleotide Identity by blast (ANIb). Three of them (11116B2, S1 Pam, and S2 Pam) were identified as Pseudomonas amygdali pv. morsprunorum and were used to find specific genes through RAST server, by comparing their genome with that of other Pseudomonas, including isolates from other Pam strains. The effector gene HopAU1 was selected for the design of primers to be used for both techniques, evaluating sensitivity and specificity, and the ability to detect Pam directly from plant tissues. While the PCR detection limit was 100 pg of purified bacterial DNA per reaction, the LAMP assays were able to detect up to 1 fg of purified DNA per reaction. Similar results were observed using plant tissues, LAMP being more sensitive than PCR, including when using DNA extracted from infected plant tissues. Both detection methods were tested in the presence of 30 other bacterial genera, with LAMP being more sensitive than PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faunal remains from archeological sites worldwide, especially feces and regurgitated pellets, are usually subjected to paleoparasitological examination, allowing the identification of past animal parasites. In this study, we analyzed 10 samples of South American camelid dung, which played an important role for the ancient human groups in the South‐Central Andes, dated between 341 and 1635 calCE, from the Iluga Túmulos site (Pampa del Tamarugal, Tarapacá region, Atacama Desert, Chile). Microscopy examination revealed parasite remains in seven samples, in which oocysts of Eimeria macusaniensis and eggs of Lamanema chavezi/Nematodirus lamae, Trichuris sp., Moniezia sp., capillariids, strongylids, and unidentified nematodes were found. Although some of these species pose a potential health risk to camelids, most are not considered to be of major zoonotic importance, which could explain the absence of these parasites on human coprolites from this site analyzed previously. This first paleoparasitological study on camelid fecal remains from northern Chile sheds light on the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites and its relationship with Andean ancient human populations and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Suicidality in adolescents is a growing concern and is currently a public health issue in Chile and the world. Objective: To determine the association between the risk of suicidality with self-harm, sociodemographic parameters (that is, gender and type of school), psychosocial variables, and social and family support in Chilean adolescents. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 829 (377, 45.5% girls) children/adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age participated. Suicidality, self-esteem, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and social support perception were evaluated by standard, validated questionnaires. The presence of self-harm, dating violence, and family dysfunction was also evaluated through a self-report survey. Results: Suicidality risk was related to low self-esteem (OR = 9.73; 95%; CI = 6.62–14.28; p < 0.001), low HRQoL (OR = 5.0; 95%; CI = 3.51–7.13; p < 0.001), low social support (OR; 3.38, 95%; CI; 2.48–4.6; p < 0.001), and self-harm (OR = 8.03; 95%; CI = 5.69–11.33; p < 0.001). In family terms, suicidality risk was associated with exposure to physical (OR = 2.47, 95%CI; 1.69–3.6; p < 0.001) and psychological (OR = 1.78, 95; 1.33–2.39; p < 0.001) aggression between parents, and with considering their family dysfunctional (OR = 2.41 95%; CI = 1.69–3.41; p < 0.001). Finally, suicidality was associated with feeling mistreated by a boyfriend/girlfriend (OR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.19–3.98; p = 0.011). Conclusion: Suicidality was associated with self-harm, low social, psychological and family well-being, and/or feeling mistreated by a boyfriend/girlfriend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Entramado is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research sought to determine the attitudes and capabilities of teachers towards educational innovation from the perspective of 828 students from 19 educational establishments in the Biobío region of Chile. In order to answer the research questions, we conducted comparative analyses of mean differences using ANOVA, the t-test, and correlations using Pearson’s coefficient. The main results show that teachers are generally highly rated by students in terms of the characteristics of an innovative teacher, particularly regarding respect (84.7%), disposition (86.9%), commitment (82%), and vocation (81.1%). However, they are less well rated on the use of technological tools such as email and social networks to support the teaching-learning process. In addition, women appear to have a higher opinion of some characteristics of teachers linked to interpersonal relationships. Finally, the correlations revealed a positive and significant relationship for the variables examined with respect to the students’ gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Pedagogicos (Valdivia) is the property of Estudios Pedagogicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: The nematicidal effects of fluopyram were evaluated for the suppression of Meloidogyne ethiopica and migratory nematodes, Xiphinema americanum s. l., Hemicycliophora spp. and Pratylenchus spp., in two commercial tomato greenhouses in Chile. The effects of fluopyram on plant‐parasitic nematodes, plant vigor and fruit yield were determined. RESULTS: Fluopyram demonstrated good potential for the management of M. ethiopica and migratory nematodes, especially during the early stages of evaluation (30–60 days after planting). There were also improvements in vigor of treated plants. A general trend in improved fruit quality was also observed, however, no significant differences in total yield were found between treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is one of the first evaluations of fluopyram under field conditions against M. ethiopica. The findings suggest that this new nematicide has good potential for the management of M. ethiopica and some migratory nematodes in tomatoes cropped in greenhouses in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Intersecciones en Antropología is the property of Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Antropologia is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we present and assess human isotopic data (δ13C and δ15N) available for Southern Chile. We analyze 24 cases from six different geographical zones, dated 200-1850 AD. This new information allows us to characterize individuals who had different subsistence patterns, social organization and historical trajectories, vis-a-vis phenomena like the adoption of ceramics (150 BC), cultigens (750-1000 AD) and the arrival of Europeans (1550 AD). This is complemented by a regional baseline of 45 archaeological faunal and plant resources. Based on our results, three dietary patterns can be identified over time (from 1000 to 1850 AD): one oriented towards marine resources, another towards C 3 plants and terrestrial protein, and the last focused on a mixed consumption of C 3 and C 4 plants, complemented by intake of terrestrial and marine protein. These cases show significant intra-zone consistency over time, and high inter-zone variability. This heterogeneous situation is evident even in synchronous individuals ascribed to the same cultural-historical unit or inhabiting the same geographical macro-zone (valley, coast, islands). It also contrasts with results from adjacent areas to Southern Chile. This highlights the complex diet variability that existed in societies which otherwise appear to be extremely alike in their archaeological record (burials, pottery) and ethnographic features (language, rituals). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the Late Intermediate Period (AD 900–1450) in northern Chile has been strongly influenced by two mobility models: John Murra's classic vertical ecological archipelago model, with highland colonies in the lowlands; and the gyratory mobility model, with pastoralists and their llama caravans controlling trade. The widespread application of these two models, however, suffers from a lack of supporting archaeological evidence. Stable isotope analysis provides a more direct approach for studying both diet and mobility patterns, complementing material culture studies. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the presence of colonies and/or specialised highland caravans in the lowlands of northern Chile through the application of δ13C, δ15N and δ18O to human tooth enamel, bone collagen and bone apatite. The results show strong local traditions in terms of diet and mobility associated with the Loa-San Pedro, Antofagasta and Pica-Tarapacá cultural groups. Our results suggest a non-local origin for some individuals in Pica-Tarapacá and Loa-San Pedro, but provide little evidence to support either the presence of 'colonies' or of specialised 'caravans'. Mobility patterns were, instead, diverse and flexible, including female and male individuals that moved at different moments of their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Educational Innovation / Revista Innovación Educativa is the property of Instituto Politecnico Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores data retrieved from Educational Immersive Virtual Worlds to describe pre-service teachers’ skills and perceptions about the simulation tasks. This project had 10 participants who were immersed for 3 years in the Technology and Pedagogical Models in Immersive Worlds island, a multi-user virtual environment in Second Life and Open Simulator. In this project, we evaluated how three-dimensional virtual environments can facilitate the achievement of teaching and learning processes. Based on quantitative and qualitative methodologies, two data collection instruments were applied. Through observation grids and personal log books, professional performance of the 18 pedagogical challenges implemented was collected. The statistical analysis shows that the students improved their technology skills and educational aspects about good practices in classes, regardless of the type of platform used. The analysis through Constant Comparing Method reported a positive assessment of the use of virtual environments, especially about the use of teaching strategies. Main conclusions regarding the pedagogical context reflect the importance of peer assessment on teaching performance, as well as the complexity of role-plays as intellectual challenges to enhance pre-service teachers’ skills. The main difficulties identified during the development of the activities were technical in nature, reporting hardware and connectivity issues. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Asclepio is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Glacier behaviour during the mid-Holocene (MH, 6000 years BP) in the Southern Hemisphere provides observational data to constrain our understanding of the origin and propagation of palaeoclimate signals. In this study we examine the climatic forcing of glacier response in the MH by evaluating modelled glacier equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) and climatic conditions during the MH compared with pre-industrial time (PI, year 1750). We focus on the middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, specifically Patagonia and the South Island of New Zealand. Climate conditions for the MH were obtained from PMIP2 model simulations, which in turn were used to force a simple glacier mass balance model to simulate changes in ELA. In Patagonia, the models simulate colder conditions during the MH in austral summer (-0.2 °C), autumn (-0.5 °C), and winter (-0.4), and warmer temperatures (0.2 °C) during spring. In the Southern Alps the models show colder MH conditions in autumn (-0.7 °C) and winter (-0.4 °C), warmer conditions in spring (0.3 °C), and no significant change in summer temperature. Precipitation does not show significant changes but exhibits a seasonal shift, with less precipitation from April to September and more precipitation from October to April during the MH in both regions. The mass balance model simulates a climatic ELA that is 15-33 m lower during the MH compared with PI conditions. We suggest that the main causes of this difference are driven mainly by colder temperatures associated with the MH simulation. Differences in temperature have a dual effect on glacier mass balance: (i) less energy is available for ablation during summer and early autumn and (ii) lower temperatures cause more precipitation to fall as snow rather than rain in late autumn and winter, resulting in more accumulation and higher surface albedo. For these reasons, we postulate that the modelled ELA changes, although small, may help to explain larger glacier extents observed by 6000 years BP in South America and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goal of this research is to understand the relevance of diet diversity during the transition to agriculture, in ancient populations from northern Chile, especially considering the significance of marine resources and crops in a lesser degree. Methods: A total of 14 human individuals were sampled from the Tarapacá 40 cemetery. Both bone and tooth samples were collected. Samples were studied from bone/dentine collagen for carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis; and bone/enamel apatite for carbon isotope analysis. Inferential statistical analyses were performed in order to compare Tarapacá 40 stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values with other Formative and Late Intermediate Period groups. A nonparametrical hypothesis Kruskal--Wallis test was used. Results: The results show that the individuals from Tarapacá 40 are intermediate to the values observed for terrestrial and marine fauna as well as C3 and C4 plants. Conclusions: A gradual transition to crop consumption, especially maize, is suggested. This complemented the earlier hunter-gatherer tradition of marine resources and wild fruit consumption. Contrarily to the predictions made by some archaeologists, the results obtained for northern Chile contrast with the classical perspective of a "Neolithic Revolution" in which transition to agriculture occurred more abruptly and linearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments investigated effects of perceived ingroup acculturation norms. Majority members read an article about their peers having specific acculturation preferences for minority members in public and private domains, which was the experimental manipulation. Dependent variables were liking for ingroup members, majority members’ own preference for culture maintenance relative to their preference for culture adoption for public and private domains, and their investment in cultural maintenance relative to their investment in contact with the minority. In England ( N = 237) we focused on attitudes towards Muslims, while in Chile ( N = 291) the focus was on attitudes towards the indigenous Mapuche. Results reflect the political climates of the two countries: Chileans showed more reactance against their peers demanding assimilation from minority members than English people did – by increasing their preference for maintenance relative to adoption. Yet, in both countries, peers who demanded assimilation were liked the least. In England, responses on public acculturation preferences and acculturative investment were the same, whereas they differed in Chile. Overall, Chileans valued culture maintenance of Mapuche more than culture adoption for both public and private domains. For English people however, this was only the case for the private domain, while for the public domain they had opposite overall preferences. Finally, regardless of country, the more people preferred culture maintenance relative to adoption in the public domain, the higher their support for multiculturalism was too, highlighting the importance of investigating relative acculturation preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the study of 19th century Chilean history and historiography. The author comments on the characteristics of patriotism, nationalism, and Chilean identity in historical research conducted during this time period. He also considers the relationship between historical research and Chilean social life at the time, and particularly during the era of independence, political change, and territorial expansion.

Abstract: We present a new record from the Última Esperanza region (51°25’-52°25''S), southwestern Patagonia, to unravel the timing and structure of glacial fluctuations during the Last Glacial Termination (T1). This sector of southern South America represents the only windward-facing continental landmass in the Southern Hemisphere that intersects the core of the Southern Westerly Wind belt. Geomorphic, stratigraphic and geochronological evidence indicate the following stages during and since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM): (i) deposition of prominent moraine complexes during at least two advances dated between ~39 and >17.5ka; (ii) development of an ice-dammed proglacial lake (glacial lake Puerto Consuelo) accompanying ice recession; (iii) active deposition of moraine complexes at intermediate positions followed by recession at ≥15.2ka; (iv) lake level drop and subsequent stabilization between 15.2-12.8ka; (v) a glacial readvance in glacial lake Puerto Consuelo between 14.8-12.8ka; (vi) ice recession, stabilization, and lake level lowering between 12.8-10.3ka; and (vii) glacial withdrawal and disappearance of glacial lake Puerto Consuelo prior to 10.3ka. By comparing our results with the chronologies from neighboring regions we explore whether there was a consistent temporal/geographic pattern of glacial fluctuations during the LGM and T1, and examine their implications at regional, hemispheric, and global scales. The correspondence of these variations with key paleoclimate events recorded in the Southern and the Northern Hemispheres suggest a common forcing that, most likely, propagated through the atmosphere. Regional heterogeneities at millennial timescales probably reflect the influence of processes related to deep ocean circulation, and changes in the position/intensity of the Antarctic Polar Front and Southern Westerly Winds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Molecular markers based on Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) are a very efficient tool for potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) genotype identification and can be very useful for germplasm conservation and management. With the purpose of incorporate this technology into the potato breeding program of the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA) Chile, a set of 26 SSR markers was evaluated on a sample of 71 potato genotypes. Each marker was characterized for number and combinations of alleles, scoring quality, polymorphic information content (PIC) and discrimination power (D). From the total, only 21 SSR markers showed up scoreable products and the allele number ranged between 2 and 17. The observed allelic combinations among the different potato genotypes ranged from 2 to 47; however, unique genotypes detected by each SSR marker ranged from 0 to 38. The observed (Do) and expected (Dj) discriminatory power ranged from 0.23 to 0.98 and from 0.43 to 0.92, respectively. The seven SSR markers which showed the highest Do scores were STM 1009 (0.98), STM1020 (0.97), STM0031 (0.97), STM2013 (0.96), STM 1008 (0.94), STMI052 (0.93) and STM0019 (0.91). The STM1009, STMI020 and STM1008 markers are multi-loci SSR, where each one amplifies more than one locus of the potato genome. The utilization of the multi-loci type of marker, or combinations of several SSR markers in either PCR-multiplex or pseudo-multiplex reactions, are good options to increase the speed and reduce the cost of SSR markers application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patagonia features the most extensive glaciers of the Southern Hemisphere, excluding Antarctica, and a vast inventory of glacial landforms, so it is thought to have played a key role in (paleo)glacier studies since the late 19th century. However, no systematic attempts to characterize the specific research trends and the scientific community focused on Patagonian cryosphere have been conducted so far. To fill this gap, we analyzed the metadata associated to 305 articles compiled from the Web of Science database following a bibliometric approach covering the period between 1976 and 2020. Our results point to an irregular but net increase on the number of contributions on Patagonian (paleo)glaciers. Mass balance analyses based on satellite data of present-day glaciers and the reconstruction of past glacier activity by dating glacial landforms formed during the Last Glacial Termination, were the most addressed topics during the analyzed period. Patagonian (paleo)glacier studies are mostly published in generic Earth Sciences publications, followed by Quaternary and glaciological journals. Most of the studies were led by scientists from the United Kingdom, followed by Chile, Argentina and United States. In terms of collaborations, these studies can be divided into two main clusters, one composed by researchers from United States, Chile and Argentina institutions, and another mostly composed by British researchers. So far, the most prolific authors are nearly equally distributed in nationality, yet gender inclusion and international collaborations are still caveats that must be solved. Even though our query on the Web of Science missed highly influential (so-called) grey literature, such as local scientific journals and technical reports, the reviewed scientific literature unambiguously indicates that Patagonia is a privileged location for (paleo)glaciers studies worldwide and that it will continue offering vast opportunities to tackle critical questions related to global cryosphere and past-to-present climate changes. • Patagonia is a privilege site for studying present and past glacier dynamics and the evolution of climate changes at hemispheric and global scale. • Glacier dynamics during the 20th century and and the Last Glacial Termination are the most common topics addressed in past decades in the WOS. • Patagonian (paleo)glacier studies has contributed to the development or improvement of diverse analytical techniques. • United Kingdom, United States, Chile and Argentina produced the largest number of WOS-listed papers on (paleo)glaciers in past decades. • The related scientific community is fairly heterogeneous. Although, inclusion and international collaboration issues still need to improve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of the interdisciplinary investigation in Quebrada Pedernales (26°S-69°W, Chile 3456 masl), in the highlands of northern Chile. The excavations and surveys carried out revealed a great diversity of pre-Hispanic evidence in an area of the Andes that has been little investigated. This evidence allowed us to reconstruct a sequence of continuous occupation between 11,201–11,612 and 539–634 cal. BP. Zooarchaeological, radiocarbon, technological, geochemical, and carpological analyses suggest wide mobility circuits between the coast and the puna on both slopes of the Andes at the start of the Holocene, coinciding with improved environmental conditions in this area and greater aridity on the coast. A severe lack of human occupation is observed during the mid-Holocene, a phenomenon associated with extreme arid environmental conditions. These trends indicate that the southern limit of influence of this environmental event, which has been recorded in a large part of the south-central Andes, extended into the study area, with a direct impact on the settlement and mobility of human groups. Towards ca. 3000 cal. BP, environmental conditions similar to those of today are associated with the reappearance of archaeological evidence and greater complexity in the formation of settlements, especially in terms of hunting activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chilean sweet cherry (Prunus avium (L.) L.) industry became the leading exporter worldwide. The bacterial canker is the most significant disease causing major economic losses. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) is the only related pathovar recognized in Chile and it is mainly controlled with Cu-based antimicrobial compounds (CBAC). Soil contamination and the decreasing efficacy of CBACs by the emergence of Cu-resistant bacterial strains threaten the longterm sustainability of sweet cherry production. This study aimed at characterizing the bacterial community associated with canker infection injuries by assessing Cu resistance in sweet cherry orchards in the O'Higgins Region of Chile. Eighty bacteria isolates were obtained from tissue that presented bacterial canker symptoms from cherry trees. We assessed the production of fluorescent pigments in Fe-deficient media, presence of the housekeeping genes rpoD and cts, and presence of syringomycin-producing genes syrb and syrD. Their pathogenic ability was evaluated on immature sweet cherry fruits and Cu resistance was determined as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using CuSO4. Only five isolates were Cu-susceptible (MIC < 0.8 mM), while 75 isolates exhibited different levels of Cu resistance (MIC > 0.8 mM). At least one gene of the copABCD operon/or and its regulatory genes were detected in 17 isolates, suggesting that most isolates likely have different mechanisms of Cu tolerance. Six isolates were identified as Pss, presenting different degrees of Cu resistance, but all presented at least one feature of the copABCD operon. A bacterial community that presents high Cu-resistance, probably under control of diverse genetic mechanisms, decreases the efficacy of CBAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Molina] Stuntz) is a dioecious small tree native to Chile and southwestern Argentina. This species has gained attention due to its high polyphenol content and anti-oxidant capacity. Nevertheless, genetics studies and information about A. chilensis population genetics are scarce and even contradictory. In fact, the available species-specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are not informative at all, and so we decided to identify and characterize new ones able to trace individual genotypes, a basic tool intended for different genetic studies. We identified and characterized 15 new polymorphic SSR markers for A. chilensis. These markers were evaluated in three populations distributed along 1000 km of Central Chile, exhibiting up to 10 alleles per locus and a combined expected heterozygosity of 0.858. Markers were also informative in two related species, Aristotelia peduncularis (Labill.) Hook. f. and Crinodendron patagua Molina (Elaeocarpaceae), with 13 and six SSRs showing clear amplification patterns, respectively. This new set of SSR markers are highly polymorphic and informative, being the first ones available for the effective fingerprinting of maqui genotypes. A proof of concept of that was the differentiation of six maqui accessions that are under domestication for productive purposes, based on a subset of the polymorphic SSR markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of excavations at the Infieles-1 site, located at 3529 m. a.s.l. in the Salar de Infieles (25°S), highlands of the Chile's southern Puna ecoregion. An initial human occupation was discovered next to an ignimbrite rock-shelter at a depth of 70–80 cm on top of a volcanic ash deposit, dated between 10,798 and 12,440 cal yr BP. The archaeological record consists of lithic wasted-flakes and knapping debris, an ultra-marginal andesite side-scraper, vicuña bone fragments and traces of red mineral pigment. As far as now, this event is the first human occupation recorded in the southern Puna. It is a camp associated with more favourable environmental conditions during the late Central Andean Pluvial Event II (CAPE II). • In the Salar de Infieles (Chile's southern Puna ecoregion, 25°S, 3529 m. a.s.l.) an initial human occupation was dated between 10,798 and 12,440 cal yr BP. • Archaeological record consists of lithic wasted-flakes, an ultra-marginal andesite side-scraper, vicuña bone fragments and traces of red mineral pigment. • Infieles-1 is a camp associated with more favourable environmental conditions during the late Central Andean Pluvial Event II (CAPE II). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an Andean crop that has been cultivated for over 7000 years in Andean South America. Among the five quinoa ecotypes identified, the coastal-lowland ecotype is distributed in central-southern Chile. Little is known about the phenotypic variability of this germplasm and its productive potential. In this work, we evaluated a panel of 99 self-pollinating genotypes of quinoa under rainfed and irrigated conditions in the Mediterranean area of central Chile. The aim was i) to evaluate the phenotypic variability of agronomic and leaf photosynthetic traits; ii) to assess trait responses to environmental conditions (rainfed and irrigated) and their heritability; and iii) to identify traits and genotypes associated with high yield potential and resilience in drought-prone environments. The selected genotypes were evaluated under rainfed (Hidango; 34° 06' S, 71°47' W) and irrigated (Santa Rosa; 36°31' S, 71°54' W) conditions, in two growing seasons (2016/17 and 2017/18). In the most favorable environment (Santa Rosa 2016), the shoot dry weight (shoot DW) and grain yield (GY) of the different genotypes, ranged from 655 and 2787 g m-2 (average 1440 g m-2) and from 45 and 452 g m-2 (average 244 g m-2), respectively. Under rainfed conditions (at Hidango), the shoot DW and GY were reduced by 75 % and 74 %, respectively, compared to Santa Rosa 2016, but still, some genotypes produced more than 100 g m-2, with < 70 mm of precipitation, evidencing a high drought tolerance. The harvest index (HI) and grain weight (TKW) were less affected by drought; compared to Santa Rosa 2016, the reduction was 8–18 % and 25–29 %, respectively, in 2016/17 and 2017/18. Days from sowing to flowering (DSF) and from flowering to maturity (DFM) varied among genotypes and were negatively correlated with GY and HI. Under rainfed conditions, the fluorescence parameters F 0 and Fm were reduced by 30 % during flowering and by 50 % during grain-filling, compared to irrigated conditions. The HI and TKW showed the highest heritability (0.69) and were highly correlated with GY in all environments. This study showed that traits associated with higher productivity and resilience of quinoa genotypes in rainfed Mediterranean environments were early maturating and with high HI, and TKW. Finally, a set of genotypes presenting a high stress tolerance index (STI), and therefore higher tolerance to drought conditions, were identified and are candidates for further research focused on the selection of parentals for more advanced breeding stages. • Quinoa genotypes show large variability in grain yield (GY), harvest index (HI), and thousand kernel weight (TKW). • HI and TKW present high heritability and correlation with GY, under rainfed and irrigated conditions. • Under irrigation conditions, GY exceeded 4.5 t ha-1, evidencing a high potential yield of some genotypes. • Drought stress caused ∼70% GY reduction, but early flowering genotypes were less affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatiotemporal pattern of glaciation along the Andes Mountains is an important proxy record reflecting the varying influence of global and regional circulation features on South American climate. However, the timing and extent of glaciation in key parts of the orogen, particularly the deglaciated arid Andes, are poorly constrained. We present new cosmogenic 10 Be and 36 Cl exposure ages for glacial features on and near the Chajnantor Plateau (23 °S). The new dates, although scattered due to cosmogenic inheritance, imply that the most recent extensive glacial occupation ended before or during the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We discuss this new record in the context of published glacial chronologies from glacial features in Peru, Bolivia, and northern Chile rescaled using the latest cosmogenic 10 Be production rate calibration for the tropical Andes. The results imply regionally synchronous moraine stabilization ca. 25–40 ka, 15–17 ka, and 12–14 ka, with the youngest of these moraines absent in records south of ∼20 °S, including in our new Chajnantor area chronology. This spatial pattern implicates easterly moisture in generating sufficient snowfall to glaciate the driest parts of the Andes, while allowing a role for westerly moisture, possibly modulated by the migration of the Southern Westerly Wind belt, in the regions near and south of the Atacama Desert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Much of the ongoing discussion regarding synchrony or bipolar asynchrony of paleoclimate events has centered on the timing and structure of the last glacial termination in the southern mid- latitudes, in particular the southwestern Patagonian region (50°–55°S). Its location adjacent to the Drake Passage and near the southern margin of the southern westerly winds (SWW) allows examining the postulated links between the Southern Ocean–SWW coupled system and atmospheric CO2 variations through the last glacial termination. Results from two sites located in the Última Esperanza area (52°S) allow us to infer SWW-driven changes in hydrologic balance during this critical time interval. These findings indicate peatland development under temperate/wet conditions between 14,600 and 14,900 cal yr BP, followed by cooling and a lake transgressive phase that led to a shallow lake during the early part of the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR, 13,600–14,600 cal yr BP), followed in turn by a deeper lake and modest warming during Younger Dryas time (YD, ∼11,800–13,000 cal yr BP), superseded by terrestrialization and forest expansion at the beginning of the Holocene. We propose that the SWW (i) strengthened and shifted northward during ACR time causing a precipitation rise in northwestern and southwestern Patagonia coeval with mid- and high-latitude cooling and a halt in the deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise; (ii) shifted southward during YD time causing a precipitation decline/increase in NW/SW Patagonia, respectively, high-latitude warming, and invigorated CO2 release from the Southern Ocean; (iii) became weaker between ∼10,000 and 11,500 cal yr BP causing a precipitation decline throughout Patagonia, concurrent with peak mid- and high-latitude temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study aims to explore whether there is a statistically significant relationship between leadership styles and the results that students get in the national testing system for measuring the quality of education. To this end, working with a sample of 21 elementary schools in the city of Arica, Chile. The results suggest that transformational leadership style has a positive influence on the quality of schools, style transactional not have statistically significant influence, while the style "laissez faire" has a negative influence on the results in the system for measuring the quality of education [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]