Search

While computational thinking arises as an essential skill worldwide, formal primary and secondary education in Latin America rarely incorporates mechanisms to develop it in their curricula. The extent to which students in the region acquire computational thinking skills remains largely unknown. To start addressing this void, this article presents findings from a cross sectional study that characterizes the computational thinking abilities of incoming students at a Chilean university with a strong emphasis on STEM disciplines. Based on more than 500 responses, this study provides evidence of significant inequalities in computational thinking across gender, type of school (private or no), and prior programming knowledge. The discussion offers insights into how these disparities relate to contextual factors of the country, such as a highly socio-economically segregated educational system, public policies focused mainly on technology access, and heavy reliance on voluntary initiatives, to develop computational thinking. The findings can enlighten upcoming research endeavors and formulate strategies to create a more equitable field for students entering STEM degrees in nations facing similar circumstances.

In 2020, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is of interest to understand how students perceived the access, use, and utility of digital tools in online teaching. This study provides an insight into the needs of students in adjusting to online teaching. This study presents the methodological design of the course "Industrial Hygiene I," part of a technology-based engineering bachelor's degree from Universidad Católica del Norte (Chile). Once the theoretical framework was established, three surveys were designed throughout the course to measure students' perceptions of the access, use, and utility of digital tools used in online teaching during the pandemic. Thirty-five students participated in this quantitative study. Following a data analysis, it was observed that 46% of students use their cell phones to access virtual classes and more than 50% are dissatisfied with the internet connection; therefore, it was necessary to adapt the learning methodology. After that, more than 50% of the students said that they preferred a flipped classroom over traditional methodology. In addition, the quality of the course was not affected by using the internet (60%), and the methodology generates advantages in terms of learning (72%). These findings have several implications in both the design of different subjects in the engineering degree and the practice of different learning methods. Future hybrid teaching designs require taking up the challenges of both improving technology-supported teaching and assessing competence in the same context.

A surge of literature documenting myriad challenges being faced online during the COVID pandemic strongly suggests that e-learning scholarship has fallen short of conveying an understanding of how to build highly effective e-learning spaces. Recent stories from practitioners abound with reports of absenteeism, cameras and microphones turned off, inaction in forums and a general reticence on the part of learners to engage online. Where have we missed the mark in our efforts to have contemporary e-learning theory affect online practice? Scholarship is indicating that the root of the disconnect often lies in the conventional instructional designs being used in these spaces and the teaching, learning and assessment practices they support. In response to such issues, we conducted a qualitative action research initiative to apply an instructional design (ID) model, based on "contemporary" learning theories and "goals," in a teacher education program in Chile. The study took place in 2020 over 2 academic semesters. In this study, we focussed on the impact of these changes on a small group of first-year Pre-service Teachers (PSTs, n=17), experiencing online learning for the first time. Pre and post interviews, an open-ended questionnaire, field notes from self-assessment portfolios and observations of the digital environment were used to collect data. We also draw on two other data sources in the same context: (1) an earlier report of this initiative that focussed on the Teacher Educators (TEs) in the same program (n=4); and (2) survey data collected in a preparatory stage of the action research on the experiences of the greater university student body (n=1,054). Evidence revealed that initially learners' epistemological views were heavily influenced by the teacher-centric and content-driven pedagogies of earlier schooling. Yet, results also showed that the contemporary learning design framework had positive implications for many students' social, cognitive, and metacognitive competencies. Clear signs of more active investment in social interactive learning online on the part of the PSTs and of flexible, self-directed behaviours were evidenced. The results of this study provide an empirically based practical solution for connecting current learning theory to practice in online contexts, solutions that could endure even once the challenges of the pandemic crisis are behind us.

Background: People with intellectual disability in Chile face individual and collective barriers to social participation. Lack of knowledge about their rights and tools for effective self-advocacy seem to be key elements that need to be improved to facilitate participation. Method: We present PaísDI, a 16 h long manualised program created by self-advocates in collaboration with an interdisciplinary team, with four modules: rights and intellectual disability, leadership in intellectual disability, effective communication and financial considerations of social projects. This quasi-experimental study had 349 participants, divided in three groups: people with intellectual disability, relatives and professionals. Feasibility and effectiveness where measured. Results: The program is shown to be viable and effective, especially in its impact on self-perception for self-advocacy activities. Conclusion: The discussion highlights Chile's historic debt in creating policies that promote self-determination, knowledge and the empowerment of people with intellectual disability, to bolster their participation as citizens.

Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the most important variables in the physical processes of surface energy and water balance. The temporal behavior of LST was analyzed between the latitudes 32°00′ S and 34°24′ S (Valparaíso and Metropolitana regions of Chile) for three summer months (December, January, and February) in the 2000–2017 period, using the Terra MODIS image information and applying the Mann–Kendall test. The results show an increase in LST in the study area, particularly in the Andes mountain range in January (5240 km2), which mainly comprises areas devoid of vegetation and eternal snow and glaciers, and are zones that act as water reserves for the capital city of Santiago. Similarly, vegetated areas such as forests, grasslands, and shrublands also show increasing trends in LST but over smaller surfaces. Because this study is regional, it is recommended to improve the spatial and temporal resolutions of the images to obtain conclusions on more local scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to seismically characterize Chile's northern Coquimbo Region, data from 2003 to 2020 were considered. The region was divided into 30 zones of 0. 5 ∘ latitude and 0. 5 ∘ longitude and non-extensive statistical physics was used. Both, the Sotolongo–Costa–Posadas (SCP) and Mathai models were deployed to analyze the magnitude-frequency distribution. A sub-division into cells of the catalog allowed to demonstrate that systems with value of q ∼ 1 present exponential behavior, while it was expected to obtain q > 1 , by superimposing sub-systems supporting the superstatistical model. Thus, by subdividing the Coquimbo region into south and north, we found that in both zones the entropic index is greater than 1, q > 1 , However, in the southern zone the long-range effects are greater than in the north, according to the value obtained, which means both sectors are well described under a nonextensive statistical model, be it the SCP model or the Mathai one. The entropic index is q > 1 and in both cases R 2 > 0.99 . As the region is considered as a whole, the nonextensive statistical distribution is the more adequate one. With respect to probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, Mathai's model proved to have the better fit. Thus, the frequency-interevent time distribution was used for different limit magnitude values. Our analysis showed that the probability occurrence of a seismic event in the region's north is lower than in the south considering the same period. In the north the behavior is of Poissonian type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTIn response to the continuous changes in Latin American higher education and the increasing demands for better prepared professionals, the Learning Connected to the Organisational Environment method was introduced in the course of Marketing at one public University in Chile. This was aimed as an integrated approach to education, providing pedagogical and social value by connecting organisations and real challenges with the learning objectives. This paper describes its design, implementation and initial impact on students' learning process. Results on the impact of the LCOE method show that students valued learning with this new initiative (n = 158) and showed higher performance and improved quality of their written reports, along with higher evaluations of the teaching staff compared to students in the same course learning with traditional methods (n = 158). Discussion is centred on the value of this initiative and on suggestions for transference and future research.

Simple Summary: Livestock diseases can affect the health of wild ruminants, and some of them are zoonotic, affecting the human health, and additionally, wildlife can act as excellent sentinels for infectious disease, since they have limited home ranges. To gain a better understanding of the disease epidemiology of livestock and zoonotic pathogens, we examined the prevalence of antibodies against Brucella abortus, Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii, seven pathogenic serovars of Leptospira interrogans (Bratislava, Ballun, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Canicola, Hardjo and Coppehageni), Mycobacterium bovis, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, SARS-CoV-2, Hepatitis E Virus, Pestivirus, Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV), and Bluetongue Virus in 164 wild and under-human-care pudus from central and southern Chile using several serological tests. We detected high seroprevalences for Leptospira interrogans Harjo and Pestivirus in wild pudus, suggesting a livestock transmission in the template forest, and for T. gondii in under-human-care animals. A Pestivirus outbreak is the most strongly suspected as the cause of abortions in a zoo in the past. This study presents the first evidence of Chlamydia abortus in wildlife in South America and exposure to Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira interrogans, and Neopora caninum in wild ungulate species in Chile, and further research will be necessary to understand their impact in the health and conservation of pudu. A significant gap in exposure data for most livestock and zoonotic pathogens is common for several Latin America deer species. This study examined the seroprevalence against 13 pathogens in 164 wild and captive southern pudu from Chile between 2011 and 2023. Livestock and zoonotic pathogen antibodies were detected in 22 of 109 wild pudus (20.18%; 95% CI: 13.34–29.18) and 17 of 55 captive pudus (30.91%; 95% CI: 19.52–44.96), including five Leptospira interrogans serovars (15.38% and 10.71%), Toxoplasma gondii (8.57% and 37.50%), Chlamydia abortus (3.03% and 12.82%), Neospora caninum (0.00% and 9.52%), and Pestivirus (8.00% and 6.67%). Risk factors were detected for Leptospira spp., showing that fawn pudu have statistically significantly higher risk of positivity than adults. In the case of T. gondii, pudu living in "free-range" have a lower risk of being positive for this parasite. In under-human-care pudu, a Pestivirus outbreak is the most strongly suspected as the cause of abortions in a zoo in the past. This study presents the first evidence of Chlamydia abortus in wildlife in South America and exposure to T. gondii, L. interrogans, and N. caninum in wild ungulate species in Chile. High seroprevalence of livestock pathogens such as Pestivirus and Leptospira Hardjo in wild animals suggests a livestock transmission in Chilean template forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) is responsible for substantial loss to the production of sweet cherry in Chile. To date, the molecular mechanisms of the Pss–sweet cherry interaction and the disease-related genes in the plant are poorly understood. In order to gain insight into these aspects, a transcriptomic analysis of the sweet cherry cultivar 'Lapins' for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to Pss inoculation was conducted. Three Pss strains, A1M3, A1M197, and 11116_b1, were inoculated in young twigs, and RNA was extracted from tissue samples at the inoculation site and distal sections. RNA sequencing and transcriptomic expression analysis revealed that the three strains induced different patterns of responses in local and distal tissues. In the local tissues, A1M3 triggered a much more extensive response than the other two strains, enriching DEGs especially involved in photosynthesis. In the distal tissues, the three strains triggered a comparable extent of responses, among which 11116_b1 induced a group of DEGs involved in defense responses. Furthermore, tissues from various inoculations exhibited an enrichment of DEGs related to carbohydrate metabolism, terpene metabolism, and cell wall biogenesis. This study opened doors to future research on the Pss–sweet cherry interaction, immunity responses, and disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, higher education institutions worldwide have been moving from knowledge-based to competence-based curricula. One of the greatest challenges in this transition is the difficulty in changing the knowledge-oriented practices of teachers. This study evaluates the consistency between syllabus design and the requirements imposed by a competence-based learning environment. To make this comparison, the study sets four criteria (C1: explicit relationship between syllabus and graduate profile; C2: precision of the learning outcomes and assessment criteria; C3: contents that mobilise the learning outcomes; and C4: learning and assessment activities) derived from the literature and a thematic analysis of competence-based learning in higher education. Afterwards, a sample of 150 syllabi from different disciplines of five Chilean public universities were analysed, all of which stated the use of learning outcomes and competences in their learning models. Using a three-point Likert scale derived from the aforementioned criteria and their indicators, a comparison was made between the actual practices reflected in the syllabus design and the previously established criteria. Results show a gap between the declaration of a competency-based curriculum and actual syllabus outlines. Moreover, there are important differences among disciplines. Although all disciplines present high levels of accomplishment for Criteria 1 and 3, only the discipline of health sciences presents an acceptable level for Criteria 2 and 4. It is recommended that further research be undertaken towards identifying effective competency-based syllabus design.

Purpose: Bowel complaints are very common among patients with colorectal cancer. However, the most used questionnaires for colorectal cancer survivors do not comprehensively comprise bowel symptoms. This study aimed to examine construct and criterion validity, as well as internal consistency, of the Chilean Version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Bowel Module (ICIQ-B) among people with colorectal cancer. Methods: Cross-sectional, validation study performed with 106 colorectal cancer patients from Hospital del Salvador, Chile. Bowel function was assessed with the ICIQ-B. Construct validity was assessed with confirmatory factor analysis and hypothesis testing. Specific items of a quality-of-life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-CR29) were used to correlate with similar ICIQ-B items for criterion validity. For internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha was computed. Results: For construct validity, the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three factors model did not fit our data. Meanwhile, hypothesis testing favored the construct validity of the instrument, considering that rectal cancer patients showed worse bowel pattern (p = 0.001), bowel control (p = 0.001) and quality of life (p < 0.001) scores compared to colon cancer patients. In addition, those patients assessed before surgery also presented worse scores bowel control (p = 0.023) and quality of life (p = 0.009) compared to post-surgical patients. Regarding criterion validity, the ICIQ-B items showed a significant correlation with similar QLQ-CR29 items. The internal reliability of the instrument was good (Cronbach's α = 0.909). Conclusion: Considering that this questionnaire appraises bowel function in more depth, it is recommended for use in clinical practice and research with colorectal cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Estimating intensity−duration−frequency (IDF) curves requires local historical information of precipitation intensity. When such information is unavailable, as in areas without rain gauges, it is necessary to consider other methods to estimate curve parameters. In this study, three methods were explored to estimate IDF curves in ungauged areas: Kriging (KG), Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), and Storm Index (SI). To test the viability of these methods, historical data collected from 31 rain gauges distributed in central Chile, 35° S to 38° S, are used. As a result of the reduced number of rain gauges to evaluate the performance of each method, we used LOOCV (Leaving One Out Cross Validation). The results indicate that KG was limited due to the sparse distribution of rain gauges in central Chile. SI (a linear scaling method) showed the smallest prediction error in all of the ungauged locations, and outperformed both KG and IDW. However, the SI method does not provide estimates of uncertainty, as is possible with KG. The simplicity of SI renders it a viable method for extrapolating IDF curves to locations without data in the central zone of Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze the spatial distribution and temporal trend of hospital discharges associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Chile for the period 2002-2020. Materials and methods. Mixed ecological study. Cases of IHD >=18 years registered in Chile between 2002 and 2020 were included. Cartographic representation at the communal level according to sex and residence. Spatial autocorrelation was used applying local Moran’s I. univariate by sex. Time trend was evaluated using the segmented Poisson (JP) model. Results. 434 061 total cases. The minimum hospitalization rates were 53 x 100 000 inhabitants for males and 32 x 100 000 inhabitants for females. The maximum rates determined correspond to 638 x 100 000 inhabitants for males and 364 x 100 000 inhabitants for females. Counties register Moran’s I. values for men that tend to disperse as the analyzed period progresses (0.247 to 0.334) and in the case of women they tend to cluster (0.244 to 0.223). Trend reflects increasing behavior in the age ranges from 18 to 24 years and from 25 to 34 years for females. Conclusion. There is a transition from low to high rates during the period studied. It is possible to group communes with high values in the central and southern zone of Chile, and low values in the northern zone of the country. The existence of a hospital, on average, affects utilization rates for both genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note reports 58 dead marine otters along the coast of North and central Chile during 2009-2022. The data was retrieved from a database of the Chilean National Service for Fisheries and Aquaculture (SERNAPESCA) and from observations of the authors. The main part of the otter mortality reports occurred in the Valparaíso region, which in turn would be consequence of a major effort to report mortality events by volunteers and scientists here. Seventeen (29%) cases of otter mortality were identified whereby interaction with thermal power plants cooled by seawater, attack of dogs, and interaction with smallscale fisheries are the main causes of mortality. But the cause of almost all the deaths remains unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of water in Chile has shown signs of decline in recent decades. This is problematic because Chile's economy depends on mining, forestry, and agricultural activities, all limited by the availability of water resources. In this study, daily, monthly and annual flows in 31 basins located in the arid–semiarid zones (29°12′ S–33°58′ S) and in the humid–subhumid zones (34°43′ S–38°30′ S) of Chile were evaluated using the Mann–Kendall trend test and the quantile–Kendall procedure during three periods: 1984–2021 (31 stations), 1975–2021 (20 stations), and 1969–2021 (18 stations). Results showed that, at the annual level, trends were predominantly negative in both climatic zones and over the three periods analyzed. In the arid–semiarid zone, a higher frequency of annual significant negative trends was found in maximum flows in 1969–2021 and 1975–2021, compared to the last period under study. The humid–subhumid zone showed significant annual negative trends in all series analyzed. At the monthly level, on the other hand, the arid-semiarid zone showed a decrease in significant negative trends as the number of years analyzed increased, for all flow types. The humid–subhumid zone did not indicate a similar defined pattern. Likewise, the quantile–Kendall procedure showed a reduction in the significant trends as the length of the time series was increased in the arid-semiarid zone, but no such pattern was observed in the humid–subhumid zone. Furthermore, a relationship was observed for the PDO and the summer month flows for both zones. Consequently, it is concluded that the flow trends are generally negative, and their statistical significance depends on the period studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a bibliometric analysis on the quality of higher education in Chile. The study examined articles published in the Scopus database between 2011 and 2021, finding 59 articles mostly published in Latin American journals. Five important thematic clusters were identified, and it was concluded that the quality of higher education is a relevant research topic in Chile, mainly addressed from the perspective of institutional accreditation and quality assurance. The article highlights the importance of improving the quality of tertiary education and provides valuable information on trends and topics of interest in Latin America. [Extracted from the article]

Background Most of the evidence about impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs) comes from symptom questionnaires. It is important to evaluate main mental health diagnoses in hospital front-line HCW's during the early acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. Methods An individual-level cross-sectional study using administrative data was conducted. A Difference-in-Difference (DiD) approach was used to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sick leave rates of depression, anxiety and acute stress reaction among hospital front-line HCW's in comparison with other private insured workers. Results DiD estimates showed a significant reduction of depression (17%), anxiety (8%) and acute stress reaction (8%) sick leave rate, in the front-line HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Reduction of the three mental disorders sick leave rates was higher in men than women. Except for depression, front-line HCW's from the Santiago region's sick leave rates of anxiety and acute stress reaction decreased more than other regions'. Conclusion Opposite to our hypothesis the results suggests a remarkable resilience level and compromise of front-line HCW's. To address threats to the mental health of HCW's is key to promotes programs for their psychological well-being and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe Bothriurus mistral n. sp. (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae) from the Chilean north-central Andes of the Coquimbo Region. This is the highest elevational discovery for Bothriurus in the western slopes of the Andes. This species was collected in the Estero Derecho Private Protected Area and Natural Sanctuary as part of the First National Biodiversity Inventory of Chile of the Integrated System for Monitoring and Evaluation of Native Forest Ecosystems (SIMEF). Bothriurus mistral n. sp. is closely related to Bothriurus coriaceus Pocock, 1893, from the lowlands of central Chile. This integrative research includes a combination of traditional morphometrics and geometric morphometric analyses to support the taxonomic delimitation of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Medicina Veterinaria is the property of Revista de Medicina Veterinaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban coastal wetlands are fragile ecosystems that provide important ecosystemic services. However, these ecosystems are subject to considerable external pressures from urban development, which leads to serious disturbances in their structure, functioning, and diversity as a result of the advancement of urban, agricultural, foraging, and drainage activities, as well as displacement of endemic species by invasive ones. Within the biological communities of these ecosystems, arthropods play an important trophic and ecological role as food resource, pollinating agents, biological controllers, organic matter decomposers, and nutrient cyclers. In this paper we characterize the taxonomic richness and abundance of the terrestrial arthropod fauna of the Aguada de La Chimba urban coastal wetland (Antofagasta Region, Chile) using various methods. From a total of 1,874 specimens, we identified 109 terrestrial arthropod species, where Insecta was the most represented taxon, with 85 species, 47 families, and 15 orders. The estimated species richness values were higher than the observed values for the different groups under study, and insects showed the highest species values in all estimators. Based on their origin, the communities identified included native (24%), naturalized (22%), and to a lesser extent, endemic species. We also characterize the major threats to this urban wetland and discuss the importance of building public–private partnerships with the local community for the success of biodiversity conservation programs in coastal ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with several important medical comorbidities. There are scant data available on the comorbidities of patients with psoriasis in South America. Aim: To examine the comorbidity profile of adult patients with psoriasis in Chile and its association with severity of psoriasis. Methods: This was a multicentre, cross‐sectional study involving 16 hospitals and clinics in Chile, which used a 48‐item questionnaire to study clinician‐ and patient‐reported outcomes and comorbidities. Inferential analyses were performed by psoriasis severity, using Fisher exact test, Student t‐test and multivariable logistic regression. Results: In total, 598 adult patients with psoriasis were included (51.1% male; mean age 49.2 ± 15.1 years); 48.5% mild and 51.4% moderate to severe; Psoriasis Area and Severity Index 11.6 ± 11.5; body surface area 14.7 ± 18.2%. Plaque psoriasis was the most common phenotype (90.2%), followed by guttate (13.4%). Psoriatic arthritis occurred in 27.3% of patients. Comorbidities were reported in 60.2% of all patients with psoriasis. Frequent concomitant diseases were obesity (25.3%), hypertension (24.3%), Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (18.7%), dyslipidaemia (17.4%), metabolic syndrome (16.7%) and depression (14.4%). After adjustment, significant associations were found between moderate to severe psoriasis and obesity, T2DM and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) compared with mild psoriasis. Conclusions: We report a large study of comorbidities, including depression, dyslipidaemia, T2DM and NAFLD, in people with psoriasis in Chile. The prevalence of comorbidities with psoriasis in Chile appears similar to that found in Western countries, and emphasizes the importance of assessing patients with psoriasis for risk factors for and presence of, comorbid disease in a multidisciplinary setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inland water is fundamental for the conservation of flora and fauna and is a source of drinking water for humans; therefore, monitoring its quality and ascertaining its status is essential for making decisions in water resources management. As traditional measuring methods present limitations in monitoring with high spatial and temporal coverage, using satellite images to have greater control over lake observation can be a handy tool and have satisfactory results. The study of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) has been widely used to ascertain the quality of the inland aquatic environment using remote sensing, but in general, it depends on the local conditions of the water body. In this study, the suitability of the Sentinel-2 MSI sensor for Chl-a estimation in a lake in south-central Chile is tested. An empirical approach is proposed, applying multiple linear regressions, comparing the efficiency and performance with L1C and L2A products, separating the equations constructed with spring-summer and fall-winter data, and restricting Chl-a ranges to those measured in the field to generate these regressions. The algorithms combining spectral bans proved to have a good correlation with Chl-a measured in the field, generally resulting in R2 greater than 0.87 and RMSE and MAE with errors less than 6 μg L−1. The spatial distribution of Chl-a concentrations at the study site was obtained based on the proposed equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Tekellina araucana sp. n., is described from Chile and Argentina. Detailed morphological data from the spinnerets and male palp of T. araucana sp. n. and Tekellina sadamotoi Yoshida & Ogata, 2016 is provided. A new diagnostic character of Tekellina Levi, 1957 , a row of bottle-like modified setae between the anal tubercle and the spinnerets was found. The absence of aggregate and cylindrical gland spigots may be a further diagnostic character for the genus. New molecular sequence data of T. araucana sp. n., Tekellina archboldi Levi, 1957 (generotype) and Nescina kohi Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016 , is provided and analyzed together with legacy genetic and transcriptomic data from a wide sampling of species representing all areaneoid families. Both molecular and morphological data suggest that Tekellina is closely related to Synotaxus Simon, 1895 together with three genera formerly placed in Nesticidae. From those results we broaden the limits of Synotaxidae to include the genera Synotaxus, Hamus Ballarin & Li, 2015 , Nescina Ballarin & Li, 2015 , Gaucelmus Keyserling, 1884, and Tekellina. The morphological data, especially of the male palps, is consistent with that re-limitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• No consensus in coastal zone delimitation, being metric and administrative criteria predominate. • Valparaiso coastal zone delimitation is developed to address ongoing management conflicts. • 7 socio-ecological units are defined in the Valparaiso coastal zone. • There is an urgent need for Chile to update its Coastal Law to achieve ICZM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Complutense de Educación is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2020, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is of interest to understand how students perceived the access, use, and utility of digital tools in online teaching. This study provides an insight into the needs of students in adjusting to online teaching. This study presents the methodological design of the course "Industrial Hygiene I," part of a technology-based engineering bachelor's degree from Universidad Católica del Norte (Chile). Once the theoretical framework was established, three surveys were designed throughout the course to measure students' perceptions of the access, use, and utility of digital tools used in online teaching during the pandemic. Thirty-five students participated in this quantitative study. Following a data analysis, it was observed that 46% of students use their cell phones to access virtual classes and more than 50% are dissatisfied with the internet connection; therefore, it was necessary to adapt the learning methodology. After that, more than 50% of the students said that they preferred a flipped classroom over traditional methodology. In addition, the quality of the course was not affected by using the internet (60%), and the methodology generates advantages in terms of learning (72%). These findings have several implications in both the design of different subjects in the engineering degree and the practice of different learning methods. Future hybrid teaching designs require taking up the challenges of both improving technology-supported teaching and assessing competence in the same context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud is the property of Centro de Estudiso Avanzados en Ninez y Juventud alaianza Cinde, Universidad de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The second part of a revision of the species of the genus Praocis Eschscholtz is presented. The subgenus Mesopraocis Flores & Pizarro-Araya, distributed in northern Chile from 25° South to 31° South, is revised. This article includes a redescription of the subgenus, redescriptions of its species, an identification key, and a discussion on morphological adaptations of the species to fossorial life. Habitus photographs, scanning electron micrographs of head, antennae, prosternum, abdomen, and protibiae, illustrations of genital features, and distribution maps are presented. Conical pegs sensilla on tibiae are described and illustrated using SEM for the first time for a South American tenebrionid species. A new Praocis species is described: Praocis (Mesopraocis) arenicola sp. nov. Praocis (Mesopraocis) flava Kulzer, 1958 is synonymised with P. (M.) pilula Laporte, 1840. Other species of the subgenus are: P. (M.) calderana Kulzer and P. (M.) nitens Kulzer. A statement on the variation in the number of antennomeres in P. (M.) pilula is appended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the food environment is used to identify areas with gaps in the availability of healthy foods and can be used as a public policy assessment tool. In recent decades, Chile has implemented several strategies and regulations to improve food environments, with encouraging results. Little is known about the scope of these measures in socially vulnerable environments. This study is part of a project that seeks to build an integrated intervention model for healthy school environments in a vulnerable area of Santiago, Chile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of healthy and unhealthy foods around schools and the relationship between it and socioeconomic determinants of the school community in the Chilean context. A cross-sectional study to measure the food environment of informal markets (street food), formal markets (stores), and institutions (schools) was conducted in and around 12 schools (100 m surrounding schools) in a vulnerable urban area of Santiago, Chile. A lack of healthy foods was observed, which was related to some socio-economic determinants and the multidimensional poverty was the most relevant. The diagnosis of food environments around schools can represent an important target for governments to implement policies focused at improving the availability of healthy foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2019 Solar Eclipse, whose umbra occurred in the Coquimbo region (Chile), provided the opportunity to diagnose the development of astrotourism in the territory and reflect on the strategies necessary for its improvement. This research analyzes the quality of the tourist's astrotourism experience, through a binary logistic regression model. The results reveal that, in general, travelers were satisfied, however it is noted that foreign tourists have less intention of repeating the visit and recommending the destination (loyalty). The findings are expected to help improve the competitiveness of Chile's astrotourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos, Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Honeybee pollen (HBP) chemical composition is highly variable conforming to the floral and geographical origin of the pollen grains. The beneficial effects and functional properties of the HBP are well-known and have been mainly attributed to their high content of antioxidant polyphenols. In this work, twelve HBPs samples from the Southern region of Chile (X Región de Los Lagos) were characterized for the first time according to their botanical origin, phenolic composition, and antioxidant activity. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion assay was done to simulate the human upper digestive tract. Selected honeybee pollen extracts (HBPEs) were assessed as bioaccessible fractions during an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Contents of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and recovery index of quercetin, myricetin, and cinnamic acid were monitored in different steps of gastrointestinal digestion. Furthermore, the protective effect of in vitro digested HBP towards DNA damage induced by peroxyl radicals was evaluated. The introduced species Brassica rapa L. (Brassicaceae), Lotus pedunculatus Cav. (Fabaceae), and Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae) predominated in all the HBPs analyzed, while the native species Buddleja globosa Hope (Scrophulariaceae), Luma apiculata (DC.) Burret (Myrtaceae), Embothrium coccineum J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Proteaceae) and Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. (Cunoniaceae) appeared less frequently. The content of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity in HBPEs achieved full bioaccessibility at the end of the intestinal digestion step. However, results obtained by a state-of-the-art technique (i.e. HPLC-DAD) demonstrated relatively low values of bioaccessible quercetin and cinnamic acid after the digestion process. In contrast, myricetin showed a high bioaccessibility in the intestinal digestion steps. The protective effect of in vitro digested HBP towards DNA damage induced by peroxyl radicals showed promising results (up to 91.2% protection). In conclusion, HBPs from the X Region de Los Lagos are rich sources of phenolic antioxidants that protect DNA from strand breakage. Therefore, the potential of HBPEs in preventing gastric and/or intestinal cancer should be further considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiences in Andean countries reveal that constitutional recognition of plural rights systems is not enough to reduce the detrimental impacts of hydropower on Indigenous communities. In this article, critical legal pluralism serves as an entry point from which to raise questions about the formal recognition of Indigenous legal orders in Chile. Drawing from an hydroelectic project that would dam the Neltume lake, this study examines how to take diverse local water rights systems seriously, without wiping them out by equilizing their divergences with logically ordered, hierarchically differentiated, official law. Accordingly, it shows how a series of legal networks overlap, intersect, and mutually shape each other, as it relates to struggles over water control in Mapuche-Williche territories. Through an ongoing engagement with critical anthropological thought, the article ends by addressing how it can be challenging to translate Indigenous epistemologies and political identities into the most official of all state documents, namely, the Constitution. Considering the present-day constitution-making process in Chile, the research combines several techniques for gathering qualitative data, including in-depth interviews with respondents involved in the conflict, videography, document analysis, and secondary historical sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People with intellectual disability in Chile face individual and collective barriers to social participation. Lack of knowledge about their rights and tools for effective self‐advocacy seem to be key elements that need to be improved to facilitate participation. Method: We present PaísDI, a 16 h long manualised program created by self‐advocates in collaboration with an interdisciplinary team, with four modules: rights and intellectual disability, leadership in intellectual disability, effective communication and financial considerations of social projects. This quasi‐experimental study had 349 participants, divided in three groups: people with intellectual disability, relatives and professionals. Feasibility and effectiveness where measured. Results: The program is shown to be viable and effective, especially in its impact on self‐perception for self‐advocacy activities. Conclusion: The discussion highlights Chile's historic debt in creating policies that promote self‐determination, knowledge and the empowerment of people with intellectual disability, to bolster their participation as citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children -- Fifth Edition is the most recent update to this scale, launched originally in 2014 in the United Stated. WISC-V includes several improvements from previous versions, such as an updated factorial structure that includes more indexes, new process scores and new procedures for norming. These improvements are particularly relevant in the Chilean context, since the previous version available in the country was the WISC-IIIv.ch, whose factorial structure dates from 1991, although it was standardized for Chilean population in 2007. This article presents the standardization process for the WISC-V, which includes the translation, adaptation and norming procedures for the Chilean population. It includes evidence for reliability and validity, and also results for various special groups samples, such as intellectual disability (24), attentional deficit disorder with hyperactivity (27), autism spectrum disorder (26), specific language disorder (56) and rural population (47). The Chilean data shows excellent reliability results and an excellent adjustment to the factorial model used in the North American version. This research provides evidence for convergent validity between WISC-V and other versions of these scales, such as the WAIS-IV and the WISC-IIIv.ch. Finally, we perform a comparison between private, voucher and public schools using this scale and a comparison between male and female performance in this scale. The main finding of this research is that the Chilean standardization of the WISC-V has excellent psychometric properties that allow recommending the use of this instrument in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the latest United Nations report, 68% of the world's population will live in cities by 2050, especially in developing countries in the Global South. New challenges are emerging in urban studies, which need to move towards; The drive to develop new methodologies for analysing the sustainability and resilience of the built environment is becoming increasingly urgent, especially in the intermediate cities of southern Chile, where the latest evidence has shown that major spatial transformations have directly affected the urban lives of their inhabitants. The objectives of this study are related to: (i) evaluating the sustainability and functional states of existing buildings in a specific sector of the historic Valdivia city centre (in the capital of the Los Ríos region)—specifically the Libertad pedestrian walkway; (ii) identifying key parameters for diagnosing the degree of sustainability; and (iii) proposing an intervention strategy for this specific location in one of the oldest cities in southern Chile using three fundamental design conditions: environmental, public space, and urban block. This kind of integral approach can help develop innovative procedures and improve mitigation strategies—such as preventive maintenance programmes and future control systems for maximising the resilience of a specific local context—in cultural heritage buildings, as well as in their surrounding and built environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Orientación Educacional is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Formulating effective management plans for addressing the impacts of invasive non-native species (INNS) requires the definition of clear priorities and tangible targets, and the recognition of the plurality of societal values assigned to these species. These tasks require a multi-disciplinary approach and the involvement of stakeholders. Here, we describe procedures to integrate multiple sources of information to formulate management priorities, targets, and high-level actions for the management of INNS. We follow five good-practice criteria: justified, evidence-informed, actionable, quantifiable, and flexible. We used expert knowledge methods to compile 17 lists of ecological, social, and economic impacts of lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) and American mink (Neovison vison) in Chile and Argentina, the privet (Ligustrum lucidum) in Argentina, the yellow-jacket wasp (Vespula germanica) in Chile, and grasses (Urochloa brizantha and Urochloa decumbens) in Brazil. INNS plants caused a greater number of impacts than INNS animals, although more socio-economic impacts were listed for INNS animals than for plants. These impacts were ranked according to their magnitude and level of confidence on the information used for the ranking to prioritise impacts and assign them one of four high-level actions—do nothing, monitor, research, and immediate active management. We showed that it is possible to formulate management priorities, targets, and high-level actions for a variety of INNS and with variable levels of available information. This is vital in a world where the problems caused by INNS continue to increase, and there is a parallel growth in the implementation of management plans to deal with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the parasite Caligus rogercresseyi (sea louse) and its effects on salmon farms in Chile is a complex challenge. One of these problems concerns the cost for testing potential treatments' efficacy; the development of in vitro infection models is expensive because of the biosecurity protocol in general and animal care required. Our objective was to develop a low‐cost system to evaluate the effect of different drugs on Caligus infestation. We previously used a low‐cost software (ImageJ) to observe the kinetic parameters in Caligus sperm cells, which had been video recorded under an inverted microscope. The same was carried out for Caligus at different lifecycle stages (copepodites), where we used a modified protocol for ImageJ analysis (CASA) for kinetic parameter analysis. The Caligus were observed under both controlled (seawater at 15℃), or experimental conditions (tap water dilution 0.1 at 100 V/V). Our results suggest that we can use the ImageJ plugin (CASA) as a low‐cost system for screening potential drug compounds that have the potential to alter the physiology of Caligus rogercresseyi, as well as compare the pharmacological effects of a new drug before conducting an in vitro or in vivo study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the burrowing activity of some species (e.g., gophers) is well studied, a comprehensive inventory of burrowing animals in adjacent biomes is not yet known, despite the potential importance of burrowing activity on the physical and chemical evolution of Earth's surface. In this study, we review the available information with a focus on the following: (a) an inventory of burrowing vertebrates and invertebrates along the climate and ecological gradient in Chile; (b) the dimensions and characteristics of burrows; and (c) calculation of excavation rates by local species compositions. Methods used include a literature compilation (> 1000 studies) of Chilean burrowing animal species integrated with global, species-specific excavation rates. A field study augments literature findings with quantification of the zoogeomorphic effects on hillslope mass transport at the animal community level and along the arid to humid–temperate climate gradient within the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (27–38 ∘ S latitude). The literature review indicates a minimum of 45 vertebrate and 345 invertebrate burrowing species distributed across Chile in different biomes. Burrowing depths for Chilean mammals range between 3 m (e.g., for skunks, Conepatus) and 0.25 m (for rock rats, Aconaemys). For invertebrates, burrowing depths in Chile range between 1 m for scorpions to 0.3 m for spiders. In comparison, globally documented maximum burrow depths reach up to more than 6 m for vertebrates (gopher tortoises and aardvarks) and 4 m for invertebrates (ants). Minimum excavation rates of local animal communities observed from field sites in Chile are 0.34 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 for the arid site, 0.56 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 for the semiarid site, 0.93 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 for the mediterranean site and 0.09 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 for the humid–temperate site, with the latter likely an underestimation. The calculated minimum Chilean excavation rates are within the large range of globally observed single species rates ranging between 0.01 and 56.20 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 for vertebrates and from 0.01 to 37.31 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 for invertebrates. Taken together, results not only highlight the diverse and latitudinally varying number of burrowing vertebrates and invertebrates present in different biomes, but also foster the understanding of how burrowing activity changes over a gradient and is influenced by mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, slope aspect and latitudinal-related incoming solar energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dimensión Empresarial is the property of Universidad Autonoma del Caribe, Departamento del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the study is to analyze the labor preferences and Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) of business students in Chile, through the application of a discrete choice model, based on four characteristic entrepreneurial traits: autonomy, innovation, power and altruism. The findings, derived from a survey applied to 85 university students, reveal that the student body prefers to be the owner of a lucrative, innovative and high-income company. It was revealed that in the labor predilections of students with high EI, the trinomial autonomy, power and innovation prevails, while in students with low EI the binomial power and autonomy prevails. Altruism, for its part, was the least relevant decisional attribute. It is concluded that labor preferences are linked to the EI level of the students. Traits such as: autonomy, power and innovative vocation, constitute factors underlying the occupational propensity. This information is relevant for university courses that teach entrepreneurship and that wish to design effective programmatic offers that consider the work preferences of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Here, we present the first record of stable colonies of the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis), in an area where their presence has never been documented (hereafter distribution gap), as well as an update of the current distribution range of the species in central Chile. Results: A national synoptic aerial census of pinnipeds was performed during the austral summer of 2019 on the Chilean coast. An additional aerial census was conducted in the same area during the austral spring of 2019 as well as a maritime census during the austral summer of 2020. The data showed the presence of South American fur seals in central Chile within their well-known distribution gap. The total abundance was registered in three colonies where fur seals were sighted: one non-breeding colony, Punta Topocalma (summer 2019: mean = 46 ± 3; spring 2019: mean = 9 ± 1); and two breeding colonies, Punta Curaumilla (summer 2019: mean = 595 ± 7; spring 2019: mean = 45 ± 4; summer 2020: mean = 744 ± 5) and Isla Santa María (summer 2019: mean = 246 ± 6). Specifically, we suggest that it is crucial to elucidate the origin of the described settled colonies, and to determine whether there has been an augment in the distribution range from either the northern population, the southern population, or both simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terrestrial isopods of Chile make a group on which until now only a few studies have been done, most of which based mainly on species records in isolated zones. The aim of the present study was to make an attempt at characterization of the isopods present in three coastal protected areas in the Atacama Desert and northern-central Chile, and compare the results with literature records for northern and central Chile. The collected specimens belong to the genus Benthanoides (Oniscoidea, Philosciidae), probably to the species Benthanoides pauper that was originally described for central Chile. The obtained results would not agree with literature records that described the presence of two species of the genus Tylos (Oniscoidea, Tylidae) between 26-29°S, and it would be the first isopod genus recorded north of 26°S (Paposo priority site, Antofagasta Region). More systematic and ecological studies would be necessary for understanding the geographical distribution of Chilean terrestrial isopods. Resumen: Los isópodos terrestres de Chile conforman un grupo sobre el que hasta ahora se han realizado pocos estudios, la mayoría de los cuales se basan principalmente en registros de especies en zonas aisladas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue intentar caracterizar los isópodos presentes en tres áreas costeras protegidas del desierto de Atacama y centro-norte de Chile, y comparar los resultados con registros de la literatura para el norte y centro de Chile. Los especímenes recolectados pertenecen al género Benthanoides (Oniscoidea, Philosciidae), probablemente a la especie Benthanoides pauper que fue descrita originalmente para el centro de Chile. Los resultados obtenidos no concordarían con los registros de la literatura que describían la presencia de dos especies del género Tylos (Oniscoidea, Tylidae) entre 26-29°S, y sería el primer género isópodo registrado al norte de 26°S (sitio prioritario Paposo, Región de Antofagasta). Serían necesarios estudios más sistemáticos y ecológicos para comprender la distribución geográfica de los isópodos terrestres chilenos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disease management programmes in Chilean table grape vineyards use the hydroxyanilide fenhexamid as a pivotal fungicide for Botrytis cinerea control. However, fenhexamid-resistant populations of this pathogen have progressively increased in vineyards under fungicide use. Botrytis cinerea isolates were collected in 'Thompson Seedless' vineyards under fenhexamid control programmes (>two sprays per season) from three regions of Central Chile, during the 2013-2014, 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons. Focusing on the 2015-2016 growing season when the greatest level of resistance was measured, only 8% of recovered isolates were sensitive to fenhexamid with 92% of isolates exceeding the sensitivity threshold for mycelium growth. All fenhexamid resistant isolates analyzed carried a mutation in the Erg27 gene, which encodes for 3-keto reductase (3-KR) enzyme. The largest proportion of isolates presented a single-point mutation, leading to a substitution of phenylalanine by serine or isoleucine in the 412 residue of 3-KR (erg27F412S, 27%; erg27F412I, 48%). Substitution by valine in this position was observed in a lower proportion of isolates (erg27F412V, 2%). In contrast to a previous report indicating high fitness cost in isolates carrying erg27F412S or erg27F412I, mycelium growth and sclerotia development under different restrictive temperatures were not affected compared to wildtype Erg27F412 in Chilean mutant isolates. At 0°C, erg27F412S and erg27F412I generated larger lesions than erg27F412V and Erg27F412 isolates in wounded and unwounded berry assays. Another five mutations were detected in low-resistance Erg27F412 isolates; one was a previously unreported mutation: erg27R330P. This study has demonstrated a significant loss of sensitivity to fenhexamid, limited fitness cost and high aggressiveness levels (erg27F412S and erg27F412I) in field isolates carrying Erg27 mutations, giving dirctions for the design of Botrytis control programmes based on fenhexamid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]