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Education on sustainability is a crucial goal that requires a transformative shift in teacher education to drive meaningful changes oriented to action. A cross-sectional study with an exploratory design investigated preservice science teachers' perceptions regarding teaching sustainable citizenship, specifically focusing on the climate crisis and earthquakes-tsunamis. The study was conducted in two Chilean universities with similar teacher preparation programs. The team designed a podcast series, which was used and evaluated by the 13 participants through action research. Three group discussions explored their perceptions of the resources, as well as the aims and challenges of teaching sustainable citizenship and the podcasts. We used Grounded Theory steps, including triangulation by the researchers to ensure reliability, to qualitatively analyse the data. The results reveal a constraint on teaching in areas where the participants lacked the necessary preparation and background knowledge as students and preservice teachers. The main challenges were related to interdisciplinarity, the social dimension of socio-scientific issues and context-responsive teaching methods. The perceived aims were the development of students' critical thinking, informed positioning, and encouraging active citizen participation. Preservice teachers found the podcast series to be a valuable new epistemic and pedagogical resource that can support their efforts to teach sustainable citizenship and implement pedagogical strategies. The autonomous usage of the device triggered reflection processes, particularly regarding the human rights perspective, which unveiled the socio-political dimensions inherent in science education. It promoted personal re-positioning as active citizens and educators and empowered them to seek out and pursue the changes needed to reshape future classrooms. We discuss these findings in the context of teacher preparation and the use of educational technology in teacher education.

In order to study the manifestation of data sense and identify ways of thinking about variability in authentically realistic problems in a group of Chilean fifth-grade students, a lesson plan was designed and implemented, within the framework of statistical literacy and using the "lesson study" modality, in which students were urged to make inferences based on the analysis of data corresponding to the tsunami that struck the Chilean coast in 2010. This article focuses on the qualitative study of the data representations produced by two groups of students during the implementation of the lesson plan. The analysis of the behavior of the tsunami carried out by the students led them to work simultaneously with nominal qualitative, ordinal qualitative, discrete quantitative, and continuous quantitative variables; to create new variables; to construct representations of data (multiple bar graphs and frequency tables); and to make inferences based on the data. We conclude that the use of an authentic context and the construction of their own representations promoted data sense in students and facilitated the development of their statistical thinking, through which they were able to recognize, describe, and explain the variability of the phenomenon.

Evaluation designs for social programs are developed assuming minimal or no disruption from external shocks, such as natural disasters. This is because extremely rare shocks may not make it worthwhile to account for them in the design. Among extreme shocks is the 2010 Chile earthquake. Un Buen Comienzo (UBC), an ongoing early childhood program in Chile, was directly affected by the earthquake. This article discusses (a) the factors the UBC team considered for deciding whether to put on hold or continue implementation and data collection for this experimental study; and (b) how the team reached consensus on those decisions. A lesson learned is that the use of an experimental design for UBC insured that the evaluation's internal validity was not compromised by the earthquake's consequences, although cohort comparisons were compromised. Other lessons can be transferred to other contexts where external shocks affect an ongoing experimental or quasi-experimental impact evaluation. (Contains 1 table.)

An interactive mapping project is revolutionizing the way crises are reported and managed, and is spotlighting the value of citizen journalism. The project, called Ushahidi, which means testimony in Swahili, uses crowdsourcing (gathering information from a large number of people) to map crisis information. This crisis mapping tool has since been used across the world to monitor violence in Gaza, track political unrest in Congo, manage Washington, D.C.'s record blizzard in 2010, help earthquake victims from Haiti to Chile, and in scores of other situations. Digital volunteers around the globe have increasingly contributed their time using crisis mapping tools such as Ushahidi, Sahana, OpenStreetMap, and other Web 2.0 tools to help in emergency situations such as natural disasters. In June 2009, a spontaneous group of self-described "geeks" created CrisisCommons (crisiscommons.org) to advance the use of technology for better crisis management. The volunteers created ad-hoc CrisisCamps to discuss how technology could benefit crisis management in general. These later turned into all day or weekend gatherings, where individuals with only their laptops and power strips harness online tools to take civic engagement to a new level. (Contains 6 notes.)

Over large regions exposed to natural disasters, cascading effects resulting from complex or concatenated natural processes may represent a large portion of total risk. Populated high‐mountain environments are a major concern, and methods for large‐scale quantitative risk analyses are urgently required to improve risk mitigation. This article presents a comprehensive quantitative rockfall risk assessment over a large archetypal valley of the Andean mountains, in Central Chile, which integrates a wide spectrum of elements at risk. Risk is expressed as an expected damage both in monetary terms and casualties, at different scales relevant for decision making. Notably, total rockfall risk is divided into its main drivers, which allows quantifying seismically induced rockfall risk. For this purpose, the local seismic hazard is quantified and the yield acceleration, that is, acceleration required to initiate rockfall, is determined at the regional scale. The probability of failure is thereafter derived in terms of annual frequency of rockfall initiation and integrated in the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) process. Our results show the significant role of seismic activity as the triggering mechanism of rockfalls, and highlight elements at risk that have a major contribution to the total risk. Eventually a sensitivity analysis is conducted to (i) assess the robustness of obtained risk estimates to the data and modeling choices and (ii) identify the most influential assumptions. Our approach evidences the feasibility of large‐scale QRAs in sensitive environments and opens perspectives for refining QRAs in similar territories significantly affected by cascading effects and multihazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Growing evidence warns about the detrimental effects of the stress induced by natural disasters on learning outcomes. Yet less is known about how political leadership could mitigate the adverse exposure to these events. Exploiting a natural experiment--the massive 2010 earthquake in Chile--as an exogenous shock and using fine-grained student data, we find that school disruption has a short and long-term impact on students' test scores. Moreover, our results indicate that learning losses were more pronounced in municipalities with a first-term mayor, in contrast to a nonsignificant effect in municipalities with a reelected one. We show that one of the pathways accounting for these effects is the ability of experienced bureaucrats to mobilize educational resources, highlighting the relevance of managerial capacities in times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the contexts and specificities of post-disaster social work intervention based on the testimonies of social workers who participated in the recovery and normalization processes after the earthquakes of 1985, 2010, and 2015 in Chile. The neoliberal context has influence in the social intervention. As neoliberalism deepens, there is more technology and better access to material resources, but at the same time, professional autonomy and community knowledge decrease. Research suggests there is a need for further critical discussion about how social work has been colonized by neoliberalism, even in seemingly neutral issues such as post-disaster intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-traumatic stress (PTSD) disorder is a mental health condition that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. The 27-F earthquake that struck Chile in 2010 was one such event that had a significant impact on the mental health of the population. A study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of PTSD and its associated factors among survivors of this earthquake. The study was a longitudinal design, involving a sample of 913 patients aged 18 to 75 years who attended 10 Primary Care Centers in Concepción, Chile. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess both depressive episodes (DE) and PTSD before and after the earthquake. The study also involved genotyping studies using saliva samples from the participants, specifically focusing on the Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. Statistical analysis was performed to examine the association between different variables and the presence of PTSD. These variables included demographic factors, family history of psychiatric disorders, DE, childhood maltreatment experiences, and critical traumatic events related to the earthquake. The results showed that the incidence of post-earthquake PTSD was 11.06%. No significant differences were found between the groups of participants who developed post-earthquake PTSD regarding the Val66Met or 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. However, a significant association was found between the concomitant diagnosis of DE and the development of post-earthquake PTSD. The presence of DE doubled the risk of developing post-earthquake PTSD. The number of traumatic events experienced also had a statistically significant association with an increased risk of developing post-earthquake PTSD. The study's limitations include the potential interference of different DE subtypes, the complexity of quantifying the degree of earthquake exposure experienced by each individual, and events entailing social disruption, such as looting, that can profoundly influence distress. In conclusion, the study found that PTSD following the 27-F earthquake in Chile was associated with a concomitant diagnosis of DE and the number of traumatic events experienced. The study did not find a significant association between PTSD and the Val66Met or 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. The researchers recommend that mental health professionals should prioritize the detection and treatment of concomitant depressive episodes and exposure to critical traumatic events in survivors of disasters. They also suggest that further research is needed to better understand the relationship between genetic factors and post-disaster PTSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Regional is the property of Historia Regional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia Regional is the property of Historia Regional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is a review of the book "Rischio terremoto e rischio maremoto. Sistemi di prevenzione e modelli di responsabilità in un confronto fra diritto penale cileno e diritto penale italiano" written by Cecilia Valbonesi. The book analyzes the criminal responsibility related to earthquakes and tsunamis in Chile and Italy. The author, Cecilia Valbonesi, is an expert in criminal law and has conducted research on topics such as medical liability and occupational safety. The book examines the legislation and prevention systems in both countries and highlights the importance of anti-seismic discipline in building construction. It also mentions some historical earthquakes in Italy and discusses the fragility of its real estate and infrastructural heritage. The text talks about Cecilia Valbonesi's research in Chile and its comparison with the Italian system in cases of natural disasters, specifically earthquakes and tsunamis. It is mentioned that Italy has had difficulties implementing effective prevention measures and has opted for criminal processes instead of focusing on emergency management. On the other hand, the responsibility and emergency management model implemented in Chile are highlighted, as well as the rulings of the Constitutional Court related to negligent crimes. Valbonesi's book fills a gap in Chilean literature on these topics and proposes clues for decisions tailored to the country's needs. The use of restorative justice in cases of natural disasters is also mentioned. Although this aspect is not fully developed, the originality and quality of Valbonesi's work in its comparative approach are highlighted. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: Associations between prenatal earthquake exposure and children's mental health remain unclear. Moreover, there is a paucity of research using quasi-experimental statistical techniques to diminish potential selection bias. Thus, this study aimed to explore the impact of prenatal exposure to the Chilean earthquake of 2010 on children's behavioural and emotional problems between 1½ and 3 years old using propensity score matching. Methods: Participants included 1549 families from the Encuesta Longitudinal de la Primera Infancia cohort in Chile. Maternal reports using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) were used to assess behavioural and emotional problems between 1½ and 3 years old. Information on prenatal earthquake exposure was collected via maternal report. The Kernel matching estimator was used to compare the average treatment effects of children who were exposed to the earthquake compared to those who were not. Results: Five of the seven CBCL outcomes were statistically significant after matching and adjustment for multiple testing, suggesting greater difficulties for exposed children which included emotional reactivity, anxious/depressed, sleep problems, attention problems, and aggression (mean difference of 0.69, 0.87, 0.73, 0.85, 3.51, respectively). The magnitude of the effect was small to medium. Conclusion: Findings contribute to the potential causal inferences between prenatal earthquake exposure and increased behavioural and emotional problems in early childhood. Results suggest that in utero experiences may have long-term consequences for infants' well-being, supporting the need for specific interventions in pregnancy after natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avalanches are natural disasters with substantial human and economic consequences worldwide. Chile, a mountainous country, is particularly susceptible to these events. In this study, we employ a numerical technique based on the Saint-Venant system of differential equations and the well-balanced Finite Volume method with hydrostatic reconstruction to analyse snow avalanche behaviour, taking into account topography and friction as described by the Voellmy-Salm rheology model. The Rigopiano avalanche in Italy serves as a case study to test and validate our strategy, demonstrating the model's potential in simulating real-world avalanche events. The numerical model is thoroughly explained, and the results for the real avalanche case are presented visually, showing close alignment with field data and estimates from the literature. In conclusion, we highlight key findings, emphasize the importance of further research in avalanche modelling, and suggest the potential applications of these models for avalanche risk management in regions like Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an integrative case study of Chile's national strategy of research, development, and innovation (R&D+i) for disaster resilience and progress towards developing the institutional conditions necessary for its successful implementation. The paper covers the period between 2016 and 2021, concentrating on the work of the Chilean Commission of R&D+i for Resilience to Disasters of Natural Origin (CREDEN). Through an analysis of the official records of the initiative at all of its stages, and 29 semi‐structured interviews with CREDEN members and stakeholders, we aim to present a successful example of strengthening the role of science and technology in disaster risk reduction. Chile's experience is particularly interesting because its strategy focused on R&D+i and proposed developing an industry of scientific‐based technological solutions for disaster resilience. The study also illustrates how strategic interaction between academia, state, and industry can be a key factor in aligning knowledge production to tackle current socio‐technical challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Natural catastrophes influence the progress of nursing. The largest recorded earthquake in the world occurred in the South of Chile and is documented as driving the development of nursing in the city of Valdivia, but not in similarly-affected places. Objective: To describe the impact of the mega-earthquake of 1960 in the development of professional nursing in Los Lagos. Methodology: qualitative-historical study. Snowball sampling. Data collection through semi-structured interviews and secondary sources. Inclusion criteria: belonging to the health team of the place and period studied. Informants with cognitive deterioration were excluded. Thematic analysis was carried out. Atlas Ti version 8.3.0 was used. Study approved by ethics committee. Results: in 1960 there were no nurses in Los Lagos and the only hospital in the area was incapacitated. A field hospital was installed, and a new hospital was built with national and international help, which led to arrival of the earliest nurses. Conclusion: the mega-earthquake drove the improvement of health infrastructure and the subsequent arrival of the earliest nurses, which contributed to more complex local health services and raised the quality of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River flooding is one of the most widespread natural disasters. Projections indicate that climate change will increase flood hazard in many areas around the world. In this study, we investigate the individual and combined effects of sea level rise, flow increase and riparian vegetation encroachment on flood hazard in the lower Biobío River, Chile. Results show that each has the potential to individually increase flood hazard in certain areas, and that individual effects can compound. Encroachment of riparian vegetation onto previously sparsely vegetated areas of the floodplain, likely a result of the Chilean megadrought, causes higher flow resistance and increased flooding during large events. Somewhat counterintuitively, drought has therefore led to an increase in flood hazard in the study area. Drought risk for most land areas across the globe is expected to increase with climate change. Potential future vegetation encroachment should therefore be included as a key variable in riverine flood hazard studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can natural disasters affect voters' electoral choices, and in particular, ideological voting? Even as climate change has increased concerns about the frequency and intensity of disasters, the effects of these negative events on voter behavior are not yet fully understood. Though ideological labels are known to be informative heuristics, the literature has thus far overlooked their role after natural hazards. Might affected citizens become more likely to select candidates with an ideology that can be associated with what victims need after a disaster? Answering this question is difficult since disaster damage can be correlated with multiple victims' unobserved characteristics. To address this challenge, I use a natural experiment created by the floods that occurred in Chile in 2015 to take advantage of random variation in citizens' exposure to a disaster. I then capture voters' electoral choices using a conjoint survey experiment. The findings show that material damage caused by this disaster increased the probability of voters selecting left-wing and independent candidates. Qualitative evidence from interviews helps to illuminate the causal mechanisms underlying these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze disaster risk governance through assemblage theory, identifying how—during the altered political context of a military regime with a centralized disaster risk management as in the case of Chile in 1985—new actors emerge during the disaster response phase as a de/reterritorialization effect that is influenced by their agencies and relationships, disfiguring the edges of the assemblage. Based on this conceptualization, it is possible to investigate the interactions between the different actors, their power relations, and their reconfigurations in the governance exercise. For this purpose, we reviewed the response phase of the 1985 San Antonio earthquake that affected the central zone of Chile, where strategic functions, institutions, and forms of power are concentrated. To describe and visualize the actors during the response phase in the disaster risk governance framework, a map of actors was developed that identifies the existing relationships and their different weights. The central scale proved to be dominant and occupied a political space that was transfigured by its overrepresentation—enforced by allies such as the banking system and business associations—enhancing a neoliberal agenda. The leaps in scale from the central scale to the local scale cancel agency of the last, destabilizing its capacity to deal with the effects of the earthquake and isolating it from the decision-making processes. Consequently, delays in providing aid demonstrate that authoritarian governments do not provide better management in the disaster response phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economy of a country is exposed to disruptions caused by natural and man-made disasters. Here we present a set of probabilistic risk indicators, the Average Annual Loss (AAL) and the Loss Exceedance Curve (LEC), regarding to production, employment, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Regional Product (GRP), export volume, inflation, tariff revenue, among others, due to earthquakes. All indicators are computed using a systematic probabilistic approach, which integrates the seismic risk assessment with spatial computable general equilibrium models, both robust and well-known frameworks used worldwide in their respective fields. Our approach considers the induced damage and frequency of occurrence of a vast collection of events that collectively describe the entire seismic hazard of a country, giving us a better and more complete understanding of the full consequence of earthquakes. We illustrate this approach with an example developed for Chile. The integration of risk analysis and spatial CGE modeling frameworks allowed for measuring the direct and indirect consequences of extreme events via novel probabilistic risk indicators which incorporate elements of uncertainty and systemic effects [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the turn of the twenty-first century, there has been a guiding imperative in anthropology to better understand people's entanglements with nature. This article sets out to investigate the emergence of spiritual ecologies in the Chilean town of Constitución. Unlike most previous studies, we rethink the partial connections and entanglements of humans with nature through linking this to spirituality, environmental care and gender. By adopting a "kaleidoscopic perspective", we aim to avoid a simplification or a singular representation of the (re-)entanglements with Mother Nature. Constitución provides an excellent setting for studying contemporary changes in human–nature entanglements as compounding crises of earthquakes, tsunami and forest fires, exacerbated by extensive timber production, that have struck the town during the past decade, have led to a resurgence by a large part of the population in interpreting and expressing their relationship with Mother Nature. Through intermittent ethnographic research between 2015 and 2019, we have concluded that the entanglements with Mother Nature in Constitución are the result of what we call Andean performative pragmatism, and the overrepresentation of women within the group of people who care for Mother Nature can be interpreted through an ecowomanist perspective that stands for the creation of social and environmental justice. As such, the findings offer a fresh and updated way to understand and interrogate the challenges confronting present-day human–nature relations in times of climate adaptation both in Chile and far beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study relies on Entman's definition of frames and framing functions to analyze how the Chilean government and news media framed a natural disaster occurring in Chile in 2014. Using structural topic modeling, 705 news stories and 174 official press releases were analyzed to identify under which conditions the media may attribute blame when natural disasters are framed beyond the realm of an accident. Findings indicate the government portrayed its own performance as a successful one where all actors did their job to minimize disaster consequences. Yet, the media narrative did not reflect the government's efficiency frame, portraying the official response as a result of lessons learned from a previous disaster. Taken together, the results suggest that when the media align with a particular political side, disaster characteristics are not the main issue to report on. This study departs from a description of journalistic practices in time of disasters towards a more complex view of the relationship between government and the press when it comes to disaster coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socionatural disasters are highly demanding episodes for the affected populations; however, there are groups that, due to their characteristics, may be more exposed to inequalities, such as women. The general objective of this paper is to analyze the emergency and the reconstruction process of the 2010 earthquake and tsunami in Chile, from a critical perspective that considers social factors from a gender approach based mainly on the experiences of the women victims of the town of Arauco in the Bío-Bío Region. It is evident that in the framework of a subsidiary and highly centralized State, responses are generated in disconnection with the territories and population affected by the disaster. Thus, under these conditions, women are forced to assume leadership and community care roles as a mechanism of resistance and subsistence in the face of the state policy limitations. As a result, the sexual division of labor increases to the detriment of women, who are highly demanded during the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the public assessment of political leadership is more evident during crisis events, natural disasters have become a plausible explanation for electoral outcomes and public support. This imposes a prominent challenge for developing countries, which are less prepared to deal with catastrophes. This paper proposes a theoretical and an empirical approach to evaluate the unrestricted and conditional impact of natural disasters on the continuity of local authorities. Our theoretical framework treats natural disasters as an exogenous shock that is beyond the incumbent's influence but provides valuable information to rational voters about high-quality candidates. The empirical approach uses county-level data to test this model by estimating the impact of the Chile earthquake occurred in 2010 on re-election probability and incumbent mayor's vote share. Aggregate- and individual-level evidence shows that incumbents' continuity is not unconditionally threatened due to the earthquake, but contingent on conditioning factors that exacerbate or mitigate its negative effect on incumbency advantage. That is, local governments with higher human capital endowments and a better post-disaster assessment are more likely to be re-elected in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disasters connected to natural hazards can at the same time be unfolding events, as well as structural phenomena with unequal disaster risk constructed over an extended timespan. Hence, in disaster studies, temporality and spatiality are central, yet often implicit, concepts employed to make sense of the disaster phenomena. In this article we explicitly focus on temporality and spatiality within qualitative disaster studies, particularly those containing ethnographic elements. We use Doreen Massey's idea of space-time trajectories to analyze and illustrate how in qualitative disaster studies the trajectories of the disaster, research participants, and the researcher entangle in diverse ways. The focus is on how temporality and spatiality are present in the construction of data. The article is mainly conceptual, with illustrations drawn from empirical fieldwork on Valparaíso fire of 2014 in Chile. We interrogate how researchers' sensitivity to temporality and spatiality challenges the conventional notions and practices of "data" in qualitative disaster studies. The focus in this article is on disaster studies, but it also offers methodological insights to other social sciences that strive to conduct research in the era of "Anthropocene," with all its shifts and changes, the root causes of which have built over a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major natural disaster can generate changes in the affected population's behavior. As Chile is considered one of the countries with the highest seismic activity and has experienced several of the most intense earthquakes on record in the world, this work seeks to identify behavioral changes in the birth rate within an affected population related to a natural disaster in Chile. Based on evidence from the 2010 Chilean earthquake, an empirical study was carried out drawing on birth rate data and social data associated with earthquakes in Chile between 2004 and 2015. Two models were estimated. The first model is a difference-in-differences model for determining the effect of the disaster on the birth rate in the affected area in the post-disaster period. The second model is a triple-difference model that includes the trend of the data over time. The results indicate a positive relationship between the variation in the birth rate and the occurrence of the natural disaster. Studying the relationship between disaster events and fertility contributes to understanding the phenomena of social dynamics. This knowledge could improve public policy decision making for better planning in the face of a natural disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters are one of the main channels through which ecological and socio-economic systems interact. In particular, the severe impacts of earthquakes could disrupt activities in the labour market. However, the literature barely researched the long-term effects of such events. To investigate this issue, this article is concentrated in Chile that is subject to recurring seismic movements. The 27 February 2010 Bío-Bío Chile earthquake (Mw 8.8) was the second strongest in the history of the country. This natural disaster can be used to evaluate the response of the labour market to an exogenous shock. Besides, the capacity for resilience in the labour market is crucial for people who rely on their job. This document analyses the impacts of the 2010 Bío-Bío earthquake and tsunami on Chilean labour market outcomes, in particular, the quality of employment. With this objective, different data are combined for analysing the effect in the short and long term. Also, distinct econometric techniques and exogenous measurements of seismic acceleration are used. The evidence shows that these catastrophes harmed the labour market in the short term. However, in the long term, the government's reconstruction efforts and other factors could have attenuated the adverse effects over some variables in the most affected zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to the stress inoculation hypothesis, successfully navigating life stressors may improve one's ability to cope with subsequent stressors, thereby increasing psychiatric resilience.Aims: Among individuals with no baseline history of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or major depressive disorder (MDD), to determine whether a history of a stressful life event protected participants against the development of PTSD and/or MDD after a natural disaster.Method: Analyses utilised data from a multiwave, prospective cohort study of adult Chilean primary care attendees (years 2003-2011; n = 1160). At baseline, participants completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), a comprehensive psychiatric diagnostic instrument, and the List of Threatening Experiences, a 12-item questionnaire that measures major stressful life events. During the study (2010), the sixth most powerful earthquake on record struck Chile. One year later (2011), the CIDI was re-administered to assess post-disaster PTSD and/or MDD.Results: Marginal structural logistic regressions indicated that for every one-unit increase in the number of pre-disaster stressors, the odds of developing post-disaster PTSD or MDD increased (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.08-1.37, and OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.27 respectively). When categorising pre-disaster stressors, individuals with four or more stressors (compared with no stressors) had higher odds of developing post-disaster PTSD (OR = 2.77, 95% CI 1.52-5.04), and a dose-response relationship between pre-disaster stressors and post-disaster MDD was found.Conclusions: In contrast to the stress inoculation hypothesis, results indicated that experiencing multiple stressors increased the vulnerability to developing PTSD and/or MDD after a natural disaster. Increased knowledge regarding the individual variations of these disorders is essential to inform targeted mental health interventions after a natural disaster, especially in under-studied populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of potential landslides in mountain areas is a very complex process. Currently, event understanding is scarce due to information limitations. Identifying the whole chain of events is not a straightforward task, and the impacts of mass-wasting processes depend on the conditions downstream of the origin. In this paper, we present an example that illustrates the complexities in the evaluation of the chain of events that may lead to a natural disaster. On 16 December 2017, a landslide occurred in the Yelcho mountain range (southern Chile). In that event, 7 million m 3 of rocks and soil fell on the Yelcho glacier, depositing 2 million m 3 on the glacier terminal, and the rest continued downstream, triggering a mudflow that hit Villa Santa Lucía in Chilean Patagonia and killing 22 people. The complex event was anticipated in the region by the National Geological and Mining Survey (Sernageomin in Spanish). However, the effects of the terrain characteristics along the run-out area were more significant than anticipated. In this work, we evaluate the conditions that enabled the mudflow that hit Villa Santa Lucía. We used the information generated by Sernageomin's professionals after the mudflow. We carried out geotechnical tests to characterize the soil. We simulated the mudflow using two hydrodynamic programs (r.avaflow and Flo-2D) that can handle the rheology of the water–soil mixture. Our results indicate that the soil is classified as volcanic pumices. This type of soil can be susceptible to the collapse of the structure when subjected to shearing (molding), flowing as a viscous liquid. From the numerical modeling, we concluded that r.avaflow performs better than Flo-2D. The mudflow was satisfactorily simulated using a water content in the mixture ranging from 30 % to 40 %, which would have required a source of about 3 million m 3 of water. Coupling the simulations and the soil tests that we performed, we estimated that in the area scoured by the mudflow, there were probably around 2 800 000 m 3 of water within the soil. Therefore, the conditions of the valley were crucial to enhancing the impacts of the landslide. This result is relevant because it highlights the importance of evaluating the complete chain of events to map hazards. We suggest that in future hazard mapping, geotechnical studies in combination with hydrodynamic simulation should be included, in particular when human lives are at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters cause human losses, destroy economic assets and are often followed by widespread looting and altruistic behaviours of many individuals; affecting ambiguously the long-term benefits and costs of committing crime and the demand for crime prevention. Using household data from victimisation surveys and a difference in difference strategy, this paper shows that municipalities exposed to the 8.8 Richter magnitude earthquake that struck Chile in February 2010 experienced lasting reductions in the prevalence of property crime. The results of the analysis of mechanisms are consistent with a positive effect of the earthquake on the strength of community life and the subsequent adoption of community-based crime prevention measures. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March of this year, Law 21.220 was enacted to amend the Labour Code in the area of distance work or "telecommuting'. Its promulgation takes place in a context of health crisis and Chile declared a state of constitutional emergency of catastrophe due to public calamity in the face of the advance of the Coro-navirus pandemic and, together with this, the need to maintain with some operating level the various companies, industries and other organizations of the country. This article presents from a descriptive and reflective perspective, the advances and risks of precariousness for the workers of this country that installs this new legal body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotropica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although explosive volcanic eruptions are natural disturbances that cause significant environmental repercussions and impose multiple changes on ecosystems, post‐eruption studies of rivers and streams are not common. The most recent eruption of the Puyehue‐Cordón Caulle volcanic complex (PCCVC) began on 4 June 2011 with a large explosion and the emission of a column of gas and volcanic ash (particle size <0.001–2 mm) followed by the release of silica magma, and lasted approximately until June 2012. The wind‐dispersed volcanic ash affected the area surrounding the PCCVC in southern Chile and, subsequently, most of South America, but local effects on streams and rivers in the vicinity were more drastic. We collected water, ash, and benthic macroinvertebrate samples four months after the eruption from four rivers: Two were visibly impacted (Gol‐Gol and Nilahue) in areas where volcanic ash thickness ranged between 1 and 5 cm, in the vicinity of the PCCVC fissure (8–15 km), and two adjacent rivers (Calcurrupe and Chanleufu) were located 20–40 km from the PCCVC fissure where ash thickness was <1 cm and did not present visible impacts. Results were then compared with data obtained from previous research projects. This study reports that this natural disaster induced an increase in concentrations of total suspended solids and of phosphorous in the rivers Gol‐Gol and Nilahue, as well as habitat destruction, deterioration of environmental quality, and the consequent devastation of macroinvertebrate assemblages inhabiting these rivers directly following the eruption. We conclude that volcanic eruptions can generate local extinctions of benthic macroinvertebrates in the short term, compared with rivers that were not affected by volcanic ash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes and tsunamis are the natural events that generate subsequent geomorphological land cover changes. The damage is usually of such importance and of such a diverse nature that it is imperative to have tools that allow quick and precise monitoring. Thus, know which classification methods have the best potential to obtain greater precision will improve natural disaster management. We analyze Tubul locality (37.21° S; 73.43° O) in Biobío region, Chile, in which greatest geomorphological changes were documented after the earthquake and tsunami occurred 27/February/2010. These changes can be analyzed using different machine learning methods. We investigate the "Support Vector Machine" (SVM) and "Random Forest" (RF), versus the "Maximum Likelihood" (ML) classification method of Landsat TM and ASTER satellite images. The comparison of the performance of the classifiers and certifying accuracy improvement shows that machine learning algorithms are superior to traditional classification methods in terms of overall accuracy and robustness. The general classification accuracy was approximately 97 %. We also visualize the land cover transformations, showing that 26 % of the region was altered. The results of performance testing of machine learning methodologies was consistent with other studies and presents a valid application in the visualization of land cover changes in areas of natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we use the life satisfaction approach to assess the non-pecuniary costs of Mental health impacts after the 2010 Chile earthquake. By linking both subjective well-being valuation literature with studies that describe psychological impacts after natural disasters, we are able to quantify how big a compensation should be to leave individuals as well as they were before the event. Our results suggest that people who experience stress should be compensated by approximately 80–90% of the average monthly income if the shock was strong enough to cause significant damages. These estimates are robust to different empirical specifications, endogeneity, shock intensity measures, and mental health definitions. We estimate that the total costs of mental health deterioration are about 7% of the total reported damages, a significant amount that policymakers should not ignore in post-earthquake reconstruction stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we provide contributions to understand the impact of natural or anthropic disasters, like earthquakes, tsunamis, terrorism, and so on, caused by the effects of natural disasters or human actions over people. Our objective is to understand the impact of the 8.8° earthquake and tsunami of February 27th, 2010, in Dichato, in the south coast of Chile. The interest is to generate knowledge about the effects of traumatic events in the well-being of the people who live in that place. The social and health sciences need to integrate other methods inn their research, in order to study the impact of traumatic events on the well-being of people. We worked with surviving inhabitants that told us about their lives in that place and their life stories. In these accounts, there was some remembrances and emotional superpositions between the traumatic experiences of the earthquake and the tsunami, and the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet from 1973-1990 in Chile, considered as a similar disastrous event in their lives. The results expand the understanding about disasters, beyond its material, individual or short-term scope. We conclude that the socio-historical emotional impact, social suffering and well-being of the place are aspects that should be considered in the face of transformations and changes in the place of living, knowing and understanding the collective responses that can emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chilean government has introduced significant changes across the school system to facilitate the educational inclusion of pupils with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) via School Integration Programmes (SIPs). However, these policies have only been partially successful, with problems of stigmatisation and tokenistic inclusion reported. Meanwhile, other than through parental narratives, little information is available on the success of SIPs for pupils with SEND. In this small scale, exploratory case study based in a state school in Santiago, the views of five autistic pupils aged 10-19 were sought on their inclusion and participation in school. Using flexible, participatory methods and analysed via thematic analysis, the pupils provided important insights into their sensory issues, social and learning needs in school. Crucially in the Chilean context, they also revealed the particular impact of earthquake tremors on them. The implications of these findings for future research and educational practices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, or wildfires pose a serious threat to road infrastructure. Especially in emergency situations, the society depends on the road infrastructure to maintain its functionality in terms of evacuation and accessibility to emergency facilities. In this paper, we develop a generic, multi-scale concept to analyze the accessibility to emergency facilities in critical road infrastructure for natural disaster scenarios. We follow a modular approach: The basic module evaluates the accessibility of emergency facilities by calculating an accessibility index. Other modules enable the calculation of a grid-based index and the generation of a degraded network based on a natural disaster scenario. OpenStreetMap serves as a free-to-use and worldwide available database for the road network and the emergency facility location. The concept is applied exemplarily for two wildfire scenarios of different geographic scales: the January 2017 Wildfires in the BioBío and Maule region located in central Chile and the June 2017 Wildfires in central Portugal. An impact analysis of the wildfires on the accessibility of emergency facilities is performed and evaluated. As a result, the concept provides a valuable and data-sparse decision aid tool for regional planners and disaster control. It can be used in different stages of the disaster risk management cycle. In the mitigation and preparation phase, places with poor accessibility can be identified. In the short-term response phase after a disaster, the quick identification of critical and disconnected road network parts assists disaster control in planning a possible reaction strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The growing multi-hazard environment to which millions of people in the world are exposed highlights the importance of making sure that populations are increasingly better prepared. The objective of this study was to report the levels of preparedness of a community exposed to two natural hazards and identify the primary sociodemographic characteristics of groups with different preparedness levels. A survey was conducted on 476 participants from two localities of the Atacama Region in the north of Chile during the spring of 2015. Their level of preparedness at home and work was assessed to face two types of natural hazards: earthquakes and floods.The findings show that participants are significantly better prepared to face earthquakes than floods, which sends a serious warning to local authorities, given that floods have caused the greatest human and material losses in the region's recent history of natural disasters. Men claimed to be more prepared than women to face floods, something that the authors attribute to the particular characteristics of the main employment sectors for men and women in the region. The potential contribution of large companies on preparedness levels of communities in the areas in which they operate is discussed. The sociodemographic profile of individuals with the highest levels of preparedness in an environment with multiple natural hazards are people between 30 and 59 years of age, living with their partner and school-age children. The implications of the results pertaining to institutions responsible for developing disaster risk reduction plans, policies and programs in a multi-hazard environment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile is a country with high levels of digital news consumption but decreasing levels of confidence in journalism and traditional news media outlets. In a place where natural disasters are common, Chilean citizens usually turn to digital and social media to find out more information about how events unfold. By relying on in-depth interviews with reporters who covered the 2014 earthquake in northern Chile, this study examines how Chilean journalists approached a highly politicized natural disaster. Results show that reporters covered the earthquake as a political issue due to editorial prompting, and they used social media as another way to get close to the sources they already know, but not to look for alternative sources. The implications of these findings for media scholars and practitioners relate to the normalization of social media use among journalists, and the influence of a news outlet's political leaning on journalistic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following work presents the communicational strategy developed by the Health Seremi institution, during the health emergency due to the eruption of the Calbuco Volcano (Los Lagos Region, Chile) in April 2015, to diminish the risks of health for people and communities exposed to the eruption. A preventive and informative strategy was reported through various resources, including website social networks, as well as institutional transparency in terms of information towards the community regarding air quality, water and ash presence. The analysis of institutional social networks (twitter) indicates that the sanitary discursive cores were properly fitting and spread in this social network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to environmental stressors is highly prevalent and unequally distributed along socioeconomic lines and may have enduring negative consequences, even when experienced before birth. Yet, estimating the consequences of prenatal stress on children's outcomes is complicated by the issue of confounding (i.e., unobserved factors correlated with stress exposure and with children's outcomes). I combine a natural experiment-a strong earthquake in Chile-with a panel survey to capture the effect of prenatal exposure on acute stress and children's cognitive ability. I find that stress exposure in early pregnancy has no effect on children's cognition among middle-class families, but it has a strong negative influence among disadvantaged families. I then examine possible pathways accounting for the socioeconomic stratification in the effect of stress, including differential exposure across socioeconomic status, differential sensitivity, and parental responses. Findings suggest that the interaction between prenatal exposures and socioeconomic advantage provides a powerful mechanism for the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]