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Financial literacy is a competence that extends to many aspects of everyday life. The Great Recession has recently highlighted its relevance and the importance of financial literacy training in the school curricula. The authors use PISA 2015 data to investigate the link between financial education and young people's financial literacy across 15 countries using a student fixed-effects approach. Their results illustrate how financial education is still in its infancy within many countries and does not seem to improve young people's ability to apply financial skills in real-world situations.

The purpose of this research endeavor was to develop and validate a new measurement tool predicated on previous research to assess learners' metacomprehension during reading. In two separate studies with Chilean undergraduate students (N = 923), we demonstrate the versatility and utility of our proposed Metacomprehension Inventory (MI). In Study 1, we provide empirical support for the psychometric soundness and construct validity of the MI. In Study 2, we provide evidence of the measurement invariance of the MI between males and females. Results of Study 1 revealed the hypothesized factor structure of the MI is sound, with high factor loadings, excellent model fit, and moderate-to-strong inter-factor correlations. Study 2 results indicated that the MI is interpreted similarly by both males and females, as factor loadings were largely statistically identical across the two groups. We discuss implications of our proposed MI for theory and applied research.

The purpose of this investigation was to explore the importance of different meta-comprehension aspects in students with intellectual disabilities, and to determine which one of them can best explain their performance on reading comprehension. For this purpose, metacognitive measurement instruments, an inconsistency detection tasks, and confidence in performance judgments on reading performance were applied together with a reading comprehension standardized test (LECTUM). By means of regression analyses of the data, results revealed that the detection of inconsistencies as a meta-comprehension monitoring measure, more specifically the detection of internal inconsistencies, some dimensions of the meta-comprehension inventory as a measure of metacognitive skills (planning, evaluation of the reading process, regulation of comprehension/incomprehension) and absolute calibration accuracy were the best predictors of performance of the participants on reading comprehension. It is of importance to understand the nature of the problems presented by the students when facing a text in order to develop adequate approaches to reading comprehension according to the needs of learners with intellectual disabilities. According to the results, we concluded that theoretically-relevant metacognitive elements significantly predicted the performance of reading comprehension. Implications for learning and instruction are discussed.

We explored whether performance differences exist between proficient and poor readers on implicit text information. Next, we explored whether indices of meta-cognitive monitoring predicted reading performance. Finally, we examined whether poor and proficient readers exhibited distinct meta-cognitive profiles with respect to reading comprehension ability. Chilean undergraduate students (N = 146) completed a task on inconsistency detection within texts and a standardised reading comprehension performance measure, which we used, along with confidence in performance judgements, to calculate meta-cognitive monitoring accuracy. Our results confirmed that proficient readers outperformed poor readers on nearly all measures of interest, except global retrospective meta-cognitive monitoring judgements, and that proficient readers performed significantly better on items related to implicit information of texts than poor readers. Additionally, when combined in a single group, number of inconsistencies correctly detected and repaired and accurate global evaluation of learning judgements significantly predicted reading performance whereas retrospective global and local meta-cognitive monitoring judgements did not. Of special significance to our investigation, when separated in two groups, poor and proficient readers exhibited unique meta-cognitive profiles. Proficient and poor readers employ different meta-cognitive strategies, and poor readers benefit more from strategies than proficient readers.

iSTART-E is a web-based intelligent tutor developed for Spanish-speaking students to improve their reading comprehension through self-explanation strategy training. This study examined the effects of a blended comprehension strategy intervention on students' reading comprehension skill. Chilean high school students (N = 22) completed nine iSTART-E sessions and a face-to-face classroom lesson that included integrative video and additional examples of self-explanation. Survey data indicated that students thought that iSTART-E was useful and that they had improved their reading skills. Critically, this was supported by objective assessment--students' standardized reading comprehension test (Lectum) performance improved from pre-training to post-training. These findings demonstrate promise for the use of iSTART-E as a computer-supported learning environment for Spanish readers.

Introduction: Reading comprehension is an important skill in the fast pace global society in which we now live. However, reading comprehension is a rather complex process that involves the dynamic interaction of cognitive and metacognitive skills. Method: In the present study, we investigated whether a newly-developed text inconsistency detection task adequately measured inconsistency detection and reparation. We validated the measure employing a sample of 146 undergraduate students in Chile. We also explored whether the validated measure significantly positively predicted performance on a standardized reading comprehension measure and whether it was able to adequately discriminate between proficient and poor readers. Results: We found that the final solution of inconsistency detection task was unidimensional and explained approximately 68% of the variability in the items. Further, inconsistency detection and reparation positively significantly predicted reading comprehension performance, and it was able to successfully discriminate between proficient and poor readers. Implications for learning and educational practice are discussed. Discussion and Conclusion: We demonstrated that our proposed text inconsistency detection test can be successfully and efficiently employed to invoke readers' skill at monitoring reading comprehension by challenging them to detect inconsistencies and pursue the metacognitive process of reparation (i.e., control).

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) causes kidney compromise in up to 40% of patients, contributing significantly to morbidity. Lupus nephritis (LN), an early onset manifestation in most patients, is histologically classified into six types, with types III, IV, and V requiring treatment with induction therapies, usually glucocorticoids with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVC). However, up to 60% of patients fail to achieve complete remission, and 27%–66% have subsequent flares. There is scarce literature on the superiority of IVC or MMF in the Latin population. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study of 72 LN patients at a high-complexity hospital in Chile between 2016 and 2021 was conducted. Demographics, urine studies, creatinine levels, complement levels, antibody profiles, biopsy results, and response to treatment were analysed. Results: The median age of the cohort was 29 years, with women representing 90% of patients. At diagnosis, 87.5% of the patients presented with proteinuria, 55% had haematuria, and 49% had acute kidney injury. The most common LN type was type IV. For induction therapy, half of the patients were treated with IVC, and the other half with MMF. The response to treatment did not differ significantly between the two. Discussion: This is one of the few studies to focus on the Latin American population, specifically Chile. These results are consistent with the current understanding of LN treatment. Despite its limitations, this study provides valuable insights into the treatment effectiveness of IVC and MMF in this population. Conclusion: This study did not find significant differences in the clinical response to IVC or MMF at 6 months. Future prospective studies are required to determine the optimal induction therapy for LN, especially in Latin populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrying out real-world software projects in their academic studies helps students to understand what they will face in industry, and to experience first-hand the challenges involved when working collaboratively. Most of the instructional strategies used to help students take advantage of these activities focus on supporting agile programming, which is appropriate for capstone courses. This is not always recommended in initial software engineering project courses, however, where novice developers run projects in teams while simultaneously taking other courses. To enhance the learning and teamwork experience in this latter instructional scenario, this paper proposes a formative monitoring method, reflexive weekly monitoring (RWM), for use in project courses that involve disciplined software processes and loosely coupled work. RWM uses self-reflection and collaborative learning practices to help students be aware of their individual and team performance. RWM was applied in a case study over nine consecutive semesters. The results obtained indicate that RWM was effective in enhancing the learning experience in the instructional scenario studied. While students in the monitored teams were more effective and coordinated, and experienced a higher sense of team belonging and satisfaction, little evidence was found of them being more productive than students working in non-monitored teams.

Motivated by the implementation of a SARS-Cov-2 sewer surveillance system in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic, we propose a set of mathematical and algorithmic tools that aim to identify the location of an outbreak under uncertainty in the network structure. Given an upper bound on the number of samples we can take on any given day, our framework allows us to detect an unknown infected node by adaptively sampling different network nodes on different days. Crucially, despite the uncertainty of the network, the method allows univocal detection of the infected node, albeit at an extra cost in time. This framework relies on a specific and well-chosen strategy that defines new nodes to test sequentially, with a heuristic that balances the granularity of the information obtained from the samples. We extensively tested our model in real and synthetic networks, showing that the uncertainty of the underlying graph only incurs a limited increase in the number of iterations, indicating that the methodology is applicable in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research tests how perceived school and peer norms predict interethnic experiences among ethnic minority and majority youth. With studies in Chile (654 nonindigenous and 244 Mapuche students, M = 11.20 and 11.31 years) and the United States (468 non-Hispanic White and 126 Latino students, M = 11.66 and 11.68 years), cross-sectional results showed that peer norms predicted greater comfort in intergroup contact, interest in cross-ethnic friendships, and higher contact quality, whereas longitudinal results showed that school norms predicted greater interest in cross-ethnic friendships over time. Distinct effects of school and peer norms were also observed for ethnic minority and majority youth in relation to perceived discrimination, suggesting differences in how they experience cross-ethnic relations within school environments.

Objective: To describe translation to Spanish and Portuguese and adaptation of the Mental Illness Clinicians' Attitudes Scale version 4 (MICA v4). Methods: The questionnaire was administered to primary care physicians (PCPs) from four Latin-American countries, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and Cuba. The validation process included four phases: 1) translation of the questionnaire to Spanish and Portuguese; 2) assessment of face validity; 3) assessment of reliability; and 4) evaluation of construct validity with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The study sample comprised 427 PCPs. The mean age of the Spanish-speaking sample (n = 252) was 40.1 (S.D = 9.7) years and the mean age of the Portuguese-speaking sample (n = 150) was 40.2 (S.D = 10.9) years. Both models demonstrated "appropriate" internal reliability. Total omega was 0.91 for the Spanish-speaking sample and 0.89 for the Portuguese-speaking sample. The CFA of both questionnaires showed an appropriate fit for a three-factor model (Portuguese: CFI = 0.927; TLI = 0.913; RMSEA = 0.066; Spanish: CFI = 0.945; TLI = 0.935; RMSEA = 0.068). Conclusion: The Latin-American versions of the MICA v4 in Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese have appropriate psychometric properties, good internal consistency, and are applicable to and acceptable in the Latin-American context. The instrument proved its validity for collecting data on stigmatizing attitudes among health professionals in different contexts and cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pertussis remains as one of the oldest leading vaccine-preventable diseases of childhood, despite many decades of primary vaccine doses' and boosters' implementation. Although the epidemiology is well understood in infants and children, premature babies and low-birth weight infants remain a special group where the disease incidence is unknown, severity of the disease is considerable, and specific vaccination recommendations are scarce. A retrospective review of the available evidence of pertussis vaccination in premature and low birth weight infants was analyzed from January 2000 to December 2022 in six selected countries: Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, Panamá, Costa Rica, and Chile. Chile had reports of adverse effects associated with vaccination of premature infants with the pentavalent vaccine, and their rationale to switching to the hexavalent vaccine. Colombia had reports of the justification for the use of hexavalent vaccine in prematures in the Neonatal Units and Kangaroo Mother Programs throughout the country. Mexico had selected publications of the vaccination status in prematures and low-birth weight infants. Despite its importance, increased morbidity, and highest risk of complications in premature babies, there is a paucity of information of vaccine recommendations and coverage rates among selected Latin American infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cybersyn project has lately received increased attention. In this article, we study the local technical antecedents of Stafford Beer's Cybersyn project in Chile, particularly regarding Cybernetics and Systems ideas and local computing and networking developments. We show that the Cybersyn project in Chile was hosted by a rich intellectual environment that understood Cybernetics and Systems ideas; that it found a mature computer community and infrastructure whose high point was the State Computing Enterprise EMCO/ECOM, and an advanced networking experience whose flagship was the automation of the State Bank that involved a pioneering network of teleprocess. In summary, this paper attempts to unveil the deep historical background over which the globally unique cybernetic experiment called Cybersyn flourished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicidality in adolescents is a growing concern and is currently a public health issue in Chile and the world. Objective: To determine the association between the risk of suicidality with self-harm, sociodemographic parameters (that is, gender and type of school), psychosocial variables, and social and family support in Chilean adolescents. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 829 (377, 45.5% girls) children/adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age participated. Suicidality, self-esteem, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and social support perception were evaluated by standard, validated questionnaires. The presence of self-harm, dating violence, and family dysfunction was also evaluated through a self-report survey. Results: Suicidality risk was related to low self-esteem (OR = 9.73; 95%; CI = 6.62–14.28; p < 0.001), low HRQoL (OR = 5.0; 95%; CI = 3.51–7.13; p < 0.001), low social support (OR; 3.38, 95%; CI; 2.48–4.6; p < 0.001), and self-harm (OR = 8.03; 95%; CI = 5.69–11.33; p < 0.001). In family terms, suicidality risk was associated with exposure to physical (OR = 2.47, 95%CI; 1.69–3.6; p < 0.001) and psychological (OR = 1.78, 95; 1.33–2.39; p < 0.001) aggression between parents, and with considering their family dysfunctional (OR = 2.41 95%; CI = 1.69–3.41; p < 0.001). Finally, suicidality was associated with feeling mistreated by a boyfriend/girlfriend (OR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.19–3.98; p = 0.011). Conclusion: Suicidality was associated with self-harm, low social, psychological and family well-being, and/or feeling mistreated by a boyfriend/girlfriend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pudu (Pudu puda), belongs to the Artiodactyla order and the Cervidae family, corresponding to the second smallest deer in the world and is endemic to Chile and Argentina. They are herbivores that feed on young leaves and shoots of certain trees, shrubs, herbs, fruits, and flowers. The status of is species is classified as Vulnerable; therefore, its hunting and capture is prohibited, this because its population has decreased substantially due to the loss and fragmentation of native vegetation, forest fires, attacks by feral dogs and poaching. There is little scientific anatomical information available on this species, and even more so regarding its digestive morphology, which is why studies are required to provide specific information on this deer. Two adult female pudu specimens were used, which were donated by the Agricultural and Livestock Service (SAG) of Talca, Maule Region, Chile. Among the results, we can indicate that the oral cavity, salivary glands and esophagus resemble other domestic ruminants; there are also similarities with the field deer, however, there are differences such as the shape and development of the parotid gland; the parotid duct passes ventral to the masseter muscle and opens into a papilla at the level of the upper third premolar; the mandibular gland is divided into three wolves; the sublingual gland only has a polystomatic portion, the dorsal buccal glands are smaller than the ventral buccal glands, the ventral buccal gland is elongated and compact and the presence of a rounded intermediate buccal gland is observed, it has 11 palatal ridges per side in the hard palate and also the incisive papilla is found surrounding the dental pulvino. This information is relevant and corresponds to a report on the specific knowledge of this species, which is endemic, vulnerable, and protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown the influence of the physical and social environments on the development of obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCD). An obesogenic environment promotes higher dietary energy intakes and sedentary behaviors while limiting opportunities or incentives for active living. This paper presents a dataset with key attributes of the food and physical activity built environment, including green spaces, quality of streets and sidewalks, and different types of food retail outlets in four cities of the Southern Cone of Latin America. A total of 139 representative neighborhoods randomly selected from: Marcos Paz and Bariloche (Argentina), Temuco (Chile) and Canelones-Barros Blancos (Uruguay) were evaluated, where standardized community walks were conducted for direct observation of the built environment. This dataset will contribute valuable data to the evaluation of obesogenic environments in the region, and could be linked to additional ecological information about risk factors for NCDs and socio-economic features from other sources. Understanding environmental influences on cardiovascular risk factors and individual habits may help explain NCD outcomes and plan urban policies. Measurement(s) features of the built environment Technology Type(s) Observation Sample Characteristic - Environment built environment Sample Characteristic - Location Argentina • Chile • Uruguay Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14892147 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last 4 decades punctual occurrences of extreme ocean temperatures, known as marine heatwaves (MHWs), have been regularly disrupting the coastal ecosystem of the Peru-Chile eastern boundary upwelling system. In fact, this coastal system and biodiversity hot-spot is regularly impacted by El Niño events, whose variability has been related to the longest and most intense MHWs in the world ocean. However the intensively studied El Niños tend to overshadow the MHWs of shorter duration that are significantly more common in the region. Using sea surface temperature data from 1982 to 2019 we investigate the characteristics and evolution of MHWs, distinguishing events by duration. Results show that long duration MHWs (> 100 days) preferentially affect the coastal domain north of 15° S and have decreased in both occurrence and intensity in the last four decades. On the other hand, shorter events, which represent more than 90% of all the observed MHWs, are more common south of 15° S and show an increase in their thermal impact as well as on the number of affected days, particularly those spanning 30–100 days. We also show that long duration MHWs variability in the coastal domain is well correlated with the remote equatorial variability while the onset of short events (< 10 days) generally goes along with a relaxation of the local coastal wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of computer-supported caregiving technology has generally not acknowledged the complexity and heterogeneity of the informal care provision to older adults. For instance, most Latin American older adults have not been capable to broadly embrace digital technology to interact with their family members. This attitude, complemented with a high commitment derived from a strong filial obligation, burdens those family members that are most engaged in caring for their older adults, indirectly producing tension within the family network. In order to better understand this scenario in Southern Cone families (i.e., a particular region within Latin America comprising Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay), we conducted a localized multi-method study involving shadowing, contextual inquiry, and semi-structured interviews with informal elderly caregivers. Our study results highlight design implications and structure the elderly caregiving ecosystem, providing means to support invisible work and its articulation in this highly collaborative scenario. In particular, (1) we define a set of roles that characterize the viewpoints and concerns of the different family members regarding informal elderly caregiving, and therefore sustain the articulation of the process; (2) we draft the main concerns of the involved stakeholders in the form of a caregiving matrix, which can be used for visualizing the current fulfillment of duties within the family network; and (3) we describe a set of typical caregiving scenarios aimed to inform the design of contextualized strategies for mediating the social interaction space of intergenerational families through computer-supported technology. By addressing the identified implications, HCI and CSCW researchers, designers, and practitioners would be able to better understand the complexity of informal elderly caregiving in the South of Latin America, and therefore identify plausible solutions that would improve user experience and the effectiveness of computer-supported mediation strategies this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate breeding and any energetically costly activity, individuals of the same species can substantially vary their circulating corticosterone (CORT) levels to cope with local environmental conditions at different elevations. We compared baseline and the stress-induced plasma CORT levels during the parental care stage between free-living Rufous-collared Sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) that breed at high (~ 2500 m) and low (~ 500 m) elevations in central Chile. We found that baseline CORT levels at different elevations were similar and that stress-induced levels were significantly lower in birds breeding at high elevation; however, we detected no sexual dimorphism in CORT levels related to elevation. We found that larger individuals had higher stress-induced CORT levels at low elevation regardless of sex. Our results show that environmental conditions at high elevation seem to be not severe enough to promote more elevated baseline CORT levels. However, breeding Rufous-collared Sparrow must still deal with both shorter breeding seasons and increased exposure to unpredictable events. Thus, a reduced stress response during the parental care stage would be more favorable for supporting breeding activities at high elevations. Future studies should focus on describing the life-history traits of these populations and the effects that other stressors, such as predation pressure and food availability, may have on the adrenocortical response in these environments to evaluate the consequences for survival and reproductive success. This information is important for enhancing our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that modulate variation in the adrenocortical response among populations of the same species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In October 2019, Mexico approved a law to establish that nonalcoholic beverages and packaged foods that exceed a threshold for added calories, sugars, fats, trans fat, or sodium should have an "excess of" warning label. We aimed to estimate the expected reduction in the obesity prevalence and obesity costs in Mexico by introducing warning labels, over 5 years, among adults under 60 years of age.Methods and Findings: Baseline intakes of beverages and snacks were obtained from the 2016 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey. The expected impact of labels on caloric intake was obtained from an experimental study, with a 10.5% caloric reduction for beverages and 3.0% caloric reduction for snacks. The caloric reduction was introduced into a dynamic model to estimate weight change. The model output was then used to estimate the expected changes in the prevalence of obesity and overweight. To predict obesity costs, we used the Health Ministry report of the impact of overweight and obesity in Mexico 1999-2023. We estimated a mean caloric reduction of 36.8 kcal/day/person (23.2 kcal/day from beverages and 13.6 kcal/day from snacks). Five years after implementation, this caloric reduction could reduce 1.68 kg and 4.98 percentage points (pp) in obesity (14.7%, with respect to baseline), which translates into a reduction of 1.3 million cases of obesity and a reduction of US$1.8 billion in direct and indirect costs. Our estimate is based on experimental evidence derived from warning labels as proposed in Canada, which include a single label and less restrictive limits to sugar, sodium, and saturated fats. Our estimates depend on various assumptions, such as the transportability of effect estimates from the experimental study to the Mexican population and that other factors that could influence weight and food and beverage consumption remain unchanged. Our results will need to be corroborated by future observational studies through the analysis of changes in sales, consumption, and body weight.Conclusions: In this study, we estimated that warning labels may effectively reduce obesity and obesity-related costs. Mexico is following Chile, Peru, and Uruguay in implementing warning labels to processed foods, but other countries could benefit from this intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum is the most important by-product of Chile's copper mining industry, and during the last decade gained international relevance because of its high price At mining deposits, copper and molybdenum are extracted together and then separated in a process consisting of several stages of flotation using sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) as key reagent. However, environmental issues related to the potential emissions of toxic hydrosulfide gas (H 2 S), and bad odors make necessary the development of new environmentally friendly processes that incorporate non-toxic reagents. In this work, we hypothesize that a selective separation of chalcopyrite and molybdenite by flotation can be achieved by using lignosulfonates instead of NaHS. This approach was evaluated by testing the effect of lignosulfonates, produced by reacting kraft lignin with sodium sulfite and formaldehyde, and commercially available lignosulfonates, on molybdenite and chalcopyrite flotation. Chemical characterization of lignosulfonates was performed by determination of molecular mass, elemental analysis, fourier transform infrared, and mass spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma. Also, interactions between molybdenite and lignosulfonates were studied through measurements of electrophoretic mobility. The main conclusions of the work are that molybdenite flotation can be depressed by the action of lignosulfonates, and such depressing effect increases with pH because of the interactions between lignosulfonates with the metallic calcium sites existing on the surface of the mineral particles. The experimental results also indicate that lignosulfonates can depress chalcopyrite flotation when sodium isopropyl xanthate is used as a collector, but this effect can be completely mitigated by using potassium amyl xanthate as a collector, thus, making it possible the potential separation of both minerals. Image 1 • Lignosulfonates from kraft lignin depress molybdenite flotation at alkaline conditions when pH is adjusted with lime. • Lignosulfonates depress chalcopyrite flotation when pH is adjusted with lime using sodium isopropyl xanthate as collector. • Lignosulfonates do not depress chalcopyrite when pH is adjusted with lime using potassium amyl xanthate as collector. • The degree of anionicity is a key variable to explain the interactions between lignosulfonates and molybdenite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recently published systematic review of the indirect effects of COVID 19 on pregnancy outcomes identified only four studies reporting levels of maternal mortality during the pandemic in LMICs [[3]]. To contribute to global efforts to determine the effects of COVID 19 on pregnancy outcomes, we estimated excess maternal deaths during the period of the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Chile (March-December 2020). To the editor Since the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, concerns have been raised about its potential indirect negative effects on maternal and perinatal health due to the disruption of and limitations on access to health services [[1]]. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. The study aimed to determine and compare the prevalence of COPD in the general population aged 45-74 years old according to fixed ratio and lower limit of normal (LLN) thresholds in four cities in the Southern Cone of Latin America.Methods: The Pulmonary Risk in South America (PRISA) study used a 4-stage stratified sampling method to select 5814 participants from 4 cities in the Southern Cone of Latin America (Bariloche and Marcos Paz, Argentina; Temuco, Chile; and Pando-Barros Blancos, Uruguay). Data on demographic information, medical history, risk factors, pre-bronchodilator and post-bronchodilator spirometry were obtained using a standard protocol. According to GOLD, COPD was defined as a post-bronchodilator ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) over forced vital capacity (FVC) less than 70%. The LLN threshold was defined as the lower fifth percentile for predicted FEV1/FVC, and was evaluated as an alternative COPD definition.Results: Overall COPD prevalence was 9.3% (95% CI 8.4, 10.2%), and men had a higher prevalence [11.8% (95% CI 10.3, 13.3%)] than women [7.3% (95% CI 6.2, 8.3%)] with the fixed ratio. Overall COPD prevalence using LLN was 4.7% (95% CI 4.1, 5.3%), higher in men: 5.8% (95% CI 4.7, 6.8%) than women: 3.9% (95% CI 3.1, 4.7%). COPD prevalence was significantly higher among those who were older, had Conclusions: First, COPD and its risk factors are highly prevalent in the general population of Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Second, the prevalence of COPD by LLN criterion was significantly lower with lesser degrees of severity compared to fixed ratio of FEV1/FVC. Implementing LLN criterion instead of fixed ratio of FEV1/FVC may reduce the risk of over-diagnosis of COPD, although further prognostic studies of COPD adverse outcomes should be conducted using both definitions. Third, these data suggest that national efforts on the prevention, treatment, and control of COPD should be a public health priority in the Southern Cone of Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chilean health system has experienced important transformations in the last decades with a neoliberal turn to privatization of the health insurance and healthcare market since the Pinochet reforms of the 1980s. During 20 years of center-left political coalition governments several reforms were attempted to regulate and reform such markets. This paper analyzes regulatory policies for the private health insurance and health care delivery market, adopted during the 1990–2010 period. A framework of variation in market types developed by Gingrich is adopted as analytical perspective. The set of policies advanced in this period could be expected to shift the responsibility of access to care from individuals to the collective and give control to the State or the consumers vis a vis producers. Nevertheless, the effect of the implemented reforms has been mixed. Regulations on private health insurers were ineffective in terms of shifting power to the consumer or the state. In contrast, the healthcare delivery market showed a trend of increasing payers' and consumers’ control and the set of implemented reforms partially steered the market toward collective responsibility of access by creating a submarket of guaranteed services (AUGE) with lower copayments and fully funded services. Emerging unintended consequences of the adopted policies and potential explanations are discussed. In sum, attempts to use regulation to improve the collective dimension of the Chilean health system has enabled some progress, but several challenges had persisted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the relationship between comic books and the progression of socialism in Chile. She mentions the editorial shifts from comics as entertainment to the use of comics in propaganda, a more realistic form of art, and the transition from adventure comics to war comics.

This article explores the process of recovering from sexual abuse according to children and adolescents who have been sexually abused and have successfully completed psychotherapy. In this qualitative study, interviews were conducted with 20 participants from 8 to 18 years of age and then subject to narrative analysis. Results show that participants’ narratives of recovery involve an improvement of psychological well-being. Moreover, they feel better equipped to overcome future challenges, feeling empowered and able to retake control of their lives. Factors that support and inhibit recovery are examined, as are developmental differences. Discussion underlines the valuable role of psychotherapy in helping children and adolescents in their healing process, changing the meaning of the abusive experience, and developing new capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a major pediatric concern, with increasing incidence. Early identification and treatment improve outcome. ASD can be difficult to recognize, however parents play a crucial role in this process. In Chile, little is known about ASD and there are no universal screening programs. Objective: To determine whether M-CHAT is a feasible screening tool for risk of ASD in toddlers as well as to identify parents' perceptions in our community. Study group: 200 children (16 to 30 months of age) were evaluated from two medical centers; one of them in a very low socioeconomic and vulnerable community. Methods: Descriptive study with both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. M-CHAT and M-CHAT Follow-Up Interview were applied to participants, and two focus groups were conducted. Results: 22% initially screened positive; of these, 11.4% continued to screen at-risk after the Follow-Up Interview. Three patients were assessed by a developmental pediatrician; two were compatible with an ASD diagnosis and are currently in treatment. Three main topics were identified from parents" perspectives: 1) perception of ignorance. 2) family/healthcare's involvement. 3) playing as stimulation of psychomotor development. They also thought that the M-CHAT was a good questionnaire; however they had difficulties in understanding certain questions. Conclusions: Applying the M-CHAT could be feasible in the Chilean community; however there are certain aspects that should be taken into consideration. ASD are indeed an important pediatric problem in our community, and we owe it to our patients to respond to their growing needs, particularly among underprivileged children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Gratitude Questionnaire 6 (McCullough, Emmons & Tsang, 2002) in Chilean population. In the study 307 men and 295 women of different age groups participated. We first estimated the reliability and construct validity of the scale. Secondly we analyzed the indicators convergent and divergent validity with these instruments: Big Five Questionnaire, Life Satisfaction Scale, Positive and Negative Affects Scale and Revised Life Orientation Test. The results indicate adequacy of the questionnaire for use in the evaluation of gratitude in Chilean population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the economic relation between Taiwan and Chile which includes information on economic internationalization, the increase of Chilean exports to China in 1993 and economic growth in China.

Since 1980, more than 40 countries have implemented long-term ecological research (LTER) programs, which have shown their power to affect advances in basic science to understand the natural world at meaningful temporal and spatial scales and also help link research with socially relevant outcomes. Recently, a disciplinary paradigmatic shift has integrated the human dimensions of ecosystems, leading to a long-term socio-ecological research (LTSER) framework to address the world's current environmental challenges. A global gap in LTER/LTSER only exists in the latitudinal range of 40-60°S, corresponding to Argentina and Chile's temperate/sub-Antarctic biome. A team of Chilean, Argentine and US researchers has participated in an ongoing dialogue to define not only conceptual, but also practical barriers limiting LTER/LTSER in southern South America. We have found a number of existing long-term research sites and platforms throughout the region, but at the same time it has been concluded an agenda is needed to create and implement further training courses for students, postdoctoral fellows and young scientists, particularly in the areas of data and information management systems. Since LTER/LTSER efforts in Chile and Argentina are incipient, instituting such courses now will enhance human and technical capacity of the natural science and resource community to improve the collection, storage, analysis and dissemination of information in emerging LTER/LTSER platforms. In turn, having this capacity, as well as the ongoing formalization of LTER/LTSER programs at national levels, will allow the enhancement of crucial collaborations and comparisons between long-term research programs within the region and between hemispheres and continents. For Spanish version of the entire article, see Online Supporting Information (Appendix S1). Resumen Desde 1980, más de cuarenta países han implementado programas de Investigación Ecológica a Largo Plazo (LTER por sus siglas en inglés), los cuales han mostrado su capacidad para influir sobre los avances en las ciencias básicas que permiten entender el mundo natural en escalas temporales y espaciales significativas, y también ayudar a enfocar la investigación hacia estudios socialmente relevantes. Recientemente, gracias a un cambio de paradigma en la disciplina, se integró también la dimensión humana de los ecosistemas, llevándola a un marco conceptual de Investigación Socio-Ecológica a Largo Plazo (LTSER por sus siglas en inglés) para enfrentar los desafíos medio-ambientales del mundo actual. Existe un vacío global en LTER/LTSER en el rango latitudinal de 40-60°S, correspondiente a los biomas templados/subantárticos de Argentina y Chile. Un equipo de investigadores chilenos, argentinos y estadounidenses ha trabajado por varios años para definir cuáles son la barreras que actualmente limitan la creación de una Red de LTER/LTSER en el sur de Sudamérica, no solamente en términos conceptuales, sino también a nivel práctico. Existe un buen número de sitios de investigación a largo plazo en la región, pero también concluimos que es necesario crear e implementar más cursos de capacitación para estudiantes, investigadores post-doctorales y jóvenes científicos, particularmente en las áreas de sistemas de manejo de datos e información. Considerando que los esfuerzos LTER/LTSER en Chile y Argentina son incipientes, este tipo de cursos podría mejorar la capacidad humana y técnica en la comunidad de las ciencias y los recursos naturales, así como mejorar los procesos de recolección, almacenamiento, análisis y difusión de la información. A su vez, la formalización de cursos de programas LTER/LTSER a nivel nacional para adquirir dicha capacidad de manejo de la información, permitirá un fortalecimiento crucial de las colaboraciones y comparaciones entre programas de investigación a largo plazo dentro de la región, y entre hemisferios y continentes. La versión en castellano del artículo se encuentra disponible en forma digital como Online Supporting Information S1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital computing in Chile dates back to the years between 1961, when the first digital computer arrived in the country, and 1982, when the discipline reached a critical mass in equipment, personnel, education, research, and applications. The authors distinguish three stages in this historical period: the introduction of computers; the convergence and consolidation of academic, state, and industrial development; and the expansion of the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The abundance of exotic plants is thought to be limited by competition with resident species (including plants and generalist herbivores). In contrast, observations in semiarid Chile suggest that a native generalist rodent, the degu (Octodon degus), may be facilitating the expansion of exotic annual plants. We tested this hypothesis with a 20-year data set from a World Biosphere Reserve in mediterranean Chile. In this semiarid environment, rainfall varies annually and dramatically influences cover by both native and exotic annual plants; degu population density affects the composition and cover of exotic and native annual plants. In low-rainfall years, cover of both native and exotic herbs is extremely low. Higher levels of precipitation result in proportional increases in cover of all annual plants (exotic and native species), leading in turn to increases in degu population densities, at which. point they impact native herbs in proportion to their greater cover, indirectly favoring the expansion of exotic plants. We propose that bottom-up control of consumers at our site results in top-down indirect facilitation of invasive annual herbs, and that this pattern may be general to other semiarid ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay addresses the most relevant milestones of Chile's contribution to international peace operations (PKOs) by exploring its different phases. Its aim is to analyse the interaction between defence policy and foreign policy in the framework of a complex and interdependent international system. This is followed by a description of national regulations for the participation of military personnel in PKOs. Finally, the text analyses the effects of participation in PKOs on Chilean Marine Corps personnel through the results of a perception survey taken in 2009; further it develops potential scenarios for future missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The area or size of an ecosystem affects the acquisition, storage and redistribution of energy and matter. Patch size reduction due to natural or anthropogenic habitat loss will not only modify species distribution and patch structure but also affect the ecosystem processes that are, in part, responsible for patch persistence. 2. In a fog-dependent forest ecosystem, trees and their architectures play essential roles in capturing and redistributing water from collection surfaces. In this paper, we address the question of how forest patch size and structure interact to determine fog water inputs and storage in a fog-inundated, coastal ecosystem in semi-arid Chile (30°S). 3. Six forest patches ranging in area from 0·2 to 36 ha on a coastal mountaintop of Fray Jorge National Park were characterized using 0·1 ha plots laid down at the centre of each forest patch. In each patch, we assessed tree basal area as a measure of forest structure, recorded daily air temperature and humidity, measured water influx from stemflow and throughfall (water that has passed through the forest canopy). Soil and litter gravimetric water contents were used as a measure of storage. 4. Total tree basal area per hectare was positively related to patch area, despite some variation at the species level. Mean and maximum air temperatures inside the patches were inversely related to patch size, with maximum temperatures differing by 2 °C on average. Annual fog water capture by trees within forest patches (net throughfall) was estimated in 296·1 mm after rain flux (about 122 mm) was subtracted. Throughfall volume and patch area were uncorrelated, but stemflow volume, soil and litter water contents scaled positively with patch area, showing a functional link between water interception and ecosystem retention. 5. Our study shows that ecosystem area in this mosaic of fog-dependent temperate forest patches can modify water fluxes and storage capacity of the ecosystem. This finding has important consequences for fragmented landscapes, where large continuous forests are fragmented into smaller patches, affecting not only the persistence of species but also the continuity of critical ecosystem processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ectotherms change their thermoregulation behaviour according to the available temperatures, photoperiod, and radiation present in their local environment. The influences of the abiotic environment not only affect the body temperature but also most life history traits of populations. The thermal biology of one of the southernmost oviparous lizards, Liolaemus bibronii, was studied at high- and low-latitude sites in Patagonia, Argentina, following the methodology of Hertz et al. [1993. Evaluating temperature regulation by field-active ectotherms: the fallacy of the inappropriate question. Am. Nat. 142, 796–818]. Our results show that L. bibronii lives under thermal–environmental constraints, behaves as a moderate thermoregulator, and shows the lowest body temperature (28°C) for oviparous liolaemids. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents information on the reduction of Persistent Organic Pollutants from the environment. Among POPs, PCBs are a family of 209 compounds that differ in chlorine level and their position. PCBs have certain physicochemical properties such as vapor pressure, water solubility and partition coefficients that determine their behavior and mobility within the different environmental compartments. There were the collection of marine bivalves Perumytilus purpuratus in 16 localities in northern and southern Chile. All samples were lyophilized, and PCBs were extracted in a Soxhlet system with n-hexane. Perumytilus purpuratus turned out to be a good bioindicator of PCB levels in the coastal areas of Chile due to its wide distribution.

Background: Recent studies have suggested that periodontal disease is a risk factor for preterm low birth weight (PLBW). A randomized controlled trial was undertaken to help further evaluate the proposed association between periodontal disease and PLBW. Methods: Four hundred pregnant women with periodontal disease, aged 18 to 35, were enrolled while receiving prenatal care in Santiago, Chile. Women were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 200). which received periodontal treatment before 28 weeks of gestation or to a control group (n = 200) which received periodontal treatment after delivery. Previous and current pregnancies and known risk factors were obtained from patient medical records and interviews. The primary outcome assessed was the delivery at less than 37 weeks of gestation or an infant weighing less than 2,500 g. Results: Of the 400 women enrolled, 49 were excluded from the analyses for different reasons. The incidence of PLBW in the treatment group was 1.84% (3/163) and in the control group was 10.11% (19/188), (odds ratio [OR] 5.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.65 to 18.22, P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that periodontal disease was the strongest factor related to PLBW (OR 4.70. 95% Cl 1.29 to 17.13). Other factors significantly associated with such deliveries were: previous PLBW (OR 3.98. 95% Cl 1.11 to 14.21), less than 6 prenatal visits (OR 3.70, 95% Cl 1.46 to 9.3S), and maternal low weight gain (OR 3.42, 95% Cl 1.16 to 10.03). Conclusions: Periodontal disease appears to be an independent risk factor for PLBW. Periodontal therapy significantly reduces the rates of PLBW in this population of women with periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading Comprehension skills are fundamental to the academic performance of university students. These abilities are not innate; therefore, systematic training is required before entering university. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the reading comprehension skills of Chilean University Students. Method: A sample of 579 students participated in the study, responding to four texts that comprise the Reading Comprehension Strategies for University Students (ELCU). An automated platform was used to apply and correct the test with immediate results and feedback. The tool allowed the use of a broad and representative sample of the various regions of Chile. The ELCU was developed using a cognitive diagnostic assessment (CDA) considering cognitive, metacognitive and linguistic strategies. The analyses were performed using two different approaches: The Linear Logistic Test Model (LLTM) and the deterministic inputs, noisy "and" gate (DINA) model. Results: The rejection of the LLTM implies that the strategies do not differ in cognitive complexity (difficulty) while the adequate goodness of fit to the DINA model allows to characterise the students according to their reading abilities. Conclusion: The ELCU test provides reliable and valid information on the reading comprehension ability and metacognitive awareness of university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cattle are the main reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), foodborne pathogens that cause severe disease and outbreaks. However, not all STEC cause human illnesses or have the same virulence potential. Characterizing strains isolated worldwide allows insights into how strains spread and which isolates have a more significant risk potential. This study described STEC isolation rates from cattle in Chile and characterized 30 isolates. We obtained 93 STEC isolates from 56/446 (12.6%) fecal cattle samples. Then, 30 non-O157 STEC isolates were selected for complete characterization; we found isolates of 16 different sequence types and 17 serotypes. One isolate was resistant to tetracycline and carried resistance genes against the drug. Surveyed virulence genes (n = 31) were present from 13% to 100% of isolates, and one isolate carried 26/31 virulence genes. Most isolates (90%; 27/30) carried the stx2 gene, which is frequently linked to strains causing severe disease. A phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated that isolates clustered based on serotypes, independent of their geographical origin (Central or Southern Chile). These results indicate that cattle in Chile carry a wide diversity of STEC potentially pathogenic for humans based on the presence of virulence genes. Cattle are the main reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), one of the world's most important foodborne pathogens. The pathogen causes severe human diseases and outbreaks. This study aimed to identify and characterize non-O157 STEC isolated from cattle feces from central and southern Chile. We analyzed 446 cattle fecal samples and isolated non-O157 STEC from 12.6% (56/446); a total of 93 different isolates were recovered. Most isolates displayed β-glucuronidase activity (96.8%; 90/93) and fermented sorbitol (86.0%; 80/93), whereas only 39.8% (37/93) were resistant to tellurite. A subgroup of 30 representative non-O157 STEC isolates was selected for whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. In silico analysis showed that they grouped into 16 different sequence types and 17 serotypes; the serotypes most frequently identified were O116:H21 and O168:H8 (13% each). A single isolate of serotype O26:H11 was recovered. One isolate was resistant to tetracycline and carried resistance genes tet(A) and tet(R); no other isolate displayed antimicrobial resistance or carried antimicrobial resistance genes. The intimin gene (eae) was identified in 13.3% (4/30) of the genomes and 90% (27/30) carried the stx2 gene. A phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated that the isolates clustered based on serotypes, independent of geographical origin. These results indicate that cattle in Chile carry a wide diversity of STEC potentially pathogenic for humans based on the presence of critical virulence genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the role of biotic interactions among members of a semiarid small mammal assemblage in north central Chile. Background on the study method used; Factors affecting the mammal assemblage; Vertebrate predation; Interspecific competition.

Profiles Victor Jara, a singer and song-writer who died during the coup at Chile against its president Salvador Allende. How Jara help in the development of the New Chilean Song Movement; Brief biography of Jara; How Jara started in singing and writing songs; Work undergone by Jara before becoming a successful singer.

This research aims to determine the existence of inflection points when companies' credit risk goes from being minimal (Hedge) to being high (Ponzi). We propose an analysis methodology that determines the probability of hedge credits to migrate to speculative and then to Ponzi, through simulations with homogeneous Markov chains and the k-means clustering method to determine thresholds and migration among clusters. To prove this, we used quarterly financial data from a sample of 35 public enterprises over the period between 1 July 2006 and 28 March 2020 (companies listed on the USA, Mexico, Brazil, and Chile stock markets). For simplicity, we make the assumption of no revolving credits for the companies and that they face their next payment only with their operating cash flow. We found that Ponzi companies (1) have a 0.79 probability average of default, while speculative ones had (0) 0.28, and hedge companies (−1) 0.009, which are the inflections point we were looking for. Our work's main limitation lies in not considering the entities' behavior when granting credits in altered states (credit relaxation due to credit supply excess). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To validate the efficacy and safety of withholding antimicrobial therapy in a new cohort of children with cancer and febrile neutropenia (FN) having a demonstrated viral respiratory tract infection. Prospective, multicenter, noninferiority, randomized study, approved by the ethical committee, in children presenting with FN at seven hospitals in Chile, evaluated at admission for diagnosis of bacterial and viral pathogens. Children who were positive for a respiratory virus, negative for a bacterial pathogen, and had a favourable evolution after 48–72 hours of antimicrobial therapy were randomized to either maintain or withhold antimicrobial therapy. The primary endpoint was the percentage of episodes with an uneventful resolution, whereas the secondary endpoints were days of fever, days of hospitalization, requirement of antimicrobial treatment readministration, sepsis, paediatric intensive care unit admission, and death. A total of 301 of 939 children with FN episodes recruited between March 2021 and December 2023 had a respiratory virus as a unique identified microorganism, of which 139 had a favourable evolution at 48–72 hours and were randomized, 70 to maintain and 69 to withdraw antimicrobial therapy. The median days of antimicrobial therapy was 5 (IQR 3–6) versus 3 (IQR 3–6) days (p < 0.001), with similar frequency of uneventful resolution 66/70 (94%) and 66/69 (96%); relative risk, 1.01; (95% CI, 0.93 to 1.09), absolute risk difference 0.01; (95% CI, −0.05 to 0.08) and similar number of days of fever and days of hospitalization. No cases of sepsis, paediatric intensive care unit admission, or death were reported. We validated the strategy of withdrawal antimicrobial therapy in children with FN and viral respiratory tract infection based on clinical and microbiological/molecular diagnostic criteria. This will enable advances in antimicrobial stewardship strategies with a possible future impact on antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andean headwater catchments are key components of the hydrological cycle, given that they capture moisture, store water and release it for Chilean cities, industry, agriculture, and cities in Chile. However, knowledge about within-Andean catchment processes is far from clear. Most soils in the Andes derive from volcanic ash Andosols and Arenosols presenting high organic matter, high-water retention capacity and fine pores; and are very dry during summer. Despite their importance, there is little research on the hillslope hydrology of Andosols. Environmental isotopes such as Deuterium and 18-O are direct tracers for water and useful on analyzing water-soil interactions. This work explores, for the first time, the efficiency of cryogenic vacuum extraction to remove water from two contrasting soil types (Arenosols, Andosols) at five soil water retention energies (from −1500 to −33 kPa). Two experiments were carried out to analyse the impact of extraction time, and initial water content on the amount of extracted water, while a third experiment tested whether the cryogenic vacuum extraction changed the isotopic ratios after extraction. Minimum extraction times to recover over 90% of water initially in the soil samples were 40–50 min and varied with soil texture. Minimum volume for very dry soils were 0.2 mL (loamy sand) and 1 mL (loam). After extraction, the difference between the isotope standard and the isotopic values after extraction was acceptable. Thus, we recommend this procedure for soils derived from volcanic ashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present high mountain activities involving geosciences research, in close proximity to Santiago, Chile, including: (1) our field experience on high altitude volcanoes (gas and water sampling) and oriented sampling (drill) during rock climbing in cliffs in Cajón del Maipo; (2) our geoturistic guide of Cajón del Maipo and (3) educational videos.Santiago is the capital and the most densely populated city of Chile, with over 6 million people. It sits in a basin beside the Cajón del Maipo (valley of the Maipo river) and Mapocho Valley, in the Cordillera de los Andes. The Andes range next to Santiago is a natural laboratory for geosciences, characterized by a fluvial and glacial geomorphology, active fault systems, landslides, glaciers, giant ore deposits and active volcanoes that elevates over 6 km above the sea level, feeding hydrothermal systems, including crater lakes and hot springs.More than 2.5 million tourists visit Chile every year, positioning it as the fourth most visited country in Latin America. Chile has been considered a privileged tourist destination because of the spectacular Andean nature and the security and stability of the country. Even though visitors usually stay a few days in Santiago, they generally go on to San Pedro de Atacama, Torres del Paine, or Easter Island, but rarely to the Cajón del Maipo. We identify an opportunity to educate people and increase the touristic activity in the city by the development of geological activities and information about geotouristic material. Our presentations make use of videos, maps and educational talks in local schools. Our goal is to educate the Chilean population, as well as visitors that stay for a few days in Santiago, using our research material by including science projects close to Santiago. Our goal is to use our research material to raise awareness of the geological richness of the area, both for local school children and visitors to Santiago. This work has been supported by the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) Project #1180577 granted by Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magma flow through the crust is typically directed vertically, although lateral emplacement had been documented during shallow magma reservoir construction in both volcanic and plutonic environments. We present a new numerical model to constrain magma flow conditions of shallow magma reservoirs that emplaced laterally by horizontal magma flow. The main goal is quantifying cooling rates to be compared with U-Pb zircon crystallization ages and temperatures. We apply these simulations on two case studies: La Gloria Pluton and San Gabriel Pluton, central Chile. Both are northwestward elongated plutons of 20 km in length and 4-6 km in width. They present ages between 10 to 13 Ma, and intrude volcanic sequences. Within-pluton age progression and subhorizontal mineral and magnetic lineations in these case studies suggest a southeastward horizontal propagation of the magma during the reservoir emplacement. Assuming continuous lateral magma propagation, thermo-mechanical numerical simulations indicate that the minimum injection rate needed to preserve a liquid-dominated reservoir (i.e., <50 vol% crystals) for hundred thousand years is a few times larger than that obtained by dividing the estimated pluton volume by the age range. This indicates that most of the magma that flowed through the magma reservoirs was evacuated away from the site of emplacement, implying that injection rates inferred from the plutonic record are underestimated with respect to the actual magma fluxes. An advective transfer of magma through plutonic bodies, particularly in shallow systems with a horizontal flow component such as La Gloria pluton, can partly explain why the averages of pluton-filling rates are lower than the injection rates obtained in volcanic systems or by numerical simulations of incremental magma emplacement. Magma advection rates necessary to maintain reservoirs' temperature above solidus are typically inverse to their preserved volume, because the faster cooling of relatively small reservoirs. The higher advection of smaller reservoirs could be favored by their ability for reaching a critical overpressure to evacuate magma, with respect to more voluminous reservoirs. This research has been supported by the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) Project #1180577 granted by Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]