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1. A database of common vampire bat reports.

Author

Van de Vuurst, Paige, Díaz, M. Mónica, Rodríguez-San Pedro, Annia, Allendes, Juan Luis, Brown, Natalie, Gutiérrez, Juan David, Zarza, Heliot, de Oliveira, Stefan V., Cárdenas-Canales, Elsa, Barquez, Rubén M., and Escobar, Luis E.

Subjects
DIGITAL preservation, VAMPIRE bats, BATS, CURRENT distribution, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL research
Abstract

The common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) is a sanguivorous (i.e., blood-eating) bat species distributed in the Americas from northern Mexico southwards to central Chile and Argentina. Desmodus rotundus is one of only three mammal species known to feed exclusively on blood, mainly from domestic mammals, although large wildlife and occasionally humans can also serve as a food source. Blood feeding makes D. rotundus an effective transmissor of pathogens to its prey. Consequently, this species is a common target of culling efforts by various individuals and organizations. Nevertheless, little is known about the historical distribution of D. rotundus. Detailed occurrence data are critical for the accurate assessment of past and current distributions of D. rotundus as part of ecological, biogeographical, and epidemiological research. This article presents a dataset of D. rotundus historical occurrence reports, including >39,000 locality reports across the Americas to facilitate the development of spatiotemporal studies of the species. Data are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.15025296. Measurement(s) occurrence report Technology Type(s) digital curation Sample Characteristic - Organism Desmodus rotundus Sample Characteristic - Location North America • South America Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.18745316 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
Full Text
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2. Proyectos y programas de la Armada de Chile.

Author

Escobar, Luis Vasquez

Subjects
*NAVIES, *PROJECTILES, *AIR defenses, *AMPHIBIOUS assault ships, *SUBMARINES (Ships), *SHIPBUILDING, *SONAR, *FRIGATES, *CUBAN Missile Crisis, 1962
Abstract

The article presents the projects and programs of the Chilean Navy, including the construction of multipurpose vessels in ASMAR, the renovation of air defense missiles, and the modernization of air search radars. The incorporation of Australian frigates with SM-2MR Block IlIA missiles and Raytheon Evolved Sea Sparrow ESSM missiles is highlighted. The modernization of the combat management system and the incorporation of sonars are also mentioned. The Chilean Navy has plans to modernize its fleet of frigates, build a new icebreaker, and renovate Type 209 submarines. In addition, Airbus Helicopters H-125 helicopters have been acquired to replace the Bell HU-578 Jet Ranger. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2022

3. "El Plan Nacional Continuo de Construccidn Naval tiene como objetivo final el poder construir nuestras propias unidades de combate en un futuro no tan lejano": Entrevista al Comandante en Jefe de la Armada de Chile, Almirante Juan Andds de la Maza Larrain.

Author

Escobar, Luis Vasquez

Subjects
*SHIPBUILDING, *CONSTRUCTION planning, *PATROL boats, *SUBMARINES (Ships), *NAVIES, *TWENTY-first century, *ADMIRALS
Abstract

The article presents an interview with the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Navy, Admiral Juan Andrés de la Maza Larrain. The Commander mentions that the ultimate goal of the National Continuous Naval Construction Plan is to be able to build its own combat units in the near future. He also highlights the importance of the participation of the Chilean Navy in international exercises, such as RIMPAC, due to the relevant role that the country must play in the Pacific. Additionally, it is mentioned that the Navy is in full development of the Antarctica project, which includes the construction of a new icebreaker for Chile. Finally, the importance of the Navy's presence at the international EXPONAVAL 2022 fair is mentioned, where the challenges for a maritime condition in the 21st century will be addressed. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2022

4. El material militar de Israel en las Fuerzas Armadas de Chile.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*MILITARY supplies, *AIR force equipment, *TELECOMMUNICATION systems equipment, *COMMAND & control systems, *DEFENSE industries, *AIR force procurement, *PROJECTILES, ISRAELI military
Abstract

The article highlights the presence of Israeli military equipment in the Armed Forces of Chile. Weapons and platforms sold by the Israeli defense industry to the Army, Navy, and Air Force of Chile are mentioned, such as the Spike missile and the Arad rifle. Projects and equipment such as the Tadiran telecommunications system and the TORCH command and control system from Elbit Systems are also mentioned. Additionally, there is talk of collaboration between Israeli and Chilean companies in the manufacturing of weapons, such as IWI and FAMAE. In the Chilean Navy, patrol boats of the Dabur class and missile boats of the SA'AR 4 class are used, equipped with Gabriel and Exocet missiles. The Chilean Air Force uses different weapons and systems, such as the Barak 1 missile, the ELTA EL/M-2221 radar, the Boeing 707C early warning aircraft adapted for the Phalcon AEW&C program, the ANVIS/HUD 24T night vision system, the Derby and Python missiles, and the Hermes 900 UAV. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2022

5. Proyectos y programas del Ejército de Chile.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*ARMED Forces, *MILITARY education, *TRANSPORT planes, *ARMORED military vehicles, *MILITARY technology, *PICKUP trucks, *MILITARY airplane maintenance & repair, *WEAPONS systems, *INFANTRY, *URBAN renewal
Abstract

The Chilean Army is carrying out modernization projects, such as improving the fire control system of Leopard 2A4 tanks and the observation and aiming system of Marder 1A3 infantry fighting vehicles. The Pisagua project is also noteworthy, which converts some Leopard 1V tanks into arrow and spear launchers. Armored brigades have been created in the north and south of Chile, equipped with Leopard tanks and Marder combat vehicles. The FAMAE company is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the Army's armored equipment. In addition, projects are underway to improve internal communications and acquire new rifles. Improvements have also been made in light transportation, with the addition of a Nissan Navara 4x4 pickup truck and the renewal of the transport truck fleet. At the September 2021 Military Parade, new weapons systems were presented, and the Army Aviation Brigade showcased the new Multicam combat uniform. The Army continues with its 2026 Strategic Development Plan and is studying the Vortex project to acquire medium tactical transport aircraft. Changes have also been made to the Army's senior structure. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2022

6. Planes y programas de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*AIR forces, *TRANSPORT planes, *FIGHTER planes, *LIGHT aircraft, *MILITARY modernization (Equipment), *COVID-19 pandemic, *MILITARY technology, *BIODIESEL fuel supply & demand, *AIRCRAFT fleets
Abstract

The Chilean Air Force is planning to modernize its aircraft fleet, including the Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon and the T-35 Pillán. The modernization program was suspended in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic, but it is expected to be resumed in the future. The estimated cost of the program is $634.70 million, and the main contractor would be Lockheed Martin. In addition, the Chilean Air Force has received C-130H aircraft for transport and has acquired A-29B Super Tucano aircraft for training and light attack. New projects are also being developed to acquire transport aircraft and helicopters, and the manufacturing of satellites for a new National Satellite System is expected. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2022

7. "El Ejército, con los medios que sean adecuados, siempre debe estar disponible para realizar operaciones de apoyo a la población afectada por calamidades naturales o antrópicas": Entrevista al General de Ejército Ricardo Martínez Menanteau, Comandante en Jefe del Ejército de Chile hasta el 2 de marzo de 2022

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*COVID-19 pandemic, *NON-commissioned officers, *TANK warfare, *ARMORED military vehicles, *MILITARY modernization (Equipment), *COMMUNITY support, *SPECIAL operations (Military science), *COMMUNITY life, *NATURAL disasters, *CYBERTERRORISM, ARMED Forces equipment
Abstract

General of the Army Ricardo Martínez Menanteau, Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until March 2, 2022, highlighted the importance of the army being available to assist the population in situations of natural or man-made disasters. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the army deployed resources to support the community. Additionally, advances in the training and education of officers and non-commissioned officers are mentioned, as well as the modernization of tank and combat vehicle systems. The article also mentions the new Commander-in-Chief of the Army, General Javier Iturriaga del Campo, and highlights the reorganization of the army's structure and collaboration with FAMAE and IWI for future developments. The interest in cyber defense and participation in peacekeeping operations is also mentioned, as well as the importance of the International Air and Space Fair (FIDAE) in 2022. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2022

8. "Los esfuerzos institucionales han estado enfocados en ayudar a todos nuestros compatriotas en esta 'emergencia por la pandemia, pero sin olvidar rwestro rol principal: Entrevista al Comandante en Jefe de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile, General del Aire Arturo ferino Núñez

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*BLACK Hawk (Military transport helicopter), *SPECIAL operations (Military science), *TRANSPORT planes, *COVID-19 pandemic, *AIR forces, *MILITARY administration, *RECOLLECTION (Psychology), *PANDEMICS, ARMED Forces equipment
Abstract

The article presents an interview with the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Air Force, Air General Arturo Merino Núñez, who highlights the institution's efforts to help fellow countrymen during the pandemic, without forgetting its main role of defense. It is mentioned that the Chilean Air Force has carried out national and international operations, including airlifts and participation in peacekeeping operations. The General emphasizes the importance of the versatility of air assets and preparation for future acquisitions. It is also mentioned that the International Air and Space Fair (FIDAE) was canceled in 2020 due to the pandemic, but it is expected that FIDAE 2022 will be a safe and successful event. Additionally, the importance of the Chilean Air Force's Black Hawk helicopters, C-130H transport aircraft, and the National Satellite System (SNSat) for the development of geospatial capabilities and the generation of new talent in related areas is highlighted. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2022

9. "Chile dispone de un Ejército, Armada y Fuerza Aérea de altísimo nivel, tanto en personal como por los medios con que cuentan": Entrevista a Baldo Prokurica, Ministro de Defensa Nacional de Chile hasta el 10 de marzo de 2022.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*MILITARY personnel, *NATIONAL security, *ARMED Forces, *CABINET officers, *MILITARY modernization (Equipment), *STRATEGIC planning, *LEGISLATIVE committees, *MILITARY policy, *COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract

The article presents an interview with Baldo Prokurica, former Minister of National Defense of Chile, in which he highlights the high level of the Army, Navy, and Air Force of Chile in terms of personnel and resources. It mentions the implementation of a new law for financing the strategic capabilities of National Defense, which aims to be more transparent and have the control of democratic actors. The importance of maintaining the equipment and personnel of the Armed Forces at the highest level of availability and advanced technology is also emphasized. Additionally, the participation of the Armed Forces in the response to the Covid-19 pandemic is mentioned, and their support to the citizens is praised. Finally, it is mentioned that Maya Fernández Allende has been appointed as the new Minister of National Defense of Chile. Former Chilean deputy Fernández was appointed Minister of Defense by President Gabriel Boric. During her time as a parliamentarian, Fernández was part of the legislative committee of National Defense and presided over the Chamber of Deputies. In her new position, Fernández expressed her commitment to work for fair and accessible Armed Forces for all Chileans. Additionally, President Boric appointed two undersecretaries to accompany Fernández in the Ministry of Defense. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2022

10. Las nuevas tareas del Estado Mayor Conjunto de Chile.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*EMERGENCY management, *TSUNAMIS, *INTERNATIONAL cooperation, *PROJECTILES, *FRIGATES
Abstract

The article reports on the role of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (EMCO) and the new National Service for Disaster Prevention and Response (Senapred) in Chile. The EMCO will be responsible for defining and distributing the necessary military resources to assist the population in case of emergencies, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, or pandemics. Senapred is based on prevention, early warning, and decentralization of emergency response. Additionally, the article mentions the different military resources available in Chile, such as tanks, combat aircraft, and missile frigates. It also highlights Chile's participation in international peace and cooperation missions. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2022

11. Proyectos y programas de la Armada de Chile.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*NAVIES, *SUBMARINE forces, *MILITARY modernization (Equipment), *ARMED Forces, *NAVAL aviation, *WARSHIP design & construction, *FRIGATES
Abstract

El artículo discute los Proyectos y programas de la Armada de Chile con el enfoque de los reemplazos escuadra nacional y avanzar los marinos chilenos con la ayuda del marino australiano. Particularmente, fragatas antiaéreas. También discute la renovación de submarinos, buque rompehielos, aviación naval y la modernización y la compra de las fraguas británicas y holandesas para la construcción naval.

Published
2020

12. "Las capacidades del Ejército son un multiplicador del potencial del Estado de Chile": Entrevista al Comandante en Jefe del Ejército de Chile, General Ricardo Martínez Menanteau.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*ARMED Forces, *MILITARY technology, *MILITARY helicopters, *CIVIL defense, *NATIONAL security, *GENERALS
Abstract

Se presenta una Entrevista al Comandante en Jefe del Ejército de Chile, General Ricardo Martínez Menantea. Discute diversos temas relacionados con el desarrollo de las capacidades estratégicas de la tecnología militar, la Defensa Nacional y la política de defensa de Chile, la adquisición de helicópteros de transporte ligero y pesado al ejército chileno.

Published
2020

13. Entrevista al Comandante en Jefe de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile, General del Aire Arturo Merino Núñez.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*AIR forces, *BLACK Hawk (Military transport helicopter), *HUDSON (Bomber), *CIVIL defense, *NATIONAL security
Abstract

Se presenta una entrevista al Comandante en Jefe de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile, General del Aire Arturo Merino Núñez. En esta entrevista habla de la Feria Internacional del Aire y el Espacio (FIDAE), exhibición de defensa aeroespacial para la seguridad latinoamericana, incorporación de la flota de helicópteros MH-60M Black Hawk y aviones de ataque y entrenamiento avanzado 29B Super Tucano a las fuerzas aéreas chilenas.

Published
2020

14. Proyectos y programas del Ejército de Chile.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*TANKS (Military science), *MILITARY airplanes, *AIR defenses, *MILITARY transport planes, *ARMED Forces, *WEAPONS systems
Abstract

El artículo analiza el plan de Desarrollo Estratégico del Ejército de Chile para el año 2026. El artículo también analiza la implementación del programa para la actualización de sistemas de armas, tanques Leopard 2 A4, aeronaves de transporte táctico mediano e incorporación de sistemas de defensa aérea en las fuerzas armadas, incluyendo opiniones de Chile. Comandante en Jefe del Ejército, General Ricardo Martínez Menanteau.

Published
2020

15. Planes y programas de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*MILITARY electronics, *HERCULES (Turboprop transports), *CIVIL defense, *NATIONAL security, *F-16 (Jet fighter plane), *MILITARY applications of radar, *MILITARY airplane radar equipment
Abstract

El artículo analiza los programas y Planes de Desarrollo Estratégico del Ministerio de Defensa de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile. El artículo también analiza las capacidades operativas y la modernización de los cazabombarderos F-16 de los aviones Lockheed Martin y C-130 Hercules y la incorporación de nuevos sistemas de radar activo para la guerra electrónica y aviones militares.

Published
2020

16. Carnivore--livestock conflicts in Chile: evidence and methods for mitigation.

Author

RODRIGUEZ, VALESKA, POO-MUÑOZ, DANIELA A., ESCOBAR, LUIS E., ASTORGA, FRANCISCA, and MEDINA-VOGEL, GONZALO

Subjects
CARNIVOROUS animals, SHEEP, LIVESTOCK, PUMAS, WOLVES, POPULATION
Abstract

Human population growth and habitat loss have exacerbated human--wildlife conflicts worldwide. We explored trends in human--wildlife conflicts (HWCs) in Chile using scientific and official reports to identify areas and species with higher risk of conflicts and tools available for their prevention and mitigation. The puma (Puma concolor) was considered the most frequent predator; however, fox (Lycalopex spp.) and free-ranging or feral dog (Canis lupus familiaris) attacks were also common. Our results suggest that the magnitude of puma conflicts may be overestimated. Domestic sheep (Ovis spp.) and poultry (Galliformes) were the most common species predated. Livestock losses were widespread across Chile but were highest in San Jose de Maipo, located in central Chile, and Cochrane, La Unión, and Lago Verde in south Chile municipalities. Livestock guardian dogs and the livestock insurance, as a part of the Agriculture Insurance of Chile, were identified as the most promising tools to mitigate HWCs, short- and mid-term, respectively. However, longer-term strategies should focus on improving livestock management through extension (i.e., farmer education) programs for local communities. In Chile, HWCs negatively impact small farmers and wild carnivore populations. An interinstitutional and interdisciplinary strategy integrating input from government and nongovernmental organizations, farmers, and academia is needed to achieve effective carnivore conservation in the long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019

17. La industria estatal de la Defensa en Chile: Contribuciones, desarrollos y proyectos de FAMAE, ASMAR y ENAER.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*MILITARY supplies, *MILITARY vehicles, *ARMED Forces
Abstract

El artículo discurre sobre los proyectos de las Fábricas y Maestranzas del Ejército (FAMAE), los Astilleros y Maestranzas de la Armada (ASMAR) y la Empresa Nacional de Aeronáutica (ENAER) para las fuerzas armadas de Chile. El autor examina las contribuciones de equipo, sistemas y vehículos militares para la defensa nacional.

Published
2018

18. "Proponemos contribuir al desarrollo del pais por medio de la construeción naval en Chile".

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*MILITARY supplies, *MILITARY modernization (Equipment), *SEA power (Military science), *MARITIME security, *SEA control, *FRIGATES, *NAVIES
Abstract

El articulo discute las declaraciones de comandante en jefe de la Armada de Chile Almirante Julio Leiva Molina. Se destaca sobre la construcción de los equipamientos navales tecnologicos en Chile con la experiencia obtenida de Australia. También destaca en modernizar las capacidades navales y marítimas. Otros temas relacionados son reemplazar y renovar las fragatas, Mejorar la vida profesional de las personales con el fin de fortalecer la seguridad nacional del País.

Published
2020

19. "La Aviación Naval de Chile tiene por mision proporcionar medios aeronavales organizados, equipados, entrenados y sostenidos logísticamente en el tiempo": Entrevista al Comandante de la Aviación Naval de la Armada de Chile, Contraalmirante Carlos Fiedler Pinto

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*NAVAL aviation, *ADMIRALS, *AIR bases, *ORION (Patrol aircraft), *MILITARY helicopters
Abstract

Se presenta una entrevista con el Comandante de la Aviación Naval de la Armada de Chile, Contralmirante Carlos Fiedler Pinto. En esta entrevista habla de los programas de expansión y desarrollo de la fuerza naval, la incorporación de helicópteros Airbus H-125 y la modernización e integración de los aviones Lockheed Martin P-3ACh Orion en las bases aéreas navales de Chile.

Published
2020

20. El Estado Mayor Conjunto de Chile.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*CIVIL defense, *NATIONAL security, *ADMIRALS, *COMMAND of troops, *MILITARY modernization (Equipment), *NAVIES
Abstract

El artículo analiza los actuales jefes de Estado Mayor Conjunto de Chile (EMCO), actualmente encabezados por Rodrigo Álvarez Aguirre, Vicealmirante de la Armada de Chile. El artículo también analiza estrategias para la Defensa Nacional de Chile, el mando militar, la participación en misiones de paz y la modernización de equipos militares.

Published
2020

21. "Un logro es haber alcanzado el equilibrio de la polivalencia de la fuerza militar" Entrevista al Comandante en Jefe del Ejército de Chile, General Humberto Oviedo Amagada.

Author

Escobar, Luis Vásquez

Subjects
*MILITARY readiness, *NATURAL disasters, *MILITARY supplies, *MILITARY vehicles, *CHILEAN peacekeeping forces, *ARMED Forces, CHILE. Army
Abstract

El artículo presenta una entrevista con Humberto Oviedo Arriagada, Comandante en Jefe del Ejército de Chile. Comenta sobre la preparación de las fuerzas armadas para confrontar una catástrofe y discurre sobre la compra de equipo y vehículos militares. También describe las operaciones de paz realizados por el ejército.

Published
2018

22. Ecology and Geography of Transmission of Two Bat-Borne Rabies Lineages in Chile.

Author

Escobar, Luis E., Peterson, A. Townsend, Favi, Myriam, Yung, Verónica, Pons, Daniel J., and Medina-Vogel, Gonzalo

Subjects
*RABIES, *BAT ecology, *RABIES virus, *BAT diseases, *ECOLOGICAL niche, *ECOSYSTEM dynamics
Abstract

Rabies was known to humans as a disease thousands of years ago. In America, insectivorous bats are natural reservoirs of rabies virus. The bat species Tadarida brasiliensis and Lasiurus cinereus, with their respective, host-specific rabies virus variants AgV4 and AgV6, are the principal rabies reservoirs in Chile. However, little is known about the roles of bat species in the ecology and geographic distribution of the virus. This contribution aims to address a series of questions regarding the ecology of rabies transmission in Chile. Analyzing records from 1985–2011 at the Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP) and using ecological niche modeling, we address these questions to help in understanding rabies-bat ecological dynamics in South America. We found ecological niche identity between both hosts and both viral variants, indicating that niches of all actors in the system are undifferentiated, although the viruses do not necessarily occupy the full geographic distributions of their hosts. Bat species and rabies viruses share similar niches, and our models had significant predictive power even across unsampled regions; results thus suggest that outbreaks may occur under consistent, stable, and predictable circumstances. Author Summary: The situation of rabies in America has been changing: rabies in dogs has decreased considerably, but bats are increasingly documented as natural reservoirs of other rabies variants. A significant gap exists in understanding of bat-borne rabies in Latin America. We identified bat species known to be connected with enzootic rabies with different antigenic variants in Chile, and compiled large-scale data sets by which to test for ecological niche differences among virus lineages and bat hosts. Our results begin to characterize important ecological factors affecting rabies distribution; modeling rabies in Chile allows comparisons across different latitudes and diverse landscapes. We found that rabies virus strains are found in similar environments, regardless of the bat host involved. This research improves understanding of bat-borne rabies dynamics, and important step towards preventing and controlling this and other emergent diseases linked to bats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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23. Michelle Bachelet en busca de la transformación de Chile.

Author

ESCOBAR, LUIS EDUARDO

Subjects
CHILEAN politics & government, ECONOMIC reform, CHILEAN history, EDUCATIONAL change, EDUCATIONAL law & legislation, TWENTY-first century
Abstract

Copyright of Nueva Sociedad is the property of Nueva Sociedad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2014

24. Chile: los cambios que se anuncian en Defensa para los próximos año.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*ARMED Forces, *MILITARY policy, *COMPTROLLERS, *MAPUCHE (South American people), DEVELOPING countries
Abstract

The article reports on the changes announced in Defense in Chile under the new government of President Gabriel Boric. Proposals such as strengthening civilian control over the financing and budget execution of the Armed Forces, creating a civilian agency for military purchases and acquisitions, increasing mechanisms of democratic control in Congress and the Comptroller's Office, and reviewing laws related to the Ministry of National Defense and the Armed Forces are mentioned. The article also highlights the plan to modernize and maintain operational capabilities of the military institutions. The article mentions the importance of maintaining a sufficient military capacity to facilitate the country's interests and objectives. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2022

25. Fuerza Aérea de Chile: con rumbo a su vuelo más alto y lejano.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*AIR forces, *STRATEGIC planning, *FIGHTER planes, *F-16 (Jet fighter plane), *HORNET (Jet fighter plane)
Abstract

Se presenta un editorial que analiza la Feria Internacional del Espacio Aéreo (FIDAE), una exhibición aeroespacial, de defensa y seguridad en América Latina. El artículo también analiza la Fuerza Aérea de Chile (FACh) y la mejora de su flota de aviones de combate y transporte, incluido el plan de desarrollo estratégico de la FACh y la exhibición de aviones figher como Lockheed Martin F-16 y Boeing F / A-18.

Published
2020

26. Las empresas chilenas tuvieron su espacio en FIDAE 2018.

Author

Vásquez Escobar, Luis

Subjects
*AIR shows, *AERONAUTICS exhibitions, *DEFENSE industries, *ARMED Forces
Abstract

El artículo discurre sobre la participación de empresas aeronáuticas chilenas en la Feria Internacional del Aire y el Espacio (FIDAE) 2018. El autor comenta sobre las compañías de las fuerzas armadas de Chile, incluyendo Astilleros y Maestranzas de la Armada, Fábricas y Maestranzas del Ejército y Empresa Nacional de Aeronáutica de Chile de las fuerzas aéreas.

Published
2018

27. Entrevista a José Antonio Gómez Urrutia, Ministro de Defensa Nacional de Chile desde el 11 de marzo de 2014 al 11 de marzo ®2018.

Author

Escobar, Luis Vásquez

Subjects
*PRIVATE military companies, *MILITARY policy, *ARMED Forces, CHILE. Air Force
Abstract

El artículo presenta una entrevista con José Antonio Gómez Urrutia, Ministro de Defensa Nacional de Chile. Comenta sobre la Feria Internacional del Aire y Espacio (FIDAE) organizada por la Fuerza Aérea de Chile y discurre sobre la relación entre la presidenta Michelle Bachelet y la Defensa Nacional. También describe la colaboración entre las fuerzas armadas y el sector privado.

Published
2018

28. Distributional ecology of Andes hantavirus: a macroecological approach.

Author

Astorga, Francisca, Escobar, Luis E., Poo-Muñoz, Daniela, Escobar-Dodero, Joaquin, Rojas-Hucks, Sylvia, Alvarado-Rybak, Mario, Duclos, Melanie, Romero-Alvarez, Daniel, Molina-Burgos, Blanca E., Peñafiel-Ricaurte, Alexandra, Toro, Frederick, Peña-Gómez, Francisco T., and Peterson, A. Townsend

Subjects
*HANTAVIRUS pulmonary syndrome, *RESPIRATORY infections, *ENDEMIC diseases
Abstract

Background: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an infection endemic in Chile and Argentina, caused by Andes hantavirus (ANDV). The rodent Oligoryzomys longicaudatus is suggested as the main reservoir, although several other species of Sigmodontinae are known hosts of ANDV. Here, we explore potential ANDV transmission risk to humans in southern South America, based on eco-epidemiological associations among: six rodent host species, seropositive rodents, and human HPS cases. Methods: We used ecological niche modeling and macroecological approaches to determine potential geographic distributions and assess environmental similarity among rodents and human HPS cases. Results: Highest numbers of rodent species (five) were in Chile between 35° and 41°S latitude. Background similarity tests showed niche similarity in 14 of the 56 possible comparisons: similarity between human HPS cases and the background of all species and seropositive rodents was supported (except for Abrothrix sanborni). Of interest among the results is the likely role of O. longicaudatus, Loxodontomys micropus, Abrothrix olivaceus, and Abrothrix longipilis in HPS transmission to humans. Conclusions: Our results support a role of rodent species' distributions as a risk factor for human HPS at coarse scales, and suggest that the role of the main reservoir (O. longicaudatus) may be supported by the broader rodent host community in some areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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29. In response to: “Increased dog population and potential for bat-borne rabies spillover in Chile in response to “Dog management, abundance and potential for bat-borne rabies spillover in Chile” by Astorga et al. [Prev. Vet. Med. 118:397–405]” by Acosta-Jammet, G.

Author

Astorga, Francisca, Poo-Muñoz, Daniela A., Escobar, Luis Emilio, and Medina-Vogel, Gonzalo

Subjects
*RABIES in dogs, *BATS as carriers of disease, *VETERINARY public health, *VETERINARY medicine, *ANIMAL populations
Published
2015
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30. Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild mustelids and cats across an urban-rural gradient.

Author

Barros M, Cabezón O, Dubey JP, Almería S, Ribas MP, Escobar LE, Ramos B, and Medina-Vogel G

Subjects
Animals, Animals, Domestic parasitology, Cat Diseases parasitology, Chile epidemiology, Endangered Species, Felidae parasitology, Fresh Water parasitology, Human Activities, Rural Health, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Toxoplasmosis, Animal transmission, Urban Health, Animals, Wild parasitology, Cat Diseases epidemiology, Cats parasitology, Ecosystem, Mink parasitology, Otters parasitology, Toxoplasma isolation & purification, Toxoplasmosis, Animal epidemiology
Abstract

The increase in human population and domestic pets, such as cats, are generating important consequences in terms of habitat loss and pathogen pollution of coastal ecosystems with potential to generate negative impacts in marine biodiversity. Toxoplasma gondii is the etiological agent of zoonotic disease toxoplasmosis, and is associated with cat abundance and anthropogenic disturbance. The presence of T. gondii oocysts in the ocean has negatively affected the health status of the threatened Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) populations. The present study analyzed seroprevalence and presence of T. gondii DNA in American mink (Neovison vison), Southern river otters (Lontra provocax) and domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) in four different areas in Southern Chile comprising studies in rivers and lakes in Andean foothills and mountains, marine habitat and island coastal ecosystems. Mean seroprevalence of T. gondii in the study was 64% of 151 total animals sampled: 59% of 73 American mink, 77% of 13 Southern river otters, 68% of 65 domestic cats and in two of two kodkods (Leopardus guigna). Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in tissues from one American mink and one Southern river otter. The present study confirms the widespread distribution of T. gondii in Southern Chile, and shows a high exposure of semiaquatic mustelids and domestic cats to the parasite. Cats and anthropogenic disturbance have a role in the maintenance of T. gondii infection in ecosystems of southern Chile., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Published
2018
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31. Ecological approaches in veterinary epidemiology: mapping the risk of bat-borne rabies using vegetation indices and night-time light satellite imagery.

Author

Escobar LE, Peterson AT, Papeş M, Favi M, Yung V, Restif O, Qiao H, and Medina-Vogel G

Subjects
Animals, Chile epidemiology, Epidemiologic Methods veterinary, Geography, Models, Theoretical, Rabies virology, Risk Assessment, Time Factors, Chiroptera virology, Environment, Public Health methods, Rabies epidemiology, Satellite Imagery
Abstract

Rabies remains a disease of significant public health concern. In the Americas, bats are an important source of rabies for pets, livestock, and humans. For effective rabies control and prevention, identifying potential areas for disease occurrence is critical to guide future research, inform public health policies, and design interventions. To anticipate zoonotic infectious diseases distribution at coarse scale, veterinary epidemiology needs to advance via exploring current geographic ecology tools and data using a biological approach. We analyzed bat-borne rabies reports in Chile from 2002 to 2012 to establish associations between rabies occurrence and environmental factors to generate an ecological niche model (ENM). The main rabies reservoir in Chile is the bat species Tadarida brasiliensis; we mapped 726 occurrences of rabies virus variant AgV4 in this bat species and integrated them with contemporary Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The correct prediction of areas with rabies in bats and the reliable anticipation of human rabies in our study illustrate the usefulness of ENM for mapping rabies and other zoonotic pathogens. Additionally, we highlight critical issues with selection of environmental variables, methods for model validation, and consideration of sampling bias. Indeed, models with weak or incorrect validation approaches should be interpreted with caution. In conclusion, ecological niche modeling applications for mapping disease risk at coarse geographic scales have a promising future, especially with refinement and enrichment of models with additional information, such as night-time light data, which increased substantially the model's ability to anticipate human rabies.

Published
2015
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32. [Wildlife veterinarians rabies vaccination in Chile: a survey].

Author

Escobar LE, Yung V, Vargas-Rodríguez R, Medina-Vogel G, and Favi M

Subjects
Adult, Animals, Animals, Wild, Chile, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Occupational Diseases prevention & control, Rabies prevention & control, Rabies Vaccines administration & dosage, Vaccination statistics & numerical data, Veterinarians statistics & numerical data
Abstract

Introduction: Rabies is a lethal but preventable disease. Knowing the extent of immunization coverage among at risk populations, may help to guide immunization efforts, as well as increase the effectiveness of rabies control and prevention programs., Aim: To determine the proportion of wildlife veterinarians in Chile, as part of a group at risk of rabies transmission., Methods: An electronic survey was sent to wildlife veterinarians in Chile., Results: We found that veterinarians in Chile work mainly with carnivores and deer compared to other mammals (p < 0.001), rarely works with bats (p = 0.6572). Most of the participants had been bitten by domestic animals, while a lesser proportion (29%) by wild animals. Most of the participants never received rabies vaccination (53%), while within the group that had started a rabies vaccination scheme, a substantial proportion (39%) did not complete it., Discussion and Conclusion: Identify the vaccination status of risk groups is important for infectious disease control and prevention programs, as this information helps to identify priority groups during outbreaks or vaccine scarcity. Wildlife veterinarians in Chile are at risk of rabies transmission and should be included in rabies prevention programs, especially considering their vulnerability and lack of biosafety practices. Increasing education in rabies epidemiology and prevention is urgently needed in veterinary faculties in Chile.

Published
2015
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