Search

Introduction: Given the global concern for attracting more and better candidates to teaching careers, we must have instruments to help us identify these potential candidates. In Chile, there needs to be more evidence of the motivational and perceptual factors that influence the choice of studies in Education. The aim is to study the psychometric properties of the Fit-Choice scale in the Chilean population. This scale was developed in Australia by Watt & Richardson (2007) and translated into Spanish by Gratacós & López-Jurado (2016) and identifies factors that influence the choice of careers in education. Method: A cross-sectional instrumental design was adopted. A total of 921 students from four Chilean universities (65% women) who are in their fifth year of initial teacher training for early childhood education (9.1%), primary education (17.1%), and various disciplines of secondary education (73.8%) participated in the study. The instrument's factor structure was evaluated through a confirmatory factor analysis with a maximum likelihood estimator. Evidence of internal consistency was obtained using McDonald's Omega ([omega]), obtaining good reliability indexes. Results: The results show that the version of the scale is valid and reliable for use in the Chilean context. The factor structure of the original scale, which consists of two subscales and 18 factors, is tested. The findings are consistent with the version validated in other Spanish-speaking countries. Discussion or Conclusion: This scale is valid and reliable, and its use is appropriate for Spanish-speaking contexts such as Chile. The psychometric characteristics show that it is possible to use this instrument for its specific purposes but also, given its cross-cultural validity, to conduct comparative research with other countries where it has been validated.

It has become increasingly common for high-school students to see media reports on the importance of quantum mechanics in the development of next-generation industries such as drug development and secure communication, but few of them have been exposed to fundamental quantum mechanical concepts in a meaningful classroom activity. In order to bridge this gap, we design and implement a low-cost 20 min demonstration of the Bell test, which is used in several entanglement-based quantum key distribution protocols. The demonstration introduces ideas such as the quantum state, quantum measurement, spin quantization, cryptography, and entanglement; all without using concepts beyond the 9th grade of the Chilean high-school curriculum. The demonstration can serve to promote early exposure of the future adopters and developers of quantum technology with its conceptual building blocks, and also to educate the general public about the importance of quantum mechanics in modern industry.

Previous research recognizes the importance of musical experiences on music teacher education. However, current efforts do not provide a comprehensive view of the way their students learn music before starting university. The objective of this study is to portray their musical experiences, identifying the distinctive mechanisms underlying the relationship between practices, repertoires, and training contexts for music learning. A combination of pedagogical, social and musical dimensions, inspired by sociological theories of P. Bourdieu and B. Bernstein, examine the pre-university musical experiences and the mediating role of students' sociocultural origins. Empirically, multimodal information from four Chilean universities (n = 55) was collected through the application of a survey questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, and analyzed using a set of mixed techniques, including descriptive statistics, text mining, and content analysis. Findings reveal relevant associations between practices, repertoires, and learning contexts, especially in terms of the specialized nature of musical training and the habitus and cultural dispositions of practitioners. Particularly relevant is the predominance of informal and non-formal learning contexts and their translation into specific types of learning. These challenge current perspectives and contribute a tool kit for the understanding of the relationship between power and knowledge in future professional teachers.

Copyright of Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology is the property of Editorial of the University of Almeria (Spain) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyses why Cuba, the Soviet Union, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia attempted to establish air transport agreements with Chile, as well as their objectives and those of their airlines. It also examines the response of the Allende government and other Chilean key actors. The paper shows that the interest in signing these agreements lay in the Socialist bloc countries. Their reasons varied depending on their particular situation and foreign policy goals. By contrast, Chile saw the negotiation of agreements as a means of strengthening its ties with the Soviet bloc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During most of the 20th century, Chile played a prominent role in the multilateral arena; however, the overthrow of President Salvador Allende buried the diplomatic prestige of this small country. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to characterize Chile's performance at the United Nations between 1973 and 1978, a period in which a diplomatic style called "praetorian-ideological" prevailed. This research seeks to analyze the multilateral offensive of the Soviet Union and the socialist countries against Chile in this international organization, as well as the circumstantial alliance systems established by Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship in the General Assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to describe the relationship between life satisfaction, positive affect, depression and anxiety symptoms with sociodemographic, psychosocial and clinical variables, and to identify the relative importance of these predictor groups. Methods: We evaluated life satisfaction (SWLS), positive affect (PANAS), depressive (PHQ-9), and anxiety (GAI) symptoms and their association with sociodemographic, psychosocial and clinical variables in a multistage, random general population sample of fully functioning individuals aged 60-80 years from the Concepción province and Gran Santiago, Chile (n = 396). We performed weighted multiple regression analysis, considering the complex sample structure with age group, sex, and geographical area, complemented with general and conditional dominance analyses to estimate the relevance of the predictor groups. Results: We found significant associations with the geographical area, sex, age, education level, household members, having a partner, employment status, caregiver status, economic satisfaction, presence of chronic diseases, medication use, and alcohol use. Satisfaction with health was the most important predictor for positive affect (p < 0.001), depressive (p < 0.001), and anxiety (p < 0.001) symptoms, while alcohol use was the most significant predictor for life satisfaction (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Simultaneously studying the positive and negative dimensions of wellbeing and mental health in older adults allows for a more comprehensive perspective on the challenges faced during this stage of life. This study accounts for previously unknown associations and contributes to the identification of common and specific predictors in both dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Regionales is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Ciencia Regional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Since the arrival of COVID-19 in Chile, the older adult population's communication forms have changed, generating effects on their health due to digital social exclusion. Objective: To demonstrate the problems and causes of the lack of excellent connectivity and social communication among older people in Chile, according to their use of and access to ICT, and their effect on loneliness, considered a public health problem. Methodology: Descriptive study through a literature review on the relationship between using ICT, loneliness in older people and the possible effects on health. The Health Determinants Theory was used to explore this relationship. Results: The problems and causes focus on structural determinants, specifically the lack of digital social inclusion policies, educational differences, socioeconomic level and territory. These determinants intervene in using and accessing ICT, which could affect loneliness. Conclusion: A greater incorporation of public policies that are directly related to the digital social inclusion of this group in Chile, whose population density is increasing daily, is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Ricardo Palma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the mental health of international migrants globally. Chile has managed its response to the pandemic in an ongoing context of social unrest and combined regional migratory and humanitarian crisis. The country's population presents a high prevalence of common mental disorders and a high suicide rate, with limited access to mental healthcare. International migrants in Chile represent 8% of the total population, and although a socioeconomically heterogenous group, they face social vulnerability, a range of mental health stressors and additional barriers to access mental healthcare. This study describes the mental health outcomes, stressors, response, and coping strategies perceived by international migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. Methods and findings: A qualitative case study was carried out through individual online interviews to 30 international migrants living in Chile during the pandemic and 10 experts of the social and health care sectors. An inductive content analysis was carried out, a process during which the researchers sought to identify patterns and themes derived from the data. Participants experienced mainly negative mental health outcomes, including anxiety and depression symptomatology. Stressors included the virus itself, work, living and socioeconomic conditions, discrimination, fear for their family and distance caring. Institutional responses to address the mental health of international migrants during the pandemic in Chile were limited and participants relied mainly on individual coping strategies. Conclusions: The pandemic can represent an important opportunity to strengthen mental health systems for the general population as well as for population groups experiencing social vulnerability, if the issues identified and the lessons learned are translated into action at national, regional, and international level. Promoting the mental health of international migrants means recognising migration as a social determinant of mental health and adopting a cross-cultural as well as a Human Rights approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity plays an important role in the well-being and development of adolescents. Physical activity habits expressed in terms of frequency and duration are consistently associated with sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status. However, there is less evidence of the relationship between the type and context of physical activity in adolescents. The aim of this article is to analyze physical activity habits and their relationship with sociodemographic factors in Chilean adolescents. The cross-sectional study consisted of 7,263 adolescents aged between 10 and 20 years old, students from both public and private schools in all regions of Chile. Physical activity habits were examined by means of a self-report questionnaire. The age groups were classified according to the three stages of adolescence (early: 10 to 13, middle: 14 to 16, and late: 17 to 20 years old). Socioeconomic level was established based on the school vulnerability index (SVI) of the school attended by each adolescent. In the study it was obvious to the level of physical activity for the adolescents was below the international recommendations. A statistically significant association can also be found between the sociodemographic factors studied and the physical activity habits reported by the young people. The multivariate regression analysis established that the risk of not achieving the physical activity recommendations was 2.8 times higher in females than in males, 2.4 times higher in the older age groups (14-16 and 17-20 years old) compared to the 10-13-year age range and 1.1 times in the medium and high vulnerability groups than in the low socioeconomic vulnerability group. These findings highlight the importance of considering all these factors holistically whenever designing programs or public policies that promote the development of healthy physical activity habits in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare sociodemographic characteristics and maternal and perinatal outcomes between Chilean and Haitian pregnant women in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Methodology: Observational analytical study of prevalence, approved by the Ethics Committee of the North Metropolitan Service of Chile, Data collected from medical records with informed consent. A comparative analysis between Chilean and Haitian women was carried out. A Chi-square test was used for categorical variables and t-test for quantitative variables. For risk estimation, crude and adjusted logistic regression models were performed with their respective 95 % CI in Stata 15.0 program. Results: Universe of 1,578 Chilean pregnant women and 261 Haitian pregnant women assisted in a Santiago hospital. Chilean women had a higher probability of insulin resistance 8.45 [2.59-27.56] and obesity than Haitian women (OR: 3.58 [2.425.29]). Haitian pregnant women were more likely to have a late admission to prenatal care (OR: 3.33 [2.50-4.34]), low maternal weight (OR: 3.44 [2.17-5.55]), HIV (OR: 12.5 [3.03-50.00]), anemia (OR: 5 [3.03-9.09]), caesarean sections (OR: 1.51 [1.582.12]) and RN PEG (OR: 1.72 [1.12-2.63]). Conclusions: The maternal and perinatal health of pregnant Haitians presents maternal and nutritional health problems different from the Chilean ones and a high rate of cesarean section. Studies are required to investigate the cause of the latter, as well as strategies and training that promote adherence to early prenatal care for Haitian pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adolescent suicide is a pressing problem in Chile that has not yet been sufficiently addressed, as suicide rates have stagnated in recent years. One possible explanation could be linked to the adult-centered paradigm that continues to prevail in relation to adolescent health initiatives. In light of this, programs that seek to promote youth mental health should consider incorporating adolescents in the design process using participatory methodologies, to ensure that these initiatives are well-suited for the population. In line with this recommendation, a group of seven adolescents, 13 to 20 years of age, were incorporated into a research team to actively guide the design, development, and validation of a technology-based intervention, known as Project Clan, which was piloted to reduce adolescent suicide in schools in Chile. This group was known as the "Group of Experts," in acknowledgment of their role as experts by experience on adolescence. A qualitative case study was conducted to explore their lived experiences, through semistructured individual in-depth interviews with six members of the group. Results showed that the adolescents had a high level of interest in mental health and had experienced problems of their own or accompanied friends who were struggling, which motivated their participation in the study. They had a critical view of the previous interventions they had received through educational institutions and valued their role in the promotion of their peers' mental health through the Group of Experts. They also highlighted the importance of creating tools that complement their daily lives and provide an alternative to existing social networks, by respecting their anonymity, providing a secure place for divulgation and self-expression, and facilitating access to professional support. We conclude that programs that address issues that affect adolescents should incorporate adolescents in the decision-making and design processes to ensure the acceptability and effectivity of their interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Antropologia is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Since 2010 there has been a growing population of refugees and asylum seekers in Latin America. This study sought to investigate the perceived experiences and healthcare needs of refugees and asylum seekers of Latin American origin in Chile in order to identify main barriers to healthcare and provide guidance on allied challenges for the public healthcare system. Methods: Descriptive qualitative case study with semi-structured interviews applied to refugees and asylum seekers (n = 8), healthcare workers (n = 4), and members of Non-Governmental Organizations and religious foundations focused on working with refugees and asylum seekers in Chile (n = 2). Results: Although Chilean law guarantees access to all levels of healthcare for the international migrant population, the specific healthcare needs of refugees and asylum seekers were not adequately covered. Primary care and mental healthcare were the most required types of service for participants, yet they appeared to be the most difficult to access. Difficulties in social integration -including access to healthcare, housing, and education- upon arrival and lengthy waiting times for legal status of refugees also presented great barriers to effective healthcare provision and wellbeing. Healthcare workers and members of organizations indicated the need for more information about refugee and asylum-seeking populations, their rights and conditions, as well as more effective and tailored healthcare interventions for them, especially for emergency mental healthcare situations. Conclusions: All participants perceived that there was disinformation among institutional actors regarding the healthcare needs of refugees and asylum seekers in Chile. They also perceived that there were barriers to access to primary care and mental healthcare, which might lead to overuse of emergency services. This study highlights a sense of urgency to protect the social and healthcare needs of refugees and asylum seekers in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rocky shores in Chile have a wide invertebrate species diversity, that include species with marked abundances in determined regions. The aim of the present study is to analyse the spatial distribution pattern in different marine invertebrate species in rocky shore of Araucania region, considering if these species have random, uniform or associated patterns, and extrapolate if these patterns have Poisson, binomial or negative binomial distribution respectively. The results revealed the presence mainly of gastropods molluscs that would graze on benthic algae, these species have mainly aggregated pattern that has a robust negative binomial distribution pattern. The obtained results agree with observations for marine benthic fauna that mentioned the presence of aggregated pattern, has negative binomial distribution. Other ecological topics about spatial distribution were discussed. As costas rochosas no Chile têm uma ampla diversidade de espécies de invertebrados, que incluem espécies com abundância marcada em determinadas regiões. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o padrão de distribuição espacial em diferentes espécies de invertebrados marinhos na costa rochosa da região de Araucanía, considerando se essas espécies possuem padrões aleatórios, uniformes ou associados, e extrapolar se esses padrões possuem distribuição binomial de Poisson, binomial ou negativa. respectivamente. Os resultados revelaram a presença principalmente de moluscos gastrópodes que pastam em algas bentônicas, estas espécies têm principalmente agregado padrão que tem um padrão robusto de distribuição binomial negativa, padrão agregado de grupos, e a fauna de água doce que apresenta distribuição binomial negativa. Outros tópicos ecológicos sobre distribuição espacial foram discutidos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the results of a descriptive, qualitative study carried out in 2018 on the mental healthcare needs of Latin American refugees and asylum seekers in Chile, through the perspectives of refugees and asylum applicants (n=8), healthcare professionals responsible for delivery of care (n=4), and members of civil society organisations involved in this area (n=2). Our findings indicate that despite Chile's commitment to international treaties in this regard, little has been achieved in safeguarding the right to access to mental health care, understood as part of the universal right to health care access. This article documents barriers to mental health care access for migrants applying for asylum and refugee status. Post-migration stress factors may also increase the risk of emotional disorders within this group of people. Mental healthcare providers and teams are often not equipped with the tools to deal with the psychological consequences arising from the situations of violence and persecution associated with forced migration. Our study discusses the need to strengthen the link between mental health care - as a fundamental human right - and the right to international protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide scarcity of psychiatrists makes the identification of the factors associated with the intention to choose this specialty an important issue. This study aims to evaluate the association between religious affiliation and the intention to choose psychiatry as a specialty among medical students from 11 Latin American countries. We conducted a cross-sectional, multi-country study that included first- and fifth-year students of 63 medical schools in 11 Latin-American countries between 2011 and 2012. The main outcome and measures were the intention to pursue psychiatry as a specialty over other specialties (yes/no) and religious affiliation (without: atheist/agnostic; with: any religion). A total of 8308 participants were included; 53.6% were women, and the average age was 20.4 (SD = 2.9) years. About 36% were fifth-year students, and 11.8% were not affiliated with any religion. Only 2.6% had the intention to choose psychiatry; the highest proportion of students with the intention to choose psychiatry was among students in Chile (8.1%) and the lowest among students in Mexico (1.1%). After adjusting for demographic, family, academic as well as personal and professional projection variable, we found that those who had no religious affiliation were more likely to report the intention to become a psychiatrist [OR: 2.92 (95%CI: 2.14-4.00)]. There is a strong positive association between not having a religious affiliation and the intention to become a psychiatrist. The possible factors that influence this phenomenon must be evaluated in greater depth, ideally through longitudinal research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associations between bacteria, chlorophyll, mixotrophic ciliates and crustacean zooplankton in the littoral of a North Patagonian oligotrophic lake (Lake Collico, 38°S, Chile) In this scenario, many of these lakes show an abundant presence of mixotrophic ciliates (mixotrophic Protozoa: Ciliophora), and a low species richness of crustacean zooplankton (Woelfl, 2007; Woelfl et al., 2010). The results obtained revealed low bacterial and chlorophyll concentrations, a high abundance of mixotrophic ciliates, and only copepodites of calanoid copepods in the zooplankton (table I). The pelagial zone in ultraoligotrophic food webs involves nanoflagellates that are grazed upon by mixotrophic ciliates (Kamjumke et al., 2009, 2012), then the calanoid copepods would not graze on mixotrophic ciliates (Woelfl, 2007; Woelfl et al., 2010; De los Ríos et al., 2018), and probably there would be food competition on the nanoflagellates between the mixotrophic ciliates and the calanoid copepods. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the association between intellectual property (IP) rights and public health, and mentions the move of Chile, prosecuting food companies such as Nestlé SA, Kellogg's, and Masterfoods for using cartoon advertisement to attract children. Topics include the measures under food labelling and advertising laws, the infringements of country's Consumer Protection Law, and IP protection.

En este estudio se ofrecen datos sobre la relación entre la operación de acarreo (carry trade) en pesos chilenos y las caídas de esta moneda frente a otras. Mediante el uso de un amplio conjunto de datos que contiene información del mercado cambiario a plazo local, mostramos que la especulación orientada a aprovechar los grandes diferenciales de la tasa de interés registrados en los últimos tiempos entre el peso y las monedas de los países desarrollados ha provocado varios episodios de turbulencia anormal, medidos por el coeficiente de asimetría de la distribución del tipo de cambio. De conformidad con el marco interpretativo que vincula a la turbulencia con los cambios en las posiciones a plazo de los especuladores, encontramos que la turbulencia es mayor en los períodos en que las mediciones de la incertidumbre mundial han sido especialmente altas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a decree issued by the Chilean Office Journal on April 16, 2015 which requires warning messages to be placed on the front-of-pack when food products exceed certain levels of energy, sodium, sugars or saturated fats. Topics include a background on Chile's Law on the Nutritional Composition of Food and Its Advertising, legal questions surrounding the law and the trend of introducing food-related measures with a public health objective.

There are no data regarding adenosine levels in obese children, even though is a ubiquitous molecule implicated in the regulation of lipid metabolism in humans. To determinate whether adenosine plasma levels are related with anthropometric and biochemical markers in children, we studied 51 students belong to Ramon Belmar School in Linares, Chile. Review of clinical data and frequent food questionnaire were taken in order to collect the information. Plasma adenosine levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and biochemical parameters including insulin, glucose, total proteins, and lipid profile by using standard colorimetric assays. Children with detectable (above 0.1 μM) adenosine plasma levels ( n = 30; BMI, 22.3 ± 0.7) had higher total cholesterol ( P < 0.05); triglycerides ( P < 0.01) and LDL-cholesterol ( P < 0.05) concentrations than children with undetectable adenosine levels ( n = 21; BMI, 23.9 ± 0.61). Among the analyzed variables, only BMI and BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) were positively correlated with adenosine levels. Besides, obese children ( n = 10) showed significantly high adenosine levels compared to controls ( n = 11; 1.8 ± 0.2 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1 μM/mg protein, respectively. P < 0.05), but not compared to overweight children ( n = 9). In conclusion, obesity in children is associated to high adenosine plasma levels. This study opens a new perspective to investigate the role of adenosine in the regulation of lipid metabolism in obese children. © 2012 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crustacean zooplankton of Chilean inland waters are characterized by abundant calanoid copepods, mainly from the genus Boeckella. The present study aims to update the distribution of Boeckella gracilis in the inland waters of the Araucania region (38-39°S) and to use null model analysis to understand the B. gracilis species associations. In the literature for Chile, this species is reported to be found in one northern lake and in three lakes of northern Patagonia. These findings are complemented by reports of this species for coastal and mountain ponds and mountain lakes of the Araucania region. These results agree with descriptions of this species for South American inland waters. The results of the null model analysis reveal factors regulating the species associations, whether comparing all the inhabitats or the guild structure, although some simulations show the opposite situation due to the presence of repeated species at many sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cueca is a Chilean couples' dance that has its hybrid origin in the 19th century. It has evolved--sometimes within an environment of real tension--into multiple versions, three of which are examined in this article. The "porteña" version, known as "chora," exhibits the exiled voices of "rotos" and prostitutes in the theaters and radio of the 1950s. The "cueca sola" was a way for women to denounce the disappearance of their husbands and partners under the 1973-1990 military dictatorship. Finally, the more modern urban cueca brings us the voice of a Chile that dissents from those in power who view the popular classes as only a labor force, a military contingent, a residual group, or, from a theoretical point of view, an "other" that is ever-suffering. As a highly eroticized dance, with melodies that fuse with tango, Chilean urban cueca proposes an open national community to foreigners, and restores pleasure as a basic human right and a condition to life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Nuestra América is the property of Edicoes Universidade Fernando Pessoa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents the preliminary results of a research on developing training practices of job levels in the various forms of Special Education in the Province of Ñuble. It examines the impact of such practices on the employability of its students through to graduation indicators and contract employment, employment without a contract and exit out of employment. In this way, the article seeks to assess the predictive ability of the different strategies of job training in special education in the pursuit of employment of disabled individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In the Last decades, the epidemiological and demographic transition in Chile has resulted in a considerable increase in diet-related non-communicable chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a health promotion programme (HPP) on behaviour in terms of the dimensions of the health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP) based on Pender's model. Pender based his research on the development of a model that explains, predicts and modifies forms of behaviour that promote health; an HPP based on this model may achieve positive changes that promote a healthy lifestyle. Study design: This was a comparative study and the participants were Seventh-Day Adventist Church women (SDAW) and non-Seventh-Day Adventist Church women (NSDAW) aged 20-45 years from the urban area of Villarrica, Ninth Region of Chile. From a population of 300 women (150 SDAW and 150 NSDAW), a random sample of 18 SDAW and 18 NSDAW was chosen. Both groups were comparable in age and socioeconomic status. An HPP was undertaken for both groups between April and September 2002. The response rate was 100%. Methods: The overall score and the scores for the six dimensions of the HPLP (self-actualization, health responsibility, exercise, nutrition, interpersonal support and stress management) were measured in the pre- and post-test periods. Statistical analysis was performed using the Sign test and Wilcoxon's test. Data were processed using the statistical analysis system. Results: In both groups, the median scores increased significantly between the pre-and post-test periods for the overall HPLP score and the scores of the six dimensions. When comparing the median scores in SDAW with NSDAW, only the score for nutrition was significantly higher in SDAW than NSDAW in both the pre-test (P< 0.0001) and post-test (P<0.0005) periods. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that an HPP based on Pender's model improves behaviour related to a health-promoting lifestyle in both groups, but more so for the NASDW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (NSCLP) is a complex genetic trait. Linkage and association studies have suggested that a clefting locus could be located on chromosome 4p. Sixty Chilean families were recruited for this study; from these, we used unrelated trios to evaluate the possible linkage disequilibrium between MSX1 and NSCLP. An intragenic marker, MSX1-CA, and an extragenic marker, D4S432 at a distance of 0.8 cM from MSX1, were analyzed by means of polymerase chain-reaction with fluorescent-labeled forward primers, followed by electrophoresis on a laser-fluorescent sequencer. We carried out a transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) for multiple alleles to evaluate the presence of linkage disequilibrium. Results showed a preferential transmission of the 169-bp allele of MSX1 (p = 0.03). Although there was no preferential transmission for the D4S432 marker, the overall extended TDT (ETDT) showed a significant result (p = 0.01). The authors' findings support the hypothesis of the contribution of MSX1 in the etiology of NSCLP in the Chilean population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this case-control study was to evaluate the possible association between nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate (NSCLP) and 10 genetic markers in four chromosomal regions in the admixed Spanish-Amerindian Chilean population. Setting: Study participants included 56 patients with NSCLP identified and interviewed for positive family history during the course of clinical examinations at different rehabilitation centers in the cities of Santiago and Talca, Chile. A control group of 59 normal individuals without known familial antecedents of clefting was obtained from blood bank donors of the University Hospital, University of Chile. Cases and controls belonged to Iow to Iow-middle socioeconomic strata. Results: Ten markers from chromosome 4p, 4q, 6p, 17q, and 19q were assessed (MSX1, D4S175, D4S192, F13A1, EDN1, D6S89, D6S105, D6S109, D17S579, BCL3). Four of them showed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations in controls, according to the exact test (D4S192, BCL3, F13A1, and D6S89). The case-control comparison by means of the CLUMP program showed significant differences only in BCL3, and D6S109 almost reached statistical significance. Conclusions: Most of the genetic regions with positive results in Caucasian populations may not be involved in NSCLP in Chile, regardless of the positive evidence for the candidate region on chromosome 19. Similar findings have been reported recently in the Chinese population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 126 sword-fish (Xiphias gladius) stomach were analyzed. The stomachs were obtained from specimens captured within the 25° to 34°S and 78° to 90°W area, by industrial longline vessels. Only 72 (57.1%) of the total stomach had food items in their stomachs, whit a sex proportion of 32 males (44.4%), 37 females (51.4%) and 3 indeterminate (4.2%). Traditional methods for the stomach contents analysis such as the numeric, frequency of occurrence, gravimetric and index of relative importance (IRI) were used. Cephalopods were the main food items (%IRI > 90) followed by the fishes (%IRI < 4). The squid (Dosidicus gigas) was the principal food in this study (%IRI = 85.1). No significant differences were found between the feeding of males and females of swordfishes (U = 81; p = 0.4862, p < 0.05). A cluster analysis showed higher stomach contents similarity between fall and winter than those from spring, within the size groups the I group was different than others and finally, the feeding from zone 3 were different from others zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Out of all these sources the Explicit Current Productivity (ECP), Real Productivity (RP) and Maximum Mean Expected Productivity (MMEP) was obtained. Financing gaps were measured according to Explicit Current Financing (ECF), Implicit Financing (IF) and Total Current Financing (TCF), ECP, RP and MMEP. The financing gap to solve MMEP in BS would be similar to prioritized diseases (brain carcinoma, cardiac stenosis, etc.). [Extracted from the article]

The stratigraphy of the Bahía Inglesa Formation in the Caldera Basin west of Copiapó, (north-central Chile) is revised, based on hitherto unpublished stratigraphic sections and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr dating. The depositional environment varied from a rocky shoreline to the upper continental slope, with sea-level oscillations and tectonic movements causing numerous local unconformities as well as lateral and vertical facies changes. Geohistory and sedimentological analyses show that the area was close to the concurrent sea level at about 15.3 Ma, but at the same time being elevated about 100 m above the present sea level. Although the basin then subsided at least 350 m until around 6 Ma, marine deposition was only recorded after 10.4 Ma. This suggests that the sea level initially dropped faster than the rate of subsidence so that subaerial erosion occurred. The period of subaerial exposure before 10.4 Ma can be attributed to the presence of a NE-trending branch of the Juan Fernández Ridge below the continental crust at this time, whereas the ensuing subsidence was due to subduction erosion and crustal accommodation in its wake as it migrated south along the South American coastline. The subsequent uplift of at least 250 m can be explained by an acceleration in plate expansion and isostatic rebound of the continental crust after being partially submerged in the upper mantle. The uplift–subsidence–uplift pattern mirrors those recorded around the Nazca Ridge in Peru, as well as in similar basins to the south of Caldera. However, a higher southward migration rate of the Juan Fernández Ridge against the edge of the South American Plate and less intense uplift–subsidence–uplift cycles are recorded in the latter basins. This can possibly be attributed to oroclinal bending of the ridge due to friction with the overlying continental plate, which diminished the angle of incidence and the intensity of the stress field, but increased the migration velocity of the ridge relative to the coastline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria monocytogenes causes severe diseases in humans, including febrile gastroenteritis and systemic infections that has a high mortality despite antibiotic treatment. This pathogen may cause massive outbreaks associated to the consumption of contaminated food products, which highlight its importance in public health. In the last decade, L. monocytogenes has emerged as a foodborne pathogen of major importance in Chile. A previous work showed that in Chile during 2008 and 2009 , L. monocytogenes serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b were the most frequently identified in food and clinical strains. Here we report the molecular characterization of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from 2008 to 2017 in the country. Our results indicate that serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b continue to be the most commonly found in food products. In addition, we identify persistent and widespread PFGE subtypes. This study reports ten years of epidemiological surveillance of L. monocytogenes in Chile. • Listeria monocytogenes is an emerging foodborne pathogen in Chile. • Serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b were the most frequently detected in food products. • Some L. monocytogenes clonal populations are persistent and widespread in foods. • Genomic diversity of this pathogen in foods is considerable and change over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On August 31, 2023, the Chilean government ended the health alert for COVID-19. This milestone invites us to reflect on lessons learned in emergency preparedness and response regarding migrant populations in the country. In this context, three perspectives are presented. The first focuses on avoiding pointing to individual responsibility for non-compliance with prevention measures, as this approach ignores structural and historical inequities. Emergency recommendations should be constructed considering a collective approach and diverse sociocultural and political contexts. The second perspective calls for considering and addressing migration as a social determinant of health. During the pandemic, changes in the governance of migration around the world made migration processes more precarious, with risks to the physical and mental health of migrants, which needs better planning and evidence-based decision-making in future pandemics. The third perspective focuses on promoting intercultural health, as effective communication of contagion risks and preventive measures were hampered among migrant populations with diverse worldviews and interpretations of health and disease processes. Responding to the needs of historically marginalized communities requires establishing ways of life that respect diversity in narratives and everyday practices. Governments and health systems must incorporate migration into their emergency preparedness and response strategies, creating the conditions for optimal compliance., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflicts of interest., (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)

The sexual and reproductive health of young migrants has not been sufficiently addressed in mobility studies. In this article, we dwell on some aspects of this issue in the migration process of Latin American youth. We conducted a qualitative study in the region of Tarapacá, Chile, carrying out in-depth interviews with key informants, health staff and young migrants between 18 and 25 years old. The results show some motivations to migrate related to sexual and reproductive health: young pregnant women, LGBTQI+ and HIV-positive people seeking access to health care and social contexts of reduced gender discrimination. During the migration process, young people are exposed to various kinds of sexual violence, and in their settlement in Chile, to situations of racism, stigma and discrimination in society as a whole and in access to and during sexual and reproductive health care. Health care for young migrants is mainly focused on maternal care and reproductive issues, while sexual health as a whole is disregarded. We argue that sexual health must be addressed as a central dimension of the lived experiences of young migrants, and that the social, cultural and structural factors that undermine their sexual and reproductive health must be addressed in order to provide culturally competent health services.

International migrants have been recognized as a population at risk in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Worldwide, various strategies have been deployed for the protection of this population, such as the establishment of reception and quarantine or isolation centers. This article reports the results of a study that explored the experiences of international migrants in nursing homes in Chile created to ensure a safe quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic, from an approach of ethical conditions for care. A qualitative study was carried out in 2020-2021. Thirty individual semi-structured online interviews were conducted in the cities of Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta and Santiago with international migrants with experience of using nursing homes; health teams of nursing homes; managers of nursing homes; local authorities; and national experts. Thematic analysis of the information was carried out. The study concludes that for international migrants, although the experience in nursing homes has meant significant health support, it is essential that the care provided, in addition to the requirement that it be framed in an approach of rights and respect for the dignity of each person, incorporate the perspective of interculturality in its work, that is, ensuring the right to culturally relevant health services, respectful of the culture of individuals, minorities, peoples and communities.

Asylum and refuge in Chile h¬ave received limited attention in policymaking and academia, and there is scarce evidence on their mental health needs and outcomes. Studies on mental healthcare access for international migrants suggest systemic barriers linked to costs and coverage, administrative issues, and adequacy of services. Today, we see that asylum and refuge is an emerging topic in Chile, which opens up the challenges around the mental health of refugees and asylum seekers. This topic is gaining visibility due to increased asylum claims over the past ten years, making it an urgent topic at a policy level. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted in 2018 on the health and social needs of asylum seekers and refugees from Latin America in Chile. This study indicated a general lack of knowledge on the mental health needs of refugees and asylum seekers and Chile and a lack of training in mental health professionals to address specific needs. Consequently, the health needs of these people remain largely unaddressed in terms of the number of available services and the relevance and pertinence of the services delivered. As Chile is positioning itself as a receiving country of refugees and asylum seekers in Latin America and the Caribbean, there is an opportunity to "do better" and adequately address the mental health of these marginalized populations.