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Aphid specimens belonging to the genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Aphidinae) collected on species of Baccharis (Asteraceae) in localities of Argentina and Chile, preserved in the Natural History Museum in London and in the Universidad de León collections, have been studied. They belong to six species: Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii and Aphis spiraecola, which are widely-distributed and polyphagous, and the new species: Aphis ingeborgae Nieto Nafría and Brown sp. n., Aphis conspicua Nieto Nafría and Mier Durante sp. n. and Aphis fuentesi Nieto Nafría and Ortego sp. n. which are here described from apterous and alate viviparous females, and also from oviparous females and males in the case of Aphis fuentesi. These six species plus the native and monophagous A. coridifoliae are those known in southern South America living on plants of Baccharis. Diagnostic features of new species and an identification key for apterous viviparous females of these seven species are presented.

Three new species of Neuquenaphis Blanchard are described from aphids collected in southernmost South America on several species of Nothofagus, southern beeches: Neuquenaphis blackmani Nieto Nafría and Brown, sp. n. from apterous and alate viviparous females and alatoid nymphs collected on Nothofagus dombeyi in Los Lagos and Los Ríos regions (Chile) and on Nothofagus nitida in Los Ríos region, Neuquenaphis aurata Mier Durante and von Dohlen, sp. n. from apterous and alate viviparous females collected on Nothofagus betuloides in Magallanes region (Chile) and Tierra del Fuego province (Argentina), and Neuquenaphis ramireziNieto Nafría and Ortego, sp. n. from apterous viviparous females collected on Nothofagus pumilio and N. antarctica in Tierra del Fuego province (Argentina) and La Araucanía, Aysén and Magallanes regions (Chile). Sequences of the mitochondrial COI "barcode" region and the tRNAleu-COII locus support the distinction of these new species from described Neuquenaphis species. Morphological characteristics that differentiate the new species from already described species of the genus are discussed. Partial identification keys for known apterous and alate viviparous females of Neuquenaphis species are presented on the basis of those established by Quednau (2010).