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The purpose of the article is to identify the games and the playful experience of children, as well as to understand the educational processes triggered by this social practice in the context of school recess, in eight public primary schools located in the province of Talca, Maule region, Chile. In methodological terms, the research is inscribed in the perspective of the interpretive-comprehensive paradigm, through qualitative methodology, with a design that consisted of applying the nonparticipant observation technique, in such a way that they carried out 32 units of direct observations, with 138 events described during the months of August to November of the year 2019. The results revealed that the schoolyard was a space rich in children's experiences and learning, with regard to the repertoire of games and interactions between children, in the context of these recreational activities. The need to value play in the time and space of the schoolyard is highlighted, for the child's learning and its articulation with pedagogical practices. In terms of conclusions, it is proposed to delve into studies of this nature, since it is relevant that the school considers recess as a pedagogical tool, since it is at that moment when children naturally manifest themselves and express their emotions, in an eminently playful and socializing.

The following article is a qualitative study that analyses the perception of parents and high school students regarding teaching in times of Coronavirus disease COVID-19, with the idea of recognizing the facilitators and barriers for the teaching-learning process in the pandemic. The above, in the understanding that due to the sudden appearance of SARS-CoV-2, educational systems around the world had to adapt to virtual teaching, as a result of the confinement to which the population has been subjected during the year 2020 and a good part of the year 2021. The research is based on the interpretative-comprehensive paradigm, with a qualitative methodology, which considered the realization of four focus groups with students and four focus groups with secondary school parents, from two public high schools located in the province of Talca, Maule region, Chile. The findings of the study are related to the adverse effects of the pandemic on student learning, as a result of connectivity difficulties, and the emotional impact on the quality of life of young people and their families. On the other hand, learning at home is related to limited pedagogical strategies and evaluative aspects that do not allow verifying the real learning of the students.

This article makes an analysis of the pedagogical teaching practices used and developed by Chilean physical education teachers during the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic periods. The virus from China spread around the world, changed our daily lives and as such, at the same time impacted the educational system in a matter of weeks. Confinement led educational systems to eliminate face-to-face and use virtual teaching in order to continue with the teaching-learning processes, including the physical education discipline. From the methodological point of view, the study is installed in the interpretive-qualitative perspective, in such a way that 14 semi-structured interviews were carried by physical education teachers from the Maule-Chile region, via team, Zoom, Skype, because of the pandemic, face-to-face contact was impossible. The result of the study shows the impact on the quality of life of teachers and students because of the confinement. The pedagogical reconfiguration that teachers experienced in a matter of days, led them to use different virtual platforms to continue connected with their students, in order to deploy the learning objectives defined by the Chilean Ministry of Education. However, the foregoing shows the scarce possibility of verifying student learning, due to the difficulties of monitoring and feedback.

The present research aimed to analyze the perception of high school students about the characteristics of a good teacher. The educational process refers essentially to a teacher-student relationship that unfolds in the classroom space, with the idea of generating more and better learning. In methodological terms, the study was based on the interpretive-comprehensive paradigm, through a qualitative methodology, which makes it a case study. The data were collected through four focus groups and four in-depth interviews conducted with secondary school students from a public high school in the province of Talca, Maule region, Chile. The results show the relevance of the handling of disciplinary content by teachers, as well as the pedagogical domain of teaching. On the other hand, it is evident from this study that good teachers are the ones who motivate students to learn, who show an understanding attitude with their learning, and generate a strong affective-emotional bond that transcends the classroom and connects with their lives. Among the limitations presented by the study is the need to increase the size of the sample, an issue that would allow a more comprehensive perspective on teaching. Regarding projections, the study provides useful background for comparison with research in different international contexts.

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The United Nations, through its 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals, advocates for the establishment of conducive environments for physical activity, following the ecological model. In line with this initiative, active transportation emerges as an accessible, cost-effective, and sustainable approach to augmenting daily physical activity levels. This study protocol endeavors to assess the impact of an active transportation education program rooted in the ecological model on the physical and mental well-being of high school students. Drawing upon scientific insights, we hypothesize that a 16-week active transportation intervention will lead to a 3% reduction in average body fat percentage and a noteworthy enhancement in executive function (including inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory), physical fitness (comprising cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength), and mental health (encompassing mood disorders and cognitive functioning). If this intervention proves effective, it could offer a viable solution for the school community, especially in reducing congestion within the school environment. The study protocol aims to evaluate the impact of an active transportation educational program based on the ecological model on the physical and mental well-being of high school students. Three high schools located in the urban area of Talca, Chile, will be randomly selected (one public, one privately subsidized, and one private non-subsidized). Each high school will be randomly assigned an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30; without intervention). The experimental groups will receive an active transportation educational intervention during their physical education classes for four months (60 to 90 min sessions, once a week), while the control group will receive no intervention. The primary outcome will provide information on body composition and executive function. Secondary outcomes will include objective physical activity level, physical fitness, mental well-being, academic achievement, health-related quality of life, perception of environmental urban features, physical activity barriers, and adherence to active transportation. It is expected that the results of the MOV-ES Project will transcend the physical health of schoolchildren and will have an impact on the school community, especially by decongesting the school environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The global biodiversity crisis poses many challenges for humanity, and continuing to classify and gain knowledge of the "hidden biodiversity" of less studied groups considered hyper-diverse insect groups, such as the parasitoid wasp (Ichneumonidae), is one of them. There is a particular need for more taxonomic and distributional knowledge of the Neotropics and its neighboring regions. We assessed the current knowledge of the Ichneumonidae, otherwise known as Darwin wasps, in Chile, a country with a diverse ecogeographic gradient, from the southern cold and humid tip of South America approaching the Antarctic Circle to the arid Atacama beyond the Tropic of Capricorn. Following the most up-to-date taxonomic knowledge, we assessed biogeographic relationships at the genus level and the spatial patterns of biodiversity at the species and genera levels along the latitudinal gradient. The results show that biogeographic relationships are based on six faunistic elements (cosmopolitan; endemic; Neotropical; Holarctic–Oriental; south-temperate; and Australasian), reinforcing the early view of two different areas for Chilean ichneumonids: a northern province and a Neantarctic realm, with a high percentage of endemic genera and species. Spatial biodiversity patterns assessed at different scales show a bimodal distribution of richness: around 34° and 38° S in the Metropolitan and Araucanía Regions. From an ecoregional perspective, richness is concentrated in the Valdivian temperate forests, but when assessed at a 0.5 × 0.5 cell scale, several outstanding cells are in the contact zone between the temperate forests and the Chilean Matorral in the Central Chilean biodiversity hotspot. Interpreting richness involves two phenomena difficult to disentangle: genuine species diversity and collection bias closer to areas with larger human populations. In contrast, the Atacama Desert shows little or no presence of Darwin wasps, which is to be expected due to the lack of potential hosts. These results reinforce the need to continue sampling and studying available collections to help close the knowledge gaps already recognized as Wallacean and Linnean shortfalls in order to gain additional information on potential threats to endemic genera and species. Ichneumonidae, or Chilean Darwin wasps, are an important component of South American hymenopteran diversity, but the taxonomic and distributional knowledge on this insect is still deficient. Taking advantage of recently updated taxonomic knowledge, we assessed biogeographic relationships at the genus level and biodiversity spatial patterns along the latitudinal gradient. The results show the presence of 264 species in Chile, arranged in 102 genera and 22 subfamilies. Biogeographic relationships are based on six elements (cosmopolitan (n = 50; 36%), endemic (n = 29; 21%), Neotropical (n = 22; 16%), Holarctic–Oriental (n = 19; 14%), south-temperate (n = 16; 11%) and Australasian) and composed of just three genera: Anacis, Labena, and Meringops. Species and genera show a bimodal distribution along the latitudinal gradient: around 34° and 38° S. From an ecoregional perspective, richness is concentrated in the Valdivian temperate forests, but when assessed at a 0.5 × 0.5 cell scale, several outstanding cells are in the contact zone between the temperate forests and the Chilean Matorral. On the other hand, the Atacama Desert shows little or no presence of Darwin wasps. The results agree with Charles Porter, who identified a northern province composed of Neotropical and cosmopolitan genera with their own representatives in the far north (11 genera), a distributional gap in the core of the Atacama Desert, and around 128 genera in Porter's Neantarctic realm, covering all of Chile from 25° S to Cape Horn, including the Juan Fernandez islands. These results reinforce knowledge gaps and the need for more sampling and studies of available collections. Due to sampling gaps at this stage, identifying a continued increase or decrease in richness towards higher latitudes is not possible. More taxonomic and distributional information is also needed to assess potential threats to endemic genera and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Chile, the contemporary form of academic life is irreducible to neoliberalism. There are past experiences and discourses that continue to disrupt the daily routine, dynamics, intensity, and rhythm of academics. They manifest as various epistemological, ethical, institutional, technical, and political mechanisms that produce innumerable images, meanings, and practices. These experiences conflict with the affects and material realities of the neoliberalism. The entanglement of these experiences from the past and present is conflicting, as they attempt to ignore or repress each other. In this respect, this paper addresses the following question: what is the model of academic behaviour that was established during the post-independence period in the Chilean university system? To answer this question, I explore Andres Bello's texts concerning university and academic life. The conclusion is that Bello established a specific model of academic behaviour that, with some later modifications, reconfigurations, and contradictions, returns to the present. Bello's influence today can be seen through spectres that enable and limit new possibilities for expanding academic critique within and across scholarly settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzes the relationship between social media use and the development of internal and external political efficacy, using five 1,650-person polls conducted in 2017–2021 in the 10 most populated municipalities of in the Valparaiso Region in Chile, a country characterized by high levels of political discontent and social protests, especially in 2019. With Structural Equation Models, we report positive impacts of different magnitudes of the civic use of social media on internal and external efficacy and no effect of the non-civic use of social media on either type of efficacy. As lower internal and external political efficacy feeds political disaffection, the differentiated use of social media can deepen the gap between engaged and disaffected citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Links between ecosystem collapse and biological invasions have been scarcely documented with empirical field measurements. In Chile the recent collapse of Aculeo lake, which was the largest natural freshwater body of the Central zone of Chile, produced a serious socio-environmental crisis in the local population. Here, we aim to report the concerning densities of the highly invasive Bagrada hilaris in this recently collapsed ecosystem. Densities of B. hilaris in plots combined with mapping of the area covered by infested plants allowed us to estimate the size of the B. hilaris population. Densities of B. hilaris in the dried lake reached 628.88 ± 95.28 ind/m2 and the infested area amounted to 310 ha, representing 26% of the total lake area. The population of B. hilaris in the dried Aculeo Lake reached 1948.9 ± 295.3 million individuals. Here we highlight the need for control actions to avoid a potential invasion over important nearby crops and protected areas, and the link between freshwater ecosystem collapse with the rapid colonization of invasive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent works have coined the term Online Political Efficacy (OPE) to assess the impact of Internet use on the perceived political empowerment of citizens. As the classic concept of political efficacy distinguishes between internal (IPE) and external (EPE) efficacies, we seek to confirm the usefulness of a new indicator of political efficacy for online engagement and assess the impact of the territory where people reside on OPE. Although OPE is mostly explained by the same determinants that account for IPE, the center-periphery divide influences OPE and IPE in opposite directions. Those who reside in the territorial—and political—periphery believe more strongly that they can use Internet to participate in public affairs (OPE), though they do not feel more competent in doing so (IPE). The democratizing power of Internet helps bridge the center-periphery social and political territorial divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essential part of the world's remaining mineral resources is expected to reside deep in the crust or under post-mineralization cover. For porphyry copper deposits, the world's primary source of Cu, Mo, and Re, identifying the dynamic processes that control their emplacement in the upper crust can guide future exploration. Seismic tomography can constrain these processes through imaging deep-seated structures at the regional scale. Here we construct a three-dimensional model of the Vp/Vs ratio, based on arrival times of P and S seismic waves, beneath the Cerro Colorado porphyry Cu–(Mo) deposit in northern Chile. Our images show that low Vp/Vs (~ 1.55–1.65) anomalies, extending to ~ 5–15 km depth, coincide with the surface expression of known porphyry copper deposits and prospects, as well as delimit structures that host orebodies and related hydrothermal alteration zones. Medium Vp/Vs (~ 1.68–1.74) and high Vp/Vs (Vp/Vs ~ 1.85) bodies correspond to intermediate-felsic plutonic precursors for porphyry intrusions and mafic magma reservoirs that underlie shallower orebodies, respectively. Imaging these precursor and parental plutons is crucial to the identification of orebodies as they act as the source of fluids for porphyry copper generation. This study demonstrates the potential of local earthquake tomography as a tool to identify future deep mineral resources with minimal environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive seaweed aquaculture is a growing industry expected to expand globally due to its relatively low impact and benefits in the form of ecosystem services. However, seaweeds are ecosystem engineers that may alter coastal environments by creating complex habitats on previously bare mudflats. These changes may scale up to top‐consumers, particularly migratory shorebirds, species of conservation concern that regulate trophic webs at these habitats. Understanding how habitats are transformed and how this affects different species is critical to direct ecological applications for commercial seaweed management. We experimentally assessed through a Before‐After Control‐Impact design the potential changes exerted by Gracilaria chilensis farming on bare mudflats on the abundance, biomass, and assemblage structure of benthic macroinvertebrates, and their scaled‐up effects on shorebirds' habitat use and prey consumption. As predicted, experimental cultivation of G. chilensis significantly affects different components of biodiversity that scale‐up from lower to upper trophic levels. The total biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates increased with seaweed cultivation and remained high for at least 2 months after harvest, boosted by an increase in the median size of polychaetes, particularly Nereids. Tactile‐foraging shorebirds tracked these changes at the patch level increasing their abundance and spending more time foraging at seaweed cultivated plots. These results suggest that seaweed farming has the potential to impact shorebird populations by favoring tactile‐foraging species which could lead to a competitive disadvantage to species that rely on visual cues. Therefore, the establishment of new seaweed farms in bare mudflats at key sites for shorebirds must be planned warranting habitat heterogeneity (i.e., cultivated and non‐cultivated areas) at the landscape level and based on a previous experimental approach to account for local characteristics. Fostering properly designed extensive seaweed farming over other aquaculture industries with greater negative environmental impacts would provide benefits for human well‐being and for ecosystem functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Coastal wetlands are suffering from anthropogenic alterations worldwide. Aquatic monitoring based on macroinvertebrates has been successfully used to assess the ecological condition of many aquatic systems worldwide. Nonetheless, studies are still insufficient for the coastal wetlands of the South Pacific. Here, we present a preliminary attempt to select metrics based on aquatic macroinvertebrates to incorporate into coastal wetlands biomonitoring in the Chilean Mediterranean ecoregion. We sampled 25 sites in ten coastal wetlands during the austral spring of 2019. We used an integrated index that considers both human activities at catchment and at local scales to identify sites less or more disturbed. We tested a total of 70 metrics (either traditional or new metrics) representing different aspects of community structure/composition, functions and tolerance to pollution. Two metrics were finally retained: detritivore abundance (traditional metric) and geometric mean body size (new metric). These metrics were able to detect sites impacted by human activities. Thus, they might be considered as candidate metrics for the biomonitoring of these systems and to develop future indices. Moreover, because of their generality, they might also be applicable to coastal wetlands in other Mediterranean regions, including sites where taxonomic identification is still a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire is one of the main drivers of anthropogenic disturbances in temperate forest ecosystems worldwide, with multiple effects spread across ecological networks. Nevertheless, the biodiversity effects of fire are poorly known for species-diverse groups such as arthropods. In this research, we used a burn gradient generated two and three years after a large fire event to assess how different levels of fire severity affect arthropod diversity in the forest with the main forest forming long-living tree species Araucaria araucana, in southern Chile. The species richness and abundance of arthropods among trophic guilds was estimated annually in four fire-severity levels. We found that arthropods responded differently to fire severity levels, depending on their trophic guilds and years after fire (two and three years after fire). During the second year after fire, zoophages, phytophages, and parasitoids were more diverse in areas with high fire severity within the second year after fire, as compared to those in areas with low severity or unburned stands. In the third year after fire, a change in this trend was observed, where the abundance of all groups dropped significantly, with positive changes in the diversity in zoophages, phytophages, polyphages and saprophages, which is more noticeable in sites with high severity. These results indicate that annual variation in environmental conditions triggers bottom-up cascading effects for arthropods. Forests stands severely impacted by fires support highly fluctuating and possibly unstable arthropod assemblages. Hence, restoration efforts should be focused on recovering microhabitat conditions in these stands to allow the persistence of arthropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated how interacting multi‐scale environmental variables affect taxonomic composition and functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates in headwater streams of western Patagonia in southern Chile (45–47°S), a region characterised by extreme climatic gradients, intact forested catchments, and recent intense land use change. The opportunity of establishing biological/functional diversity patterns for near‐reference conditions of headwaters streams is paramount.We used multi‐dimensional scaling ordination and boosted regression tree analysis to evaluate the link between reach, catchment, spatial, and regional climatic variables and macroinvertebrate community structure.The high diversity of predators in low productivity streams, together with genera previously unreported for this latitudinal range underscore the unique characteristics and very limited understanding of Patagonian freshwater stream communities.Two main groups of environmental variables were linked to both taxonomic and functional feeding group diversity. The strongly associated variables were related to forest cover (and inversely alpine zone) at the catchment scale, together with stream velocity at the local scale. The second group reflected local indicators of productivity and weathering inputs, associated with the regional east–west precipitation gradient.We present a conceptual model for the catchment scale effects on invertebrate functional groups in forested headwater streams. While the results highlight potentially singular characteristics of the study region, they also suggest a macro‐ecological generalisation of how global change variables, operating on mountain catchments, may differentially affect stream ecosystems as a consequence of the variations in the forest/alpine gradient, across both deciduous and evergreen temperate biomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organism biomass, a continuous quantity, may be useful for general community and diversity assessment. Body length and biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates from two aquatic environments with different impact levels are determined in this study, classifying organisms using functional and taxonomic characteristics. Lyophilized benthic macroinvertebrate biomass was quantified to test for significant differences between an impacted and reference (less environmental impact) site. Results show that macroinvertebrate assemblages from the less impacted stream had higher average biomass than the assemblage from the perturbed site, and significant differences in biomass of Plecoptera, Trichoptera, predators, filterers and gills breathers were found between sites. The biomass signature was calculated for each analyzed scenario, weighting the presence of all specimens sampled considering the total biomass in a single regression curve equation. The cubic polynomial model had the best fit to the data. More background from theory to practice should be considered in biomonitoring research; hence we propose the application of macroinvertebrate biomass as an additional metric that will help evaluate the ecological status of streams, thus contributing to the knowledge of community-based biomonitoring of benthic macroinvertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Anthropogenic threats and their impacts on aquatic ecosystems have traditionally been evaluated only through literature reviews. Within the last decade, however, expert opinions have become an increasingly popular alternative for gaining complementary information to literature reviews. This study employed a standardized method for collecting bibliographic data combined with synthesize expert opinions to establish a current knowledge baseline on threats to Mediterranean freshwater ecosystems in Chile. We revised 79 scientific articles that included a variety of taxonomic groups containing fish (n = 32); macroinvertebrates (n = 17); amphibians (n = 18); freshwater plants (n = 8); and two taxonomic groups simultaneously (n = 4). From this review, we identified 14 threats, with land-use change, species introductions, and industrial/domestic effluents as salient factors. These findings were in agreement with results from expert opinion surveys (n = 46 researchers). An analysis by taxonomic group indicated freshwater fishes as most threatened by hydropower plants. Aquatic plants were most threatened by mining. Amphibians were most threatened by changes in soil use whereas aquatic macroinvertebrates by industrial/domestic effluents. Remarkably, the magnitude of threats identified in the literature review was of similar order than those catalogued by experts. Moreover, the primary threats identified here align with those reported in other Mediterranean regions of the world. Our combined approach using literature review and expert opinion was useful in determining the consistency of the main threats to each taxonomic group. Our findings can be used as a baseline to further research and in prioritizing management strategies for threatened Mediterranean ecosystems worldwide. • Standardized methods allow the assessment of main anthropogenic threats to freshwater ecosystem. • Expert opinions combined to literature review identified 14 threats. • Land-use change ranked as the greatest threat. • This approach is transferable to freshwater ecosystems elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to analyze three political attitudes: internal efficacy, external efficacy, and political interest, as variables that can explain people's disaffection. We aim to determine the impact of short-term and sociodemographic variables on these three political attitudes in the context of Chile. A survey, carried out by GFK-Adimark between March 3, 2016 and April 6,2016, was used to answer our main research questions. In the survey, 1,651 inhabitants participated from the Chilean region of Valparaiso. Using this data, a hierarchical multivariate analysis was used for each attitude studied. In these terms, our results suggest that education and previous participation explain internal efficacy and political interest, hut not external efficacy. Additionally, gender explains the perception of self-competence but not political interest. On the other hand, the perception of corruption is not related to any of the three political attitudes analyzed. These results are in line with the idea that political attitudes are stable variables not related to short-term variables. Although political malaise is usually studied by scholars, their work is normally considered under the conditions of a consolidated systems. In this framework, the Chilean data presented is going to help us understand the behavior of political attitudes in new democracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native forest in central Chile has been increasingly replaced by exotic forest plantations. In particular, saproxylic beetles could be highly sensitive to exotic forest plantations due to the clear-cutting management decreases deadwood accumulation while promoting the incompleteness of the decay cycle. We assessed the diversity and density of saproxylic beetle species at two spatial levels (habitat and microhabitat) and compared them among native Maulino forest (Native), Blue-gum eucalyptus plantations (Eucalyptus) and Monterrey pine plantations (Pine). We sampled for adult beetles at 972 logs and stumps. Although exotic plantations and Native had relatively similar amounts of deadwood, beetle species were less diverse and abundant in exotic plantations. Such a decreased density and diversity of saproxylic beetles in plantations depended on the substrate type (logs or stamps), decay stage of wood and trophic level. With the exception of Polyphagous, the richness of all species and trophic guilds decreased in forest plantations, with Eucalyptus supporting the lowest density and richness. The microclimate and the toxic leaf litter in Eucalyptus probably caused the woody biomass to be unsuitable for beetles. Although the guilds of late-successional species were underrepresented in Pine, our results provide the first evidence that saproxylic beetles benefit from exotic woody debris available in Chilean pine plantations. An increased beetle density at expenses of reduced species richness in Pine indicates that ecosystem services provided by saproxylic beetles are not limited in Pine. We suggest the conservation of saproxylic beetles in Pine plantations involves the retention of woody debris along the management cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data simulated for occupancy profiles, usually based on standard occupancy schedules, must be validated against real measurements, and many studies have pointed out the gap between them. This problem is more pronounced in homes that are not heated by grid-connected energy sources, such as wood-burning stoves, because the meter cannot provide a real-time estimate. In Central-South Chile, 74% of homes are heated by wood stoves, causing an acute problem of air pollution in several urban areas. The government is trying to solve this problem, but at the moment there is no data on occupancy profiles, hence it is not possible to estimate the energy intensity for heating. This exploratory study aims to clarify to what extent occupancy profiles can be estimated from PM 2.5 pollution levels. To this end, publicly available data on PM 2.5 concentrations in 17 cities in central-south Chile was used as a proxy to build occupancy schedules for homes heated by wood stoves. The results show that there is a clear relationship between pollution levels and occupancy intensity, and that the latter does not follow the schedules outlined in international standards or building codes. The results and methodology can be replicated in cities where air pollution is driven by wood stoves, allowing public authorities to have access to accurate occupancy schedules and providing them with reliable data to address local air pollution problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a complex discipline, the study and analysis ofarchitecture allows for many means to address meaning, form and support. Architecture exists thanks to praxis as a fundamental connection between ideas and practice; the discipline itself is the meeting of architectural and written language. Thus, architecture is based on doing, thinking and declaring through diverse forms of representation such as architecture magazines. Their role is to transmit elements of both discourse and projects by means of different formats and supports, thereby defining themselves as objects with different levels of information and as historiographical sources in and of themselves. In this area, fanzines stand out as independent, low-cost publications that communicate disciplinary concerns in a limited context, where provocation and existence in a small historical framework are necessary to transmit ideas in open discussions, and where the freedom with which they are created generally allows for the discussion of topics disconnected from the rules of their cultural and historical context. This article presents 10 Chilean cases from the 21st century that the author has systematized and analyzed, and offers general conclusions on the role of this type of publication within the discipline based on the topics they address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Oceanography is the property of Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe and Zn were determined in superficial sediments extracted from nine zones of Budi Lagoon, located in the Araucanía Region (Chile). The concentrations of these metals were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the method was validated using certified reference material (marine sediment). The concentration ranges found for the trace elements were: Pb < 0.5; Cd < 0.2-3.9; Cu 21.8-61.9; Ni 31.2-59.4; Zn 54.5-94.8 mgkg (dry weight). The elements that registered the highest concentrations were Mn 285.4-989.8 mgkg and Fe 4.8-10.6 %. The lagoon cluster analysis of the stations was divided into three groups (Temo station with high Cu and low Mn concentrations, Bolleco, Comué, Allipén and Deume 3 stations presented highest Cd concentration, and another group Botapulli, Río Budi, Deume 2 and Deume 1 stations presented low levels of Cd). The textural characteristics of the sediment were determined (gravel, sand and mud) and the results were correlated with the concentrations of the metals in the various study zones. The sediments of Budi Lagoon presented high levels of Fe and Mn, which are of natural origin and exceed the maximum values recorded by many authors. With respect to the recorded concentrations for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn, are within the ranges published by other authors in similar works. The Pb element was not detected. The results were subjected to statistical analysis to evaluate the correlations between the content of the elements and obtain the site of sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Anagramas is the property of Editorial Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background Birds are important mobile link species that contribute to landscape-scale patterns by means of pollination, seed dispersal, and predation. Birds are often associated with habitats modified by small mammal ecosystem engineers. We investigated whether birds prefer to forage on degu (Octodon degus) runways by comparing their foraging effort across sites with a range of runway densities, including sites without runways. We measured granivory by granivorous and omnivorous birds at Rinconada de Maipú, central Chile. As a measure of potential bird foraging on insects, we sampled invertebrate prey richness and abundance across the same sites. We then quantified an index of plot-scale functional diversity due to avian foraging at the patch scale. Results We recorded that birds found food sources sooner and ate more at sites with higher densities of degu runways, cururo mounds, trees, and fewer shrubs. These sites also had higher invertebrate prey richness but lower invertebrate prey abundance. This implies that omnivorous birds, and possibly insectivorous birds, forage for invertebrates in the same plots with high degu runway densities where granivory takes place. In an exploratory analysis we also found that plot-scale functional diversity for four avian ecosystem functions were moderately to weakly correllated to expected ecosystem function outcomes at the plot scale. Conclusions Degu ecosystem engineering affects the behavior of avian mobile link species and is thus correlated with ecosystem functioning at relatively small spatial scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study aimed at describing the composition and distribution of freshwater benthic macroinvertebrate communities and their correlation with the physico-chemical parameters of the water and characterizing the water quality in the Boroa River, Southern Chile with the use of a spatial and seasonal analysis applying modified Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index (IBF). Invertebrates in the Boroa River basin were sampled. It suggests to take into account seasonality when using aquatic macorinvertebrates as bioindicators since the phenomenon can influence the results of biomonitoring analyses.

Copyright of Revista Anagramas is the property of Editorial Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the Chilean educational system deployed in dictatorship and guided by neoliberal principles. Its goal is to contribute, through indicators, documents and dialogue with authors that have critics to this model, the need to rebuild the national system of public education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Comunicación Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a tidal power plant the most important devices are the tidal current turbines that harvest the kinetic energy contained in the tide and convert it into electricity. The number of turbines to install, their spatial configuration, and the connection of submarine cables are critical aspects in the development of marine energy projects. Here, we present a mixed-integer programming methodology to design tidal current farms considering both cost and benefits. We propose a model that solves, concurrently, the turbine's locations and cable infrastructure by computing the number, locations, submarine connections of tidal turbines, and the tidal current farm's overall capacity. The proposed model considers location-based costs, including cable routing and loss from wake effect and electrical transmission, to maximize the project's economic viability. We demonstrate the methodology's utility by determining the optimal turbines' configuration in a real-life case study in the Chacao Chanel, Chile. Finally, practitioners can easily implement our methodology using any standard off-the-shelf mixed-integer programming software to evaluate their tidal current farm projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As), a semimetal toxic for humans, is commonly associated with serious health problems. The most common form of massive and chronic exposure to As is through consumption of contaminated drinking water. This study aimed to isolate an As resistant bacterial strain to characterize its ability to oxidize As (III) when immobilized in an activated carbon batch bioreactor and to evaluate its potential to be used in biological treatments to remediate As contaminated waters. The diversity of bacterial communities from sediments of the As-rich Camarones River, Atacama Desert, Chile, was evaluated by Illumina sequencing. Dominant taxonomic groups (>1%) isolated were affiliated with Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. A high As-resistant bacterium was selected (Pseudomonas migulae VC-19 strain) and the presence of aio gene in it was investigated. Arsenite detoxification activity by this bacterial strain was determined by HPLC/HG/AAS. Particularly when immobilized on activated carbon, P. migulae VC-19 showed high rates of As(III) conversion (100% oxidized after 36 h of incubation). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a P. migulae arsenite oxidizing strain that is promising for biotechnological application in the treatment of arsenic contaminated waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In forensic science, determining a person’s chronological age has become a challenge for researchers. Determining age using dental calcification is becoming increasingly important. The objective of this study is to estimate the dental age of the children’s population in Region VIII, Chile. The sample was randomly taken from children under the care of the Faculty of Dentistry at the Universidad de Concepción in Chile. The study encompasses 159 children between 3 and 14 years of age. The dental age was determined following the Demirjian method. The Bland–Altman method was applied to establish the correlation. It was determined that the range between chronological and dental age is similar, and the degree of correlation between both ages is nearly perfect. In conclusion, the degree of correlation between the chronological and dental ages for each gender is also very good although it is slightly higher for females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed natural variation in the macroinvertebrate assemblages (MIB) and water quality in one of the main basins with the largest agricultural activities in Chile (Aconcagua River Basin). We sampled throughout the annual cycle; nine sampling sites were established along the basin, classifying according to agricultural area coverage as least-disturbed, intermediate, and most-disturbed. We collected 56 macroinvertebrate taxa throughout the entire study area. Multivariate analysis shows significant differences among the three disturbance categories in different seasons, both water quality variables and the MIB structure. Distance-based linear model (DistLM) analysis for all seasons explained more than 95.9% of the macroinvertebrate assemblages, being significantly explained by chemical oxygen demand, pH, total coliforms, nitrites, elevation, and water temperature. ANOVA test revealed significant differences in the proportion of noninsect individuals, macroinvertebrates density, and the number of taxa among the three disturbance categories (p < 0.05). In general, water temperature, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium, nitrites, and nitrates increased their values downstream in the basin. Our results indicate that the elevation gradient and increment in agricultural land use in the basin had a strong influence on water quality and MIB. A better understanding of these ecosystems could help conservation and integrated watershed management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet has been often described as a tool that fosters the inclusion of traditionally marginalized people in the democratic process. Yet, if the type of device used by people to access the Internet impacts their online democratic engagement, uneven Internet penetration and differences in the devices used by social groups will result in a deeper democratic divide. After discussing the impact of the types of internet use and type of access devices on civic engagement, we postulate 3 hypotheses on how democratic values and type of access to the Internet—place and devices—are related to the civic use of social media. We use data from a Valparaíso Regional poll in Chile in 2017, 2018 and 2019 to test those hypotheses. People who access the Internet via mobile phones are less likely to use social media with a civic purpose, while those who access the Internet at home or work are more likely to do so. Since low-income sectors primarily access the Internet via mobile phones while higher income groups have a wider array of Internet connection options, the rapid growth of cell phone use for accessing the Internet risks deepening social and income gaps in civic engagement. • People who have mobile connection are less likely to use SNS with a civic purpose. • 'Center-periphery' cleavage seems to have an impact on the different uses of SNS. • Growth of cell phone use risks deepening gaps in civic engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Land use types can be assessed using Coleoptera assemblage. • 18 streams distributed in native forest, agriculture and urban areas were assessed. • 5 taxa were recorded in native forest, 5 in agriculture and 3 in urban streams. • Hydraenidae individuals appear to be the most tolerant taxon. • Coleopteran taxa were responsive to cobble proportion. The aquatic Coleoptera in a Mediterranean climate region were studied in order to assess the main factors affecting the assemblage structure. We tested the effects of different land use types (native forest, agriculture and urban) on environmental features and water beetles in Chilean streams. Eighteen stream sites were sampled in the austral summer of 2016. Physical variables including water temperature, dry width of channel, altitude, proportion of fine sediment, gravel/pebbles and boulders were significantly different among land uses. Eight Coleoptera taxa were collected across all sites; five were recorded in native forest and agriculture streams and three in urban streams. The riffle beetles Stethelmis chilensis , Austrelmis sp., Austrolimnius sp. and Tychepsephenus felix were found in native forest and in low density in agriculture streams. Hydraenidae appear to be the most tolerant taxon, dominant in agriculture and urban streams. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates based on environmental features and Coleoptera density data showed a clear separation of native forest streams from agriculture and urban area streams. Using distance-based linear models, cobble proportion was the most important variable structuring the water beetle assemblage. Our findings suggest that aquatic beetles are good ecological indicators of anthropogenic land use types in aquatic ecosystems in Mediterranean streams. This is the first study using aquatic coleopteran species for Chilean Mediterranean streams. Our study highlights the importance of the native forest for the conservation of stream insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal wetlands are ecosystems that provide multiple benefits to human settlements; nonetheless, they are seriously threatened due to both a lack of planning instruments and human activities associated mainly with urban growth. An understanding of their functioning and status is crucial for their protection and conservation. Two wetlands with different degrees of urbanization, Rocuant-Andalién (highly urbanized) and Tubul-Raqui (with little urbanization), were analyzed using temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, granulometry, fecal coliform, and macroinvertebrate assemblage variables in summer and winter. In both wetlands marked seasonality in salinity, temperature and sediment texture classification, regulated by oceanic influence and changes in the freshwater budget, was observed. In the Rocuant-Andalién wetland, the increases in pH, dissolved oxygen, gravel percentage, and coliform concentration were statistically significant. Urbanization generated negative impacts on macroinvertebrate assemblage structure that inhabit the wetlands; greater richness and abundance (8.5 times greater) were recorded in the Tubul-Raqui wetland than in the more urbanized wetland. The multivariate statistical analysis reflects the alteration of these complex systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb levels were measured in liver and muscle samples of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss collected from three watersheds with different land-uses: native forest, exotic plantation, and agriculture in Chile, during January, April, July, and October 2012. Cd and Pb levels were not detected in the liver and muscle, probably since they are under the detection limits. Higher metal concentrations (liver-muscle tissues) were detected in samples from agriculture and exotic plantation streams, whereas trout from native forest streams had lower metal concentrations. Higher metal concentrations were detected in liver tissue compared to muscle tissue, and both negatively correlated to the length and weight of the fish. This suggest the liver had higher ability to accumulate Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn compared to muscle tissue. The concentration range of Fe and Zn recorded in the muscle are within the range reported by other authors, whereas Mn and Cu concentrations are higher than reported in the literature. However, at all sites the concentration of selected metals were below the limits permitted by current legislation (FAO), and therefore did not put the human population at risk, suggesting that is eating wild rainbow trout safe in Chile. Image 1 • Higher heavy metal concentrations were observed in trout inhabiting streams of areas with agricultural and exotic plantations. • Higher concentrations were found in liver compared to muscle tissue. • Heavy metals concentrations in wild rainbow trout were lower the safe fish consumption limit. • O. mykiss can serve as biomonitors of the amount of heavy metals in the water environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In line with calls for action from international health organizations, Chile implemented in June 2016 a set of regulations to tackle the obesity epidemic. The new regulation includes the mandatory use of front-of-package warning labels on packaged foods/beverages high in energy, sugars, saturated fats and sodium. Additionally, such foods cannot be sold nor offered in daycares/schools and cannot be promoted to children under 14yo. The law is targeted to children; thus, this study examined mothers' understanding, perceptions, and behaviors associated with the regulation one year after its implementation, using a qualitative approach. Methods: Nine focus groups of mothers (7–10 people each) of children (2-14yo) were conducted in July 2017 in Santiago-Chile. They were stratified by socioeconomic status (SES) and children's age. Macrocodes were developed by three researchers, combining an iterative process of deductive and inductive thematic analyses. Quotations representing each category were selected. Results: Mothers understood the new regulation as a policy to fight child obesity and were aware that products with more labels were less healthy than products with fewer labels. Attention and use of labels in the buying decision-making process ranged from participants who did not pay attention to others who relied on them as a quick shortcut (mostly from middle and upper-SES); many mothers indicated changing their purchase habits only when buying new products. Mothers declared that young children accepted school environment changes while teens/preteens resisted them more. Many mothers agreed that schools have become key promoters of food behavioral change. Mothers were less aware about the food marketing regulations. Mothers declared that they perceived that the regulation was changing the perceptions, attitudes and behaviors toward healthier eating patterns. Conclusion: After the first year of implementation, the regulation was well known by mothers of diverse SES and different children ages. The degree of use of warning labels was heterogeneous among participants, but most of them agreed that their children, particularly the youngest have positive attitudes toward the regulation and have become promoters of change in their families. Many mothers also expressed that they perceived an important shift toward healthier eating, which may lead to a change in eating social norms. This information contributes to better understand how regulatory actions may influence people's consumer behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient treatment or appropriate final disposal of poultry manure (PM) to avoid serious environmental impacts is a great challenge. In this work, the optimization of a 2-stage anaerobic digestion system (ADS) for PM was studied with the aim of reaching a maximal methane yield with a short hydraulic retention time (HRT). Three activities were performed: The first activity, ADS 1, consisted of evaluating the effect of the substrate concentration and the HRT on the process, with a constant organic loading rate (OLR) of 3.66 ± 0.21 gVS L−1 d−1. The second activity, ADS 2, consisted of decreasing the HRT from 9.09 to 2.74 d with a constant substrate concentration. In the third activity, ADS 3, the substrate concentration was increased from 10.09 ± 1.41 to 35.25 ± 6.20 gVS L−1 with an average HRT of 4.66 ± 0.11 d. Maximal methane yields of 0.22, 0.21, and 0.22 LCH4 gVS−1 were reached for ADS 1, ADS 2, and ADS 3, respectively, at a low HRT (3.38 to 4.66 d) and high free ammonia concentration (between 323.05 ± 56.48 and 460.93 ± 135.40 mgN-NH3 L−1). These methane yields correspond to the production of 40.36 and 42.28 cubic meters of methane per ton of PM, respectively, and a laying hen produces between 47.45 and 54.75 kg of PM per year in Chile. Finally, this is the first study of the separate and combined effects of OLR, HRT and substrate concentration on the anaerobic digestion of PM. The results demonstrate the technical feasibility of the two-stage ADS treatment of PM with a short HRT; the system tolerates variations in the total ammonia nitrogen concentration of PM throughout the year and achieves a high methane yield when the correct operational conditions are selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tree senescence had a positive effect on the pairing probability of woodpeckers. • The retention of the young was more likely as old-growth forest cover increased. • Social groups were larger as the continuity of canopy increased over time. • Remote sensing indices may serve as indicators of woodpecker breeding success. • Woodpecker's engineering function improves by retaining senescent trees. Bridging remote-sensing ecosystem indices with biodiversity conservation implies converting these indices into habitat quality indicators for species playing an important role in communities and ecosystems, such as woodpeckers. However, an ecologically reliable estimation of habitat quality necessarily involves an assessment of fitness components ultimately responsible for population persistence. Here, we assessed the relationship between remote-sensing indices of forest structure, dynamics and composition with the breeding performance of Magellanic woodpeckers in conservation areas of southern Chile. We used a Bayesian-spatial model based on age and sex information from woodpecker's social group data collected seasonally in seven years. The probability of a young remaining in the group decreased with the mean group size during the previous year, with group size fluctuating temporally in all conservation areas. Tree senescence had a positive effect on the pairing probability of woodpeckers, but this effect became more marked in sites of higher altitude. Paired woodpeckers were more likely to be observed in sites supporting more than 69% of forest cover. The probability of the young remaining in the territory was positively affected by the interaction between forest canopy continuity and altitude, with retention of the young being more likely in sites located higher than 1000 masl. Social groups were larger in sites where the continuity of canopy increased over time. Those findings suggest that remote sensing indices representing the structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems are important indicators of the habitat quality for woodpeckers. Thus, forest biodiversity that depends on the woodpecker's engineering function may be conserved through the retention of senescent trees and the maintaining of critical levels of forest cover ensuring high habitat-quality for breeding woodpeckers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subduction earthquake Mw = 8.8 on February 27th, 2010 which affected Chile's south-central coast (37°S) produced a co-seismic uplift of ~1.4 m in coastal Tubul-Raqui wetland area, with abrupt morphological changes. In order to determine the magnitude of the changes, in this area of high conservation value, salt marsh morphological features were identified and quantified by mapping the changing extent of the coverage of morphological features before (2009) and after (2011–2012) the tectonic disturbance. Rectified satellite images of seven study sites were created for the three years using Google Earth images and processed in ArcGIS. The results indicate a total decline of 31.7% in the area of the morphological features and the emergence of 1.25 km2 of dried area; salt pans and tidal creeks were severely affected, with more than 90% loss. In contrast, there was a slight recovery of the Tubul and Raqui main river channel (12%) and the tidal channels (8.5%) between 2011 and 2012, mainly in the area near the river mouth. The salt marsh (cover by Spartina densiflora) showed slight variation after the co-seismic uplift (14.6%), demonstrating high tolerance in the face of high-impact natural disturbances. The changes and later evolution may be explained mostly by the action of the seismic cycle in subduction zones. Continuing to monitor state of the recovery of the salt marsh and other similar environments may help to understand the true role that the seismic cycle plays in the dynamics of coastal ecosystems, as well as its incidence in the recovery process. • The earthquake produced a co-seismic uplift of ~1.4 m in coastal Tubul-Raqui wetland. • Morphological characteristics were compared before and after the earthquake. • A total decline of 31.7% in the area of the morphological features. • Salt pans and tidal creeks were severely affected, with more than 90% loss. • The changes may be explained mostly by the action of the seismic cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansion and shoaling of the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) in coastal upwelling systems due to climate change can have dire consequences on the ecosystem structure and productivity. The OMZ restricts the habitat range of most zooplankton, and species with low tolerance to hypoxia may suffer physiological stress and mortality as a result. During 2013 and 2014, the copepod Acartia tonsa collected off northern Chile was used to evaluate how hypoxia may affect its survival and vital rates. Exposure of gravid females to severe hypoxia (∼0.2 mL L−1 dissolved oxygen) resulted in total mortality. Hypoxia at ∼0.5 mL L−1 decreased female survival to ∼20% and egg production to nil. Hypoxia at ∼0.8 mL L−1 decreased survival to ∼50% but no change in egg production rate compared to the normoxia treatment. Egg hatching success was ∼68% and naupliar development time was ∼36% lower in hypoxia than normoxia. The critical and lethal oxygen levels for the species were estimated to be 1.78 and 0.73 mL L−1, respectively. Based on modeled historical data, the 1.5 mL L−1 isopleth has been moving upward at a rate of 1.3–2.0 m per year in northern Chile, barring interruptions during El Niño events. The long-term, gradual shoaling of the OMZ is expected to have significant impacts on the zooplankton community and productivity in the region. • The survival of Acartia tonsa females is highly affected by severe hypoxia. • Short time exposure to hypoxia may bring long term consequences for copepod populations. • Neritic copepods inhabit surface waters of HCS may face strong changes in oxygen variability above 50 m depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent in Chile (73%). Usually a minority of infected patients develops complications such as ulcers and gastric cancer that have been associated with the presence of virulence factors (cagA, vacA) and host T helper response (Th1/Th2). Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between strain virulence and host immune response, using a multiple regression approach for the development of a model based on data collected from H. pylori infected patients in Chile. We analyzed levels of selected cytokines determined by ELISA (interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-4) and the presence of cagA and vacA alleles polymorphisms determined by PCR in antral biopsies of 41 patients referred to endoscopy. By multiple regression analysis we established a correlation between bacterial and host factors using clinical outcome (gastritis and duodenal ulcer) as dependent variables. The selected model was described by: clinical outcome=0.867491 (cagA)+0.0131847 (IL-12/IL-10)+0.0103503 (IFN-γ/IL-4) and it was able to explain over 90% of clinical outcomes observations (R 2 =96.4). This model considers that clinical outcomes are better explained by the interaction of host immune factors and strain virulence as a complex and interdependent mechanism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The presence in Chile of scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) described originally from Peru and Argentina have been reported previously, as a result of the distributional corridors through passes in the Andes Mountains (Gutiérrez 1947, 1950; Roig-Juñent et al. 2005; Ruiz-Manzanos 2006; Mondaca 2011). The purpose of this paper is to report the presence of Parochodaeus bituberculatus (Erichson, 1847) (Coleoptera: Ochodaeidae: Ochodaeinae: Ochodaeini) and Faargia gentilii (Martínez, 1975) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Tanyproctini) in Chile, expanding the distribution of the second species to the west of the Andes Mountain range. The presence of both species in Chile is not surprising, due to the similarity of habitats in the collection areas with neighboring localities in Peru and Argentina.

Pseudoamycle polylepisae gen. et sp. nov. is described from northernmost Chile (Arica and Parinacota Region). It is characterized by the small and brown body, head with no preocular flange, cephalic process porrect and dorsoventrally compressed, dorsal surface from lateral view not angulate at level of eyes, eyes round, tegmina concolorous and vein MP of tegmen pectinate. The new taxon was found to be associated with Polyepis rugulosa Bitter (Rosaceae).