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Abstract: Environmental modelling is often reduced to a calibration–validation exercise in which a thorough understanding of the processes involved is less important than sophisticated parameter estimation tools. A problem occurs when no data are available for calibration and validation. To compare the ability of different models and modellers to describe the hydrological behaviour of ungauged catchments, a model comparison was initiated by Transregional Collaboration Research Centre 38 (SFB/TRR 38). The comparison was conducted in several consecutive stages, in which knowledge of the investigated artificial catchment of approximately 6ha was enhanced stepwise. For modelling purposes, all basic input data were given, but neither discharge nor soil moisture measurements were provided. This hard information was supplemented stepwise by soft (qualitative) information mostly obtained by a field inspection after the first modelling stage. In this study, the process-based distributed Water balance Simulation Model (WaSiM-ETH) was applied. An initial perceptual model was developed without site-specific knowledge. Significant modifications to the perceptual model were conducted using the available soft information. These modifications resulted in more reliable water fluxes. The main changes, such as the importance of a sealed topsoil layer, vegetation development, initial conditions, and the effects of a small pond on discharge behaviour, were related to process understanding. Although hard information on the water balance was still missing, the qualitative behaviour of the model seemed to be realistic. This underlines the importance of soft information for successful modelling, which is especially important if ungauged catchments are to be investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]