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Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Route planning represents a major challenge with a substantial impact on safety, economy, and even climate. An ever-growing urban population caused a significant increase in commuting times, therefore, stressing the prominence of efficient real-time route planning. In essence, the goal is to compute the fastest route to reach the target location in a realistic environment where traffic conditions are time-evolving. Consequently, a large volume of traffic data is potentially required and the route continuously updated. We thereby address the re-routing problem to answer questions such as when, how often, and where is re-routing worthwhile. We base our study on a real dataset, comprising the travel times of the road segments of New York, London, and Chicago, collected over three months. By exploiting this dataset, we implement an optimal algorithm, able to mimic ideal predictions of road segment speeds in the network. Thereby, allowing us to compute the lower bound of travel-time to serve as a reference against other routing techniques. Mainly, we quantify the achieved travel-time gain of a static, no re-routing, and continuous re-routing strategies. Surprisingly, we find that traffic conditions are sufficiently stable for short time windows, and re-routing a vehicle is very seldom useful when exploiting accurate statistics at departure time. Typically, real-time re-routing should only be triggered during rush hours, for long routes, passing through well-identified road segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime remains a crucial concern regarding ensuring a safe and secure environment for the public. Numerous efforts have been made to predict crime, emphasizing the importance of employing deep learning approaches for precise predictions. However, sufficient crime data and resources for training state-of-the-art deep learning-based crime prediction systems pose a challenge. To address this issue, this study adopts the transfer learning paradigm. Moreover, this study fine-tunes state-of-the-art statistical and deep learning methods, including Simple Moving Averages (SMA), Weighted Moving Averages (WMA), Exponential Moving Averages (EMA), Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory (BiLSTMs), and Convolutional Neural Networks and Long Short Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) for crime prediction. Primarily, this study proposed a BiLSTM based transfer learning architecture due to its high accuracy in predicting weekly and monthly crime trends. The transfer learning paradigm leverages the fine-tuned BiLSTM model to transfer crime knowledge from one neighbourhood to another. The proposed method is evaluated on Chicago, New York, and Lahore crime datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of transfer learning with BiLSTM, achieving low error values and reduced execution time. These prediction results can significantly enhance the efficiency of law enforcement agencies in controlling and preventing crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the history of correspondence studies at the University of Chicago in Illinois. The efforts of the University of Chicago's founding president William Rainey Harper to make correspondence studies a viable and respected part of American post-secondary education are discussed. The author comments on the external degree program on New York's Chautauqua Assembly, which was used by Harper as a prototype for the University of Chicago's program. Policy disputes faced by Harper for allowing graduate students to earn up to half of their required credits through correspondence study are discussed.

Keywords: waterfront; New York; Chicago; regional planning; public trust doctrine EN waterfront New York Chicago regional planning public trust doctrine 342 347 6 10/16/23 20231101 NES 231101 Schlichting, Kara M. 2019. The book explains the legal procedures by which the parks commissions financed the landfill and parks in great detail but is unfortunately silent on how the region's traffic engineers hijacked the pleasure dive and transformed it into an expressway. Other property owners, led by department store magnate Montgomery Ward, resisted proposals to place cultural buildings in Grant Park, the centrepiece of Chicago's downtown parks system. Schlichting demonstrates how, in the absence of a city plan, the New York City Parks Commission acted as the initial planning agency for the South Bronx, creating a system of large parks connected by parkways. [Extracted from the article]

• We analyze the resilience of weighted networks. • We propose a measure of resilience based on shock propagation along network paths. • We introduce a condition for shock propagation based on the weights of the network. • We test the theoretical proposal on two real-world instances of air traffic systems. Networks are at the core of modeling many engineering contexts, mainly in the case of infrastructures and communication systems. The resilience of a network, which is the property of the system capable of absorbing external shocks, is then of paramount relevance in the applications. This paper deals with this topic by advancing a theoretical proposal for measuring the resilience of a network. The proposal is based on the study of the shocks propagation along the patterns of connections among nodes. The theoretical model is tested on the real-world instances of two important airport systems in the US air traffic network: Illinois (including the hub of Chicago) and New York states (with JFK airport). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from Comprehensive or Interpretive Sociology and the Sociology of skyscrapers, this article proposes as basic objectives to verify how the North American economic culture is showed in the symbolism of the skyscrapers of Chicago and New York and to verify the parallelism between the formal evolution of these buildings and the main economic transformations that have occurred in North American society in recent decades. In short, we will try to highlight the following symbolic questions: if the skyscrapers of Chicago and New York represent the defense of an American business culture marked by strong competitiveness and individualism; if they express the aesthetic transition from a capitalist rationalist architecture to another aesthetic where fiction, fantasy and spectacularity prevail; if this process is in tune with the transformation from an industrial capitalism to another of consumption and if it manifests itself through the decline of rationalist structural architectural elements towards others marked by glass, lightness, fluidity, liquidity and commodification; if the individualism that characterizes North American capitalism has also mutated in recent decades, that is, if from a primitive exaltation of autonomy as a core value of society, it drifts towards the cult of an individualized, privatized self disconnected from public space. Ultimately, it is about confirming the sociological utility of skyscrapers, understood as symbolic, economic, social and cultural objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an analytical framework to estimate commute accessibility and adoption of various ridehailing service concepts across the US by synthesizing individual commute trips using national Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) data. Focusing on potential improvements in cost and time that could be enabled by vehicle automation, we use this modeling framework to simulate a lower-price autonomous service (e.g., 50% or 75% lower) with variable wait times and implementation levels (solo, pooled, and first/last mile transit connections services, alone or in combination) to determine how they might affect adoption rates. These results are compared across metrics of accessibility and trip density, as well as socioeconomic factors such as household income. We find – unsurprisingly – that major cities (e.g. New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago) support the highest adoption rates for ridehailing services. Decreases in price tend to increase market share and accessibility. The effect of a decrease in price is more drastic for lower income groups. The proposed method for synthesizing trips using the LODES contributes to current travel demand forecasting methods and the proposed analytic framework can be flexibly implemented with any other mode choice model, extended to non-commute trips, or applied to different levels of geographic aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this article is to study the robustness of road networks to extreme flooding events that can negatively affect entire regional systems in a relatively unpredictable way. Here, we adopt a deterministic approach to simulate extreme flooding events in two cities, New York City and Chicago, by removing entire sections of road systems using U.S. FEMA floodplains. We then measure changes in the number of real trips that can be completed (using travel demand data), Geographical Information Systems properties, and network topological indicators. We notably measure and discuss how betweenness centrality is being redistributed after flooding. Broadly, robustness in spatial systems like road networks is dependent on many factors, including system size (number of nodes and links) and topological structure of the network. Expectedly, robustness also depends on geography, and cities that are naturally more at risk will tend to be less robust, and therefore the notion of robustness rapidly becomes sensitive to individual contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Empirical research and health policies on asthma have focused on children and young adults, even though asthma morbidity and mortality are higher among older asthmatics. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of asthma-related beliefs and self-reported controller medication adherence in older asthmatics. DESIGN: An observational study of asthma beliefs and self-management among older adults. PARTICIPANTS: Asthmatics ages ≥60 years ( N = 324, mean age 67.4 ± 6.8, 28 % white, 32 % black, 30 % Hispanic) were recruited from primary care practices in New York City and Chicago. MAIN MEASURES: Self-reported controller medication adherence was assessed using the Medication Adherence Report Scale. Based on the Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation, patients were asked if they believe they only have asthma with symptoms, their physician can cure their asthma, and if their asthma will persist. Beliefs on the benefit, necessity and concerns of treatment use were also assessed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association of beliefs with self-reported medication adherence. KEY RESULTS: The majority (57.0 %) of patients reported poor adherence. Poor self-reported adherence was more common among those with erroneous beliefs about asthma illness and treatments, including the 'no symptoms, no asthma' belief (58.7 % vs. 31.7 %, respectively, p < 0.001), 'will not always have asthma' belief (34.8 % vs. 12.5 %, p < 0.001), and the 'MD can cure asthma' belief (21.7 % vs. 9.6 %, p = 0.01). Adjusting for illness beliefs, treatment beliefs and demographics, patients with a 'no symptoms, no asthma' belief had lower odds of having good self-reported adherence (odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.23-0.86), as did those with negative beliefs about the benefits (OR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.57-0.94) and necessity (OR 0.89, 95 % CI 0.83-0.96) of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Illness and treatment beliefs have a strong influence on self-reported medication adherence in older asthmatics. Interventions to improve medication adherence in older asthmatics by modifying illness and treatment beliefs warrant study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article completes a three-part examination of theater critics working for Chicago newspapers during the twentieth century. The first article in the series covered the "boomtown" period leading up to World War I, and the second article addressed Chicago's rise after 1960 as a regional center for theater covered by fewer newspapers and fewer critics. This article reviews those periods but emphasizes the middle, "road town" period, which saw a gradually dwindling band of critics functioning as quality control experts, passing judgment on New York road shows. After examining that period, this article uses commodification to consider the changing role of the critic over the entire century. It concludes that while commodification is a useful concept to understand vast changes in the critical landscape, it is neither an irresistible nor an inevitable force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the seasonal pattern of mortality among infants and young children from 1870 through 1917 in New York, Chicago, and New Orleans. Dependence of the study of historical trends in infant and early childhood mortality on vital statistics; Evidence of the seasonal pattern of mortality at young ages; Utilization of an index of the seasonal peak in mortality for three age groups under age five.

Presents the results of the incorporation of clinical trial results into practice by diabetes research and training centers in the United States. Interventions to improve the quality of care and health outcomes of diabetics by the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois; Development of a diabetes team by the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City, New York.

Introduces the major projects and people behind the growth of civil engineering in the United States. Information on the Chicago water and sewage treatment system which was opened to public acclaim in 1869; Information on the Transcontinental railroad which started in 1863; Information on the Brooklyn bridge which was engineered by John A. Roebling.

Presents information on several projects of Hastings Center in collaboration with other organizations. Details on the Working Group on Ethics and Jurisprudence of the IUCN; Completion of Nature, Polis and Ethics: Chicago Regional Planning project; Project in collaboration with the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago; Update on the Not-For-Profit Hospital Trustees.

Urban policy making approximates the components of a path-dependent model — random selection and self-reinforcement — which suggests that cities get locked into suboptimal policies. Thus, despite rigid rules of individual and collective behavior posited by many urban theorists, identical cities can evolve along drastically different paths. The author shows how simple time-series models can overlook path dependence and demonstrates the trends of a pathdependent series using budget data from Chicago and New York. New York exhibited policy lock-in in the decades following the Great Depression, but Chicago did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great printing centers of the country are New York City and Chicago. New York produces largely under union agreements and Chicago largely without union agreements. Competition for long-run printing is keen between New York City and other localities where rentals and transportation expenses are lower and trade unions are weaker. This results In migration of printing from New York. Competition is also keen between union and non-union printeries within New York City. But In all cases, while lower wage scales and complement of men and a larger adoption of new-model presses, appear to make non-union printing more profitable, final evidence Is elusive as to whether It Is more profitable, and also as to whether organised labor materially retards technological progress. Obversely, however, the life of the press assistants' union is endangered as a result of the vestigial character of the hand press-feeding occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the regional work conference of the National Association of State of Directors of Teacher Education and Certification (NASDTEC) in Chicago, Salt Lake City, Atlanta, and New York City in April 1960. Scientists, education teachers, classroom teachers, and chief state school officers were invited to meet with the members of the association. The aim of these series of conference is to make recommendations for preparation programs for the teachers in secondary-school science and mathematics. The conferences were a part of a study conducted by NASDTEC with the cooperation of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. NASDTEC was encouraged by the AAAS to seek financial support to provide its members with assistance in carrying out responsibilities in teacher certification.