Search

Adolescent girls in the U.S.A. often lack sufficient education on pubertal and menstrual health topics. This educational gap may be growing given the current decline in American elementary and middle schools' delivery of sexual health education. Furthermore, little is known about the actual scope and quality of existing menstruation and puberty education in U.S.A. schools. This paper provides insights into some of the challenges with the delivery of menstruation and puberty education in schools. Qualitative and participatory research methodologies were utilized with Black and Latina girls ages 15-19 and adults working with youth in three U.S.A. cities (Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York City), exploring experiences of menstruation within school and family contexts. Findings revealed tension between school responsibility and family authority in providing menstruation and puberty education in schools, school- and teacher-related delivery challenges, and inadequate and disengaging menstruation and puberty content. Further research is needed on the effectiveness and best practices for providing this education in schools, including improved understanding on student and parent preferences, delivery mediums and the scope of content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates skyscraper competition between New York City and Chicago. The urban economics literature is generally silent on strategic interaction between cities, yet skyscraper rivalry between these cities is a part of U.S. historiography. This paper tests whether there is, in fact, strategic interaction across cities. First, I find that each city has positive reaction functions with respect to the other city, suggesting strategic complementarity. In regard to zoning, I find that height regulations negatively impacted each city, but produced positive responses by the other city, providing evidence for strategic substitutability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As policy-makers and advocates seek to harness the 'Maker movement' for regional innovation and economic development, attention is turning to the role of regional 'entrepreneurial ecosystems' in supporting Makers' growth potential. Through interviews with 92 Maker enterprises across three industry subsectors in two regions, the paper demonstrates how the materiality of manufacturing processes, products and end markets influences Makers' growth trajectories, and their effects on the role of regional agglomeration economies. This adds an important material dimension to ongoing academic discussions of industry relatedness focused principally on knowledge transfer, and further suggests that targeted industrial retention may complement manufacturing entrepreneurship policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of adults in the USA with cognitive impairment is increasing; however, few studies report prevalence rates of undiagnosed cognitive impairment among older adults in primary care. Objective: To determine the prevalence of undiagnosed cognitive impairment among adults ages 55 years and older in primary care settings and provide normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in this context. Design: Single interview, observational study. Participants: English-speaking adults ages 55 years and older without diagnoses of cognitive impairment recruited from primary care practices in New York City, NY, and Chicago, IL (n = 872). Main Measures: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Undiagnosed cognitive impairment was defined by age and education adjusted z-scores more than 1.0 and 1.5 standard deviations below published norms, corresponding to mild or moderate to severe cognitive impairment, respectively. Key Results: The mean age was 66.8 (8.0) years, 44.7% were male, 32.9% were Black or African-American, and 29.1% were Latinx. Undiagnosed cognitive impairment was identified in 20.8% of subjects (mild impairment, 10.5%; moderate-severe impairment, 10.3%). Impairment at any level of severity was associated in bivariate analyses with several patient characteristics, most notably for race and ethnicity (White, non-Latinx, 6.9% vs. Black, non-Latinx, 26.8%, Latinx, 28.2%, other race, 21.9%; p < 0.0001), place of birth (US 17.5% vs. non-US 30.7%, p < 0.0001), depression (33.1% vs. no depression, 18.1%; p < 0.0001), and impairment in activities of daily living (≥ 1 ADL impairment, 34.0% vs. no ADL impairment, 18.2%; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Undiagnosed cognitive impairment is common among urban dwelling older adults attending primary care practices, and was associated with several patient characteristics, including non-White race and ethnicity and depression. Normative data for the MoCA from this study may serve as a useful resource for studies of similar patient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the function of U.S. higher education in fostering social justice leadership development among college student leaders of color. Specifically, this study investigates various on-campus educational opportunities at postsecondary institutions that college student leaders of color identify as being meaningful for their social justice leadership development. Social justice leadership development refers to an individual's growth in increasing motivation to lead, building leadership skills, and performing leadership with an orientation toward advancing justice. Using the Social Action, Leadership, and Transformation model framework (SALT) and a critical qualitative methodology, this study centers on the knowledge and experiences of 16 college student leaders of color at seven postsecondary institutions across New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles. The findings suggest that (1) leadership education designed for students of color, (2) culturally relevant academic majors and classes, (3) designated institutional offices and programs serving diverse students, and (4) identity-based or political student organizations play a crucial role in fostering student participants' social justice leadership development. The study results inform a need for broadening institutional curricular and extra-curricular leadership educational opportunities across various spaces on campus to foster meaningful leadership development for students of color especially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research has documented the contagiousness of violence. Some of this work has focused on contagiousness as operationalized by the spread across geographical space, while other work has examined the spread within social networks. While the latter body of work struggles with incomplete network data, the former constitutes a theoretical mismatch with how violence should spread. Theory instead strongly suggests that violence contagion should diffuse through everyday mobility networks rather than just adjacently through geographical space. Beyond contagion itself, I argue that neighborhoods connected through mobility networks should serve as useful short-term sensors in predicting imminent violence because these sets of residents tend to experience shared environmental exposures, which may induce synchrony in the likelihood of violence. I explore this topic and these relationships using violent crime data from the three largest U.S. cities: New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Using two-way fixed effects models, I test whether or not violence in mobility-connected alter neighborhoods in the preceding hour predicts violence in an ego neighborhood in the next hour. Across all three jurisdictions, I find that recent violence in the neighborhoods to which a neighborhood is connected through mobility ties can strongly predict that neighborhood's odds of subsequent violence. Furthermore, spatial proximity has no significant effect on the likelihood of violent crime after controlling for mobility ties. I conclude by arguing that mobility patterns are an important pathway in the prediction of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research on disruptive innovations has focused on firms that disrupt existing industries. Yet, regulators and lawmakers are instrumental in containing or enabling market disruption, in ways that are less understood. This article examines taxi industries in New York City, Chicago and San Francisco between 2010 and 2014 to better understand the role of regulators and lawmakers in enabling Uber to disrupt these industries. Relying on 142 interviews, ethnographic observations and primary source documents, I show that regulators and lawmakers used two strategies in responding to Uber: blocking and incorporating. Blocking refers to measures that stop a firm from entering the industry. Incorporating refers to adding, subtracting or modifying regulations to align with an innovative firm's practices. I identify three incorporating strategies: horizontal venue shifting, vertical venue shifting and reinterpreting existing regulations. Analyzing these strategies more clearly illuminates regulatory change mechanisms and lawmakers' and regulators' role in enabling disruptive innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first Art Libraries Society of North America conference was held in New York City in 1973. The final session of the conference posed the questions, "Who are we? Where are we going?" Now in 2022, five long-time members of the society reflect on those questions, providing some perspective on the origins, early years, and accomplishments of ARLIS/NA. What was the impetus for a stand-alone organization, given the many other library associations with art librarian members? Who were the leaders who made it happen? How did regional chapters develop? Who were the exhibitors and sponsors? How did the publications advance the profession? What were some of the highlights along the way? [This article presents the talks from a special panel at the fiftieth anniversary ARLIS/NA Conference held in Chicago, Illinois, in April 2022.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational accountability is dominated by a focus on test scores to assess academic achievement. An emerging trend toward "next-generation" accountability includes a broader conception of student learning and multiple metrics. A policy design approach is used to analyze this trend. Four design elements—goals, actors, metrics, and consequences—are used to compare accountability systems in New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Key design trends include broader accountability goals, multiple metrics with different data types, and an emphasis on school improvement. Although facing challenges, urban school districts have opportunities to play a role in shaping this accountability debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of hotel attributes and complimentary and emerging amenities on online user ratings and compares their effects across star ratings. By combining data scraped from TripAdvisor.com and hotel property information provided by the STR, a total of 763 hotel cases located in three metropolitan areas of New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles were used for data analysis. The results showed that five hotel attributes and amenities of a spa, swimming pool, on-site restaurants, hotel affiliation, and free Wi-Fi significantly influenced online user ratings. Additionally, these attributes affected online user ratings differently across hotel star ratings: free Wi-Fi, pool, and complimentary breakfast for 1–2.5-star hotels; free Wi-Fi, affiliation, and free breakfast, for 3–3.5-star hotels; free Wi-Fi for 4–4.5-star hotels. However, none of the hotel attributes and amenities included in this study had a significant impact on online user ratings for 5-star hotels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ride-sharing—the combination of multiple trips into one—may substantially contribute towards sustainable urban mobility. It is most efficient at high demand locations with many similar trip requests. However, here we reveal that people's willingness to share rides does not follow this trend. Modeling the fundamental incentives underlying individual ride-sharing decisions, we find two opposing adoption regimes, one with constant and another one with decreasing adoption as demand increases. In the high demand limit, the transition between these regimes becomes discontinuous, switching abruptly from low to high ride-sharing adoption. Analyzing over 360 million ride requests in New York City and Chicago illustrates that both regimes coexist across the cities, consistent with our model predictions. These results suggest that even a moderate increase in the financial incentives may have a disproportionately large effect on the ride-sharing adoption of individual user groups. Ride-sharing, combining similar concurrent trips into one, may support sustainable urban mobility yet lacks broad adoption. Storch et al. reveal how collective interactions in shared rides explain essential characteristics of ride-sharing adoption patterns e.g. observed in New York City and Chicago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-frequency trading has led to widespread efforts to reduce information propagation delays between physically distant exchanges. Using relativistically correct millisecond-resolution tick data, we document a three millisecond decrease in one-way communication time between the Chicago and New York areas that occurred from April 27, 2010 to August 17, 2012. We attribute the first segment of this decline to the introduction of a latency-optimized fiber optic connection in late 2010. A second phase of latency decrease can be attributed to line-of-sight microwave networks, operating primarily in the 6-11 GHz region of the spectrum, licensed during 2011 and 2012. Using publicly available information, we estimate these networks' latencies, costs, and bandwidths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using weekly spot and future commodity prices in Chicago and New York, we construct expected transportation rates for grain between these two cities, expected inventory levels in New York, and realized errors in the expectations of such variables. We incorporate these exogenous commodity market dynamics into Porter's (1983) structural modeling of the Joint Executive Committee Railroad Cartel. As in Porter, we model marginal cost as a parametric function of (instrumented) output, among other factors. Unlike Porter, we model pricing over marginal cost as a nonparametric function of a set of variables, which include expectations of deterministic demand cycles and cartel stability. We estimate the pricing and demand equation simultaneously and semiparametrically. Our estimated weekly markups during periods of cartel stability are shown to reflect optimal collusive pricing over deterministic business cycles, as modeled in Haltiwanger and Harrington (1991). Periods of cartel instability are proven to be triggered by realized mistakes in expectations of New York grain prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Empirical research and health policies on asthma have focused on children and young adults, even though asthma morbidity and mortality are higher among older asthmatics. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of asthma-related beliefs and self-reported controller medication adherence in older asthmatics. DESIGN: An observational study of asthma beliefs and self-management among older adults. PARTICIPANTS: Asthmatics ages ≥60 years ( N = 324, mean age 67.4 ± 6.8, 28 % white, 32 % black, 30 % Hispanic) were recruited from primary care practices in New York City and Chicago. MAIN MEASURES: Self-reported controller medication adherence was assessed using the Medication Adherence Report Scale. Based on the Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation, patients were asked if they believe they only have asthma with symptoms, their physician can cure their asthma, and if their asthma will persist. Beliefs on the benefit, necessity and concerns of treatment use were also assessed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association of beliefs with self-reported medication adherence. KEY RESULTS: The majority (57.0 %) of patients reported poor adherence. Poor self-reported adherence was more common among those with erroneous beliefs about asthma illness and treatments, including the 'no symptoms, no asthma' belief (58.7 % vs. 31.7 %, respectively, p < 0.001), 'will not always have asthma' belief (34.8 % vs. 12.5 %, p < 0.001), and the 'MD can cure asthma' belief (21.7 % vs. 9.6 %, p = 0.01). Adjusting for illness beliefs, treatment beliefs and demographics, patients with a 'no symptoms, no asthma' belief had lower odds of having good self-reported adherence (odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.23-0.86), as did those with negative beliefs about the benefits (OR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.57-0.94) and necessity (OR 0.89, 95 % CI 0.83-0.96) of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Illness and treatment beliefs have a strong influence on self-reported medication adherence in older asthmatics. Interventions to improve medication adherence in older asthmatics by modifying illness and treatment beliefs warrant study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can metropolitan political systems affect the level of Black-led protest politics? While researchers stress the importance of individual-level socio-economic status, others contend that a city's political landscape is an influential force in determining political engagement.Using a comparative ethnographic approach, this study explores how the distinct political situations in New York City (NYC) and Chicago relate to the proliferation of protest politics concerning displacement in two revitalizing African American communities. Harlem in NYC and Bronzeville in Chicago are currently experiencing major economic transformations. After middle-class flight and years of economic abandonment, these areas are experiencing an influx of commercial and residential investment, rapidly changing them from low to more mixed-income environments. Despite a substantial amount of positive media attention, there is little community consensus about the redevelopment that is occurring, since it is associated with displacement. Although these communities have similar socio-economic characteristics, the extent of protest politics stemming from these areas is vastly disparate; activism is much more pervasive in Harlem. NYC and Chicago have drastically different political landscapes; NYC's political system is fragmented and characterized as pluralistic, while Chicago has a centralized political machine. NYC's diverse political system facilitates contested politics while Chicago's monolithic party machine is associated with limited Black-led opposition. This study contributes to the notion that structural forces emanating from the city level strongly influence African American community politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the results of the incorporation of clinical trial results into practice by diabetes research and training centers in the United States. Interventions to improve the quality of care and health outcomes of diabetics by the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois; Development of a diabetes team by the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City, New York.

Introduces the major projects and people behind the growth of civil engineering in the United States. Information on the Chicago water and sewage treatment system which was opened to public acclaim in 1869; Information on the Transcontinental railroad which started in 1863; Information on the Brooklyn bridge which was engineered by John A. Roebling.

Presents information on several projects of Hastings Center in collaboration with other organizations. Details on the Working Group on Ethics and Jurisprudence of the IUCN; Completion of Nature, Polis and Ethics: Chicago Regional Planning project; Project in collaboration with the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago; Update on the Not-For-Profit Hospital Trustees.

The great printing centers of the country are New York City and Chicago. New York produces largely under union agreements and Chicago largely without union agreements. Competition for long-run printing is keen between New York City and other localities where rentals and transportation expenses are lower and trade unions are weaker. This results In migration of printing from New York. Competition is also keen between union and non-union printeries within New York City. But In all cases, while lower wage scales and complement of men and a larger adoption of new-model presses, appear to make non-union printing more profitable, final evidence Is elusive as to whether It Is more profitable, and also as to whether organised labor materially retards technological progress. Obversely, however, the life of the press assistants' union is endangered as a result of the vestigial character of the hand press-feeding occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the regional work conference of the National Association of State of Directors of Teacher Education and Certification (NASDTEC) in Chicago, Salt Lake City, Atlanta, and New York City in April 1960. Scientists, education teachers, classroom teachers, and chief state school officers were invited to meet with the members of the association. The aim of these series of conference is to make recommendations for preparation programs for the teachers in secondary-school science and mathematics. The conferences were a part of a study conducted by NASDTEC with the cooperation of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. NASDTEC was encouraged by the AAAS to seek financial support to provide its members with assistance in carrying out responsibilities in teacher certification.