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Caucasian Grouse (Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi) is an endemic species found in the Caucasus whose population is declining. Initial assessment of genetic variation and phylogenetic status of the species confirmed themonophyly of L. mlokosiewiczias and indicated a sister relationship between L. mlokosiewiczi and L. tetrix (Black grouse). Further theCaucasian grouse from Georgia, Caucasus and Iran created three genetic groups with no shared haplotype. This separation could be the result of different evolutionary events or geographic distances between them. Four different haplotypeswere identified in north-western Iran, distributed inside and outside Arasbaran protected area (APA), suggesting the expansion of APAto include Caucasian grouse habitats in the Kalibar Mountains (western APA) and enhance the protection of the species in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]