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The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected those who face historical and ongoing marginalization. In centering pandemic experience of recent immigrant women in the accommodation and food services sector in Canada, we examine how their precarious work translated to experiences of work precarity and wellbeing. This paper illuminates how pre-existing and ongoing marginalization are reproduced during a health crisis for those at the intersection of gender, race, migration, and labour inequities. Using semi-structured interviews and systematic analysis using the Work Precarity Framework, we found that the pandemic exacerbated pre-existing socio-economic marginalization and resulted in unique experiences of work precarity. The latter was experienced as precarity of work (unpredictable work hours and job or employment insecurity), precarity from work (inadequate incomes), and precarity at work (physical, psychological, and relational unsafety). Work precarity stood out as a social determinant of health in relation to its outcome of degraded mental health and wellbeing. Recognizing the role of policies in producing, reproducing, and distributing precarity, we recommend policy directions to reduce social inequities in pandemic recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the development and growth of the Canadian Forces Virtual Library (CFVL), a collection of electronic resources for education and professional development available to military and civilian staff of the Canadian Department of National Defence. The CFVL aims to provide the maximum of depth and breadth of content within the special conditions of its environment: English/French bilingualism, secure military computer networks and a large, sometimes far flung organization with fanny remote or "nomadic" users. The Canadian Forces Health Services benefits from the most recent expansion with the addition of six health and medicine databases from Ebsco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buried medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) pipes are widely used for gas distribution systems in Canada and worldwide. When exposed to geotechnical hazards such as ground movements, these pipes can experience excessive distresses, leading to leaking or failure. This research investigates the effects of ground movement near a tee connection of MDPE gas distribution pipes. If the ground movement is parallel to a branch, the branch pipe experiences an axial force, and the main pipe experiences bending deformation/strains. The axial forces and the wall strains were investigated in this study using full-scale laboratory tests. Test results showed that the axial force on the branch and strains on the main pipe depend on the burial depth, backfill soil density, and the pipe diameter due to the effects on the shearing resistance of the soil. The soil shearing resistance was less for shallow buried pipes, resulting in a lower axial force in the branch but higher bending strain in the main pipe. The axial pullout resistance of the main pipe also contributed to the wall strains of this laterally loaded pipe at large displacements. The conventional beam-on-elastic foundation solution reasonably estimated the pipe wall strains within the linear range of deformations. Nonlinear analyses, including lateral and axial soil springs, are recommended to capture the nonlinear responses at large displacements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the provision of library services to Turkish communities in Canada. Size of the Turkish population in Canada; Formation of the Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations; Collection of books available at the Language and Literature Department of The Metropolitan Reference Library.

At present, Canadian census tract boundaries are available in digital form for 1951 and at 5-year intervals for the 1976–2021 period; the 1956–66 census boundary files have not been digitized and associated data are not readily available for the pre-1971 period. This inhibits the mapping and analysis of neighbourhood change for a period of rapid urban and social transformation. To fill this gap, we digitized 1956–66 census tract boundaries from paper maps for all cities for which such data were disseminated. We adjusted 2006 boundaries to match georeferenced historical maps in concert with ancillary data, including topographic and cadastral maps. All decisions are documented in the files. Finally, printed profile tables for 1951 and 1956 were digitized for joining the boundary files. Researchers may use these datasets to explore, analyse and map geospatial trends in the Canadian population at the neighbourhood scale back to 1951. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gifts and donations form an integral part of an academic library's existence, whether monetary or physical items. While monetary gifts are greatly valued, gift-in-kind donations of physical items can also contribute rare or unique items to collections. However, gift-in-kind donations also bring many challenges, as processing and evaluating physical materials can be time-consuming and labour-intensive; moreover, these materials may occupy significant amounts of space and ultimately may or may not add value to the library collection. Providing clear, publicly available gift and donation information can mitigate some of these challenges and help to set expectations for donors by giving a clear overview of the evaluation process and letting them know which types of material are of interest. The author reviewed donation-related webpages of twenty-one Canadian academic libraries to determine commonalities regarding library donation webpages. This analysis can provide practical assistance to librarians who are creating or revising gift-in-kind policies and procedures in Canadian academic libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to understand the current state of the field of special collections library administration in the United States. Using a dataset gathered through publicly available information about special collections directors from the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), Independent Research Libraries Association (IRLA), and the Oberlin Group institutional members, the authors explore the educational backgrounds of directors, the types of positions they held prior to taking on their current roles, and the effect of gender on leadership advancement. This article also discusses the similarities and differences between institution types as well as promotions within institutions and across types of institutions.

Small cities tend to have modest immigrant settlement services and cultural amenities, engendering a distinct sense of place among immigrants and impacting their wellbeing differently from large cities. To study the impacts of place characteristics on settlement needs, this photovoice research examines the sense of place among immigrant women through their attribution of meanings to places of comfort and discomfort as they settled in a small city in Canada. Thirty-two immigrant women of different immigration admission statuses, i.e., economic, family, and refugee classes, ranging in age from 19 to 48, took photographs of places that they considered to be either comfortable or uncomfortable. Most participants were from Asia, Africa, and South America, and they had lived in Canada for less than 10 years. Findings indicated that these women appreciated the warmth and support extended to them by settlement services provider organizations, libraries, and faith-based organizations, attesting to the relational nature of the place. Nevertheless, immigrant women dreaded harsh winter conditions and felt unsafe in downtown areas. A close read of these women's photo stories revealed that their apprehensions about punitive winter conditions are closely linked to their role as primary household caregivers who take their children to public places. Their sense of vulnerability towards downtown areas demonstrates female subordination and their distaste for public spaces. Immigrant women sought comfort in locales that this paper terms "restorative space," showing their creative use of private and public spaces for relaxation. This study contributes to our understanding of the gendered and interwoven nature of the self, social, and physical spaces. The findings from this study call for settlement policies that attend to distinct characteristics of local places to better serve the settlement needs of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Libraries are increasingly using quantitative and qualitative research methods to assess the quality of their resources and services. This can include collecting survey data and conducting focus groups and patron interviews. While these forms of data collection are considered standard assessment tools, libraries already have a rich collection of data available to them through their suggestion boxes -- one of the most longstanding methods to determine how well your library is doing. A survey of Canadian academic libraries was conducted to gain some insight into the prevalence of the suggestion box, how libraries were managing them in their day to day operations, and whether the collected data was mined for any decision-making purposes. The authors provide recommendations on how libraries can analyze their suggestion box data to improve services and engage more effectively with their users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author offers his thoughts on audio-visual archiving. He said that The Virtual Gromophone project enabled his group to make some of the National Library of Canada's 78rpm disc collection available through the Web. He said that he brought out the project not for his own benefit but to emphasize the need for institutions to develop their own audio-visual archiving system.

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Libraries offer a mix of options to serve the film studies curriculum: streaming video, DVDs on Reserve, and streaming DVDs through online classrooms. Some professors screen films and lend DVDs to students. But how do students obtain the films required for their courses? How would they prefer to do so? These are among the questions explored using data obtained by surveying students at one Canadian university as well as faculty and librarians at ten Canadian universities that offer film studies programs. The study finds that more students are engaging in digital piracy than using the Library Reserve desk and that faculty and librarians must contend with formats, licenses, and copyright to provide effective, legal access. The paper recommends that libraries increase streaming options, collect DVDs for preservation, digitize DVDs when legally possible, screen films in class, investigate social screening spaces, and lobby industry and government for changes to law and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs on strategies adopted by the University of Toronto Libraries for promoting digital primary source collections. Topics discussed include creation of conditions needed for knowledge sharing about digital primary source collections; promoting information resources to library users; and challenges faced by the Library in successful promotion of digital primary source collections such as metadata. It also mentions about making plans for library marketing.

Copyright of British Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of Liverpool University Press / Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the contribution and legacy of subscription libraries in relation to the development of Canadian public libraries. From 1775 to 1850 membership associations acted as public libraries dispensing educational resources and recreational reading to users on a general-community or common-interest basis. Although Canada followed familiar British and American exemplars, regional settlement, political culture, religion, and language were influential arbiters in library development. The variety, number, and collective status of subscription libraries ushered in the persistent nineteenth-century concept of the semi-private ‘public library’ administered by trustees and populated by members who voluntarily agreed to accept entry charges, annual dues, and fundraising. The collegial space provided by the subscription library fostered a greater sense of publicness in an emerging Canadian nation before 1850. It also forged numerous associative identities in localities for like-minded reading groups. Subscription library development reveals that significant attributes of post-1850 municipal public libraries were inherited from Canada's colonial library era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bibliothek Forschung und Praxis is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current fiscal environment has driven Canadian universities to become more entrepreneurial, seeking out and competing over new sources of funding. Despite such intensifying competition, little effort has been made to document the promotional tactics that Canadian universities are using to render themselves appealing to external audiences. This study examines the contents of the home pages of English-speaking universities in Canada. It finds that, though there are some differences in the tactics that primarily undergraduate and research-intensive universities employ, both generally strive to emulate the same institutional 'template'. Moreover, the usage of more unorthodox promotional tactics, drawing on labour market rhetoric or discourses of inclusivity, is limited. These findings are theorised in relation to contemporary work within organisational sociology and strategic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Approximately 85 % of Canadians are not physically active enough to achieve health benefits. Peer-led self-management programs are becoming an increasingly popular strategy for modifying health behaviors, including physical activity. The purpose of this study was to systematically review and meta-analyze the effect of peer-led self-management interventions on physical activity. Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were systematically searched to identify all relevant randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of peer-led self-management on physical activity. The studies were described and effect size data were included in meta-analyses. Subgroup analyses were performed according to type of physical activity outcome (i.e., duration, frequency, other). Results: Twenty-one studies were included in the review and 14 reported statistically significant improvements in physical activity. A meta-analysis of 17 studies showed a statistically significant moderate pooled effect (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.4, p < 0.001) of peer-led self-management programs on physical activity immediately post-intervention. The intervention had a large statistically significant effect based on the four studies that included follow-up measures (SMD = 1.5, p = 0.03). Meta-analysis of nine studies that used similar outcomes (i.e., minutes of physical activity) revealed a statistically significant small effect (SMD = 0.2, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Peer-led self-management programs appear to be effective at increasing weekly duration of physical activity in various populations, but the effect size is small. Training peers to encourage increased physical activity may provide an effective method for reaching various clinical and non-clinical populations. More research is needed using validated and consistent physical activity outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To help guide restoration efforts at a large-lake ecosystem (Lac la Biche) in Alberta, Canada, I used Ecopath modeling software to create an energetically plausible model representing the system prior to European settlement. Over the last 200 years, Lac la Biche has shifted from a system dominated by predatory fish (e.g., WalleyesSander vitreusand Northern PikeEsox lucius) to one dominated by forage fish and double-crested cormorantsPhalacrocorax auritus. In 2005, the Fisheries Management Branch of Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development initiated a fisheries restoration program focused on increasing the abundance of Walleyes and average fish size in Lac la Biche; restoration would target a nondescript “historical” ecosystem configuration based on contemporary assumptions of what the system might have looked like. I used Ecopath to organize the main assumptions and information on the historical Lac la Biche ecosystem into an energetically plausible representation for the year 1800. From the modeling process, I learned that most of the assumptions regarding the trends in species biomass between contemporary and historical systems were appropriate guides for model balancing; however, the magnitude of the expected differences between 1800 and the present day were often larger than predicted, especially for infrequently sampled species (e.g., Yellow PerchPerca flavescens, White SuckersCatostomus commersonii, Spottail ShinersNotropis hudsonius, and BurbotLota lota). Testing the validity of single-species assumptions in an ecosystem context is important for improving our understanding of ecosystem structure and function. In a historical context, model creation based on assumptions and available information is important for developing ecosystem baselines that can provide context to and guide future fisheries management. Historical baselines are also important for highlighting ecosystem potential and productive capacity and for counteracting the effects of the shifting baseline syndrome. Received February 13, 2012; accepted August 2, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the shawls worn by certain women on the Great Plains of North America identified them as being Germans from Russia (GFR). Having settled in Russia for a century before relocating to the grassy plains of North and South America, attracted by the promise of land ownership and freedom from oppression, these Germans created a distinctive community. Their shawls served as shibboleth, a custom or usage that distinguishes one group of people from others. Over a century later, in the USA and Canada, these shawls are still found among GFR families who recall the customs and values of people of this ethnic community, and thus provide a medium through which to learn about the GFR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with past attempts to promote competitive pricing for generic drugs in Canada. It relates the emergence of compulsory licensing that allow generic firms to produce versions of on-patent drugs. It discusses the implementation of regulated price caps following the elimination of compulsory licensing in 1992. It outlines lessons for seeking competitive process through competitive bidding.

Digital technology has greatly increased access to music, both recordings and scores, protected by copyright. A large body of research addresses intellectual property (IP) issues in the recorded music industry, and Diane Parr Walker discusses how American copyright law adversely affects digital music libraries. However, the use of digitally accessible scores among Canadian classical music professionals remains largely overlooked. This paper provides the background for a research project investigating the relationship between copyright law and Canadian classical musicians in the digital age. The project will use a Canada-wide survey and a series of focus groups to analyze the everyday information-seeking behaviours of classical music professionals and to examine the intellectual property policies that encourage musicians to obey or contravene the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Sociology is the property of Canadian Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the relationship among measures of resource and service usage and other features of academic libraries in the USA and Canada. Design/methodology/approach – Through the use of a self-organizing map, academic library data were clustered and visualized. Analysis of the library data was conducted through the computation of a "library performance metric" that was applied to the resulting map. Findings – Two areas of high-performing academic libraries emerged on the map. One area included libraries with large numbers of resources, while another area included libraries that had low resources but gave greater numbers of presentations to groups, offered greater numbers of public service hours, and had greater numbers of staffed service points. Research limitations/implications – The metrics chosen as a measure of library performance offer only a partial picture of how libraries are being used. Future research might involve the use of a self-organizing map to cluster library data within certain parameters and the identification of high-performing libraries within these clusters. Practical implications – This study suggests that libraries can improve their performance not only by acquiring greater resources but also by putting greater emphasis on the services that they provide to their users. Originality/value – This paper demonstrates how a self-organizing map can be used in the analysis of large data sets to facilitate library comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Law Library Review is the property of Canadian Association of Law Libraries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In interviews with the editor, James Danky reflects on the role and future of the ethnic press in the United States, and Thomas Saras comments on the importance and future of the ethnic press in contemporary Canadian society. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The last three decades have seen many developments in Canadian prison libraries. This article follows the history of the libraries in federal Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) from the 1980s to the present, concentrating on the libraries in the Pacific Region. A chronological overview of the major legislative changes, reports, and events of the last thirty years highlights the increased profile of prison libraries and their role in supporting Correctional Service of Canada's Mission and Goals. Some of these changes include the adoption in 1992 of the Corrections and Condition Release Act (CCRA) and Regulations, modifications to Commissioner's Directive 720 (2007a; under which libraries fall), and the adoption in the Pacific Region of Library Policy Guidelines. In addition to legislative and policy changes, Canadian society itself has also changed during this thirty-year period. As the face of Canada has become more diverse in age and ethnicity, as well as in social and technological expectations, so has the face of the prison population. These changes have, of course, also impacted on prison libraries. This article examines how prison libraries have met the challenges created by these societal and technological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to describe the interlibrary loan services of Library and Archives Canada. Design/methodology/approach - The paper describes the loans, copies and locations services of Library and Archives Canada, and patterns of demand for those services. It also describes the institution's role in the Canadian resource sharing environment. Findings - Library and Archives Canada offers access to a broad range of Canadian documents, and also provides services that support resource sharing in Canada. Demand for the institution's traditional ILL services is declining, and its focus is turning to digital access. Originality/value - The paper provides a picture of a national institution at a time of rapid change. It contains information that will be useful to those seeking documents from Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival repositories have enthusiastically begun to digitize their holdings in order to make them more widely available via the Internet; however, copyright issues influence what is selected for online access. This article reports the findings of a study that investigated how copyright affects what items Canadian archival repositories select for digitization and online access. The study found that Canadian repositories select items that are perceived to incur little risk of copyright infringement (because the copyright has expired or because the repository owns the copyright), or those that require few or no resources to investigate copyright status or obtain copyright authorizations. The findings suggest that repositories' selection decisions are more restrictive than the law requires; because they want to avoid copyright complications, they are making available online fewer holdings than they could. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how the global film industry and the issue of "runaway film production" - a term coined by U.S. film interests to describe the outsourcing of film labor to cheaper foreign locales - are being constructed outside the U.S. The discourse of runaway film production explicitly describes Hollywood as the authentic "home" of film production, crediting the success of thriving non-U.S. film production centers like Vancouver, BC, to anti-competitive labor and subsidy practices. This article examines the counter discourses to "so-called runaway film production" in Canadian popular and trade media, as Canada has been the target of much "runaway" talk in the U.S. and Hollywood for the last two decades. Three key themes identified in Canadian press coverage of "so-called runaway film production" are cultural imperialism, pro-globalization, and indigenous industry emancipation - themes which are argued to provide some insight into the Canadian worldview of media industries, globalization, and particularly the role of U.S. media in such practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IFLA Journal is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Large scale, open immigration of unaccompanied dependent children to Canada did not commence until 1869, but it had been advocated for decades and some such immigration to the British North American colonies took place earlier in the century. The first systematic emigration of destitute British children was organized in the 1830s by the Children's Friend Society, which sent about 141 children to the Canadas from 1833 to 1836, at least 70 of whom went to Upper Canada. While the emigration scheme was short lived, it established that such children would be welcomed and that homes and work would be available for them, and it probably helped pave the way for a new wave of older juvenile immigrants in the 1850s, and for the high profile, large scale immigration of young dependent children that began in 1869 and continued for more than half a century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information literacy programs and the factors that influence their development and structure can vary significantly from institution to institution. Credit-bearing discipline-specific information literacy courses are a rare and valuable component of an undergraduate educational experience and form the basis of Augustana's information literacy program. This article provides an overview of the development, implementation, successes, and drawbacks of the credit-bearing discipline-specific information literacy courses at the Augustana Campus of the University of Alberta (Camrose, Alberta, Canada). Additional program components, including Augustana's annual information literacy workshop, information literacy awards, information literacy DVD, and marketing/branding are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at issues surrounding cooperative partnerships between different types of libraries, and between libraries and other organizations. The Ontario School Curriculum Resource (OSCR) and developments in Ontario and Canada are the focus of the article; however, it also provides perspectives on the cooperative experiences that are fundamental to many partnerships. The important benefits as well as the challenges of partnerships are considered, as is the future of cooperative resource sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Information & Library Sciences is the property of Canadian Association for Information Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The process involved in developing a new branch agriculture "electronic library" at the University of Manitoba is discussed. The goal was to have a facility which would be flexible enough to meet the evolving needs of the primary clientele while staffed by only one or two people. Consultation was extremely important. Once the location and services that would be offered were determined, the library was designed so that the location of the various areas within it and the relationship between these areas provided optimal functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information from a project that Simon Fraser University library implemented to assess its collection allocations. Describes how the university's collection building was consistent with the university's academic priorities; Examines the factors employed in identifying misaligned allocations.

In order to build the COPPUL (Council of Prairie and Pacific University Libraries) virtual library, Simon Fraser University Library (SFU) has co-developed modular integratable holdings display and user requesting software, called GODOT, which can be called from a variety of search engines. GODOT displays holdings for a citation, populates an interlibrary loan form with the citation, and validates patron information; requests are forwarded to the supplying library in a number of formats. It is highly configurable by the borrowing library. SFU also developed a Z39.50 interface (called SLRI) based on the Stanford Gateway Interface to search its BRS databases and other library catalogues; GODOT is invoked from within SLRI. This has enabled SFU users to borrow more than twice as much material without interlibrary loan staff numbers being increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]