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When the 'Spanish Flu' spread to Western Canada, Alberta had in place a Public Health Act authorising Cabinet to pass Orders in Council to deal with any public health issue. Influenced by medical advice and local situation reports, OCs were passed to limit the spread of the 'Spanish Flu'. During autumn 1918, several OCs were passed requiring the wearing of masks and their enforcement. Relying upon digitized government records, newspaper reports, and non-digitized archival records, this study found that the enforcement of mask laws played in important role in reducing the spread of the 'Spanish Flu'. This conclusion is based upon a comparison of the efforts in Alberta's two largest cities, Calgary and Edmonton. Edmonton's delay in enforcement resulted in almost three times the case load and death of that found in Calgary, a city which began enforcement two weeks earlier. A lesson for the future-enforcement saves lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines labour standards violations and enforcement activities in Canada's federally regulated private sector (FRPS) between 2006 and 2018. Drawing on an administrative data set (known as the Labour Application 2000 (LA2K)) from the federal Labour Program of Employment and Social Development Canada - we illustrate the dominance of a complianceoriented approach to labour standards enforcement in the federal labour inspectorate. This compliance-oriented model of enforcement assumes that most labour standards violations result from lack of knowledge on the part of employers, and that violations are exceptional rather than a regular feature of contemporary business practices geared to cost-containment. Further, the dominance of a compliance-based enforcement strategy is rooted in the historically unique working conditions, industrial composition, and social demographics of the FRPS. In short, the sector has been characterized historically by a disproportionate number of large firms, and a highly male-dominated workforce, engaged in full-time permanent employment. However, numerous labour standards violations are evident in growing pockets of precarious employment, particularly among small firms in the trucking sector. We argue that the litmus test for the regime's efficacy should be the degree to which it serves employees in the most precarious employment situations. The inspectorate devotes relatively little time to proactive workplace inspections. Those violations that inspectors do uncover through proactive inspections are principally non-monetary and are rectified primarily on the basis of securing employers' written commitments to bring their practices into compliance with minimum standards. By way of conclusion, the article outlines the ways in which reliance on a compliance model of enforcement in the FRPS may be contributing to the erosion of labour standards, particularly for those workers in industries where small firms dominate and precarious employment is concentrated, and calls for a more deterrence-oriented approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building upon institutional theory, this study investigates whether and how market enforcement mediates the relationship between external (country-level) and internal (firm-level) corporate governance mechanisms. We focus on two countries with contrasting legal, regulatory and institutional regimes: Canada and France. Market enforcement is proxied by two measures of market efficiency: abnormal returns and price volatility. Our results suggest that external governance mechanisms interact with internal governance mechanisms via market enforcement, which differs greatly between both countries. Hence, the complementarity of internal and external governance mechanisms depends upon the nature and type of enforcement (i.e., emphasis on ex-ante monitoring and compliance vs. ex post sanctions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed Stilger’s (1971) capture theory to investigate whether the Investment Dealers Association (IDA) of Canada experienced regulatory capture by weak enforcement. The study used data of the IDA’s enforcement practices to test the hypothesis that proportionately smaller fines are imposed for more serious offenders, ceteris paribus. Among the factors that influenced fines, one can find investigation costs and quasi-criminal offences as the main predictors making significant contributions. The result presented in the study can be use by legislators to further engage in dialogues on the importance of a federal securities regulatory agency in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of recent reforms on the enforcement of the Ontario Employment Standards Act (2000). It analyzes changes to complaints processing before and after the implementation of the Open for Business Act (2010), part of which aimed to streamline workplace regulation. Drawing on a previously untapped source of information on employment standards enforcement, the Ministry of Labour's Employment Standards Information System, we argue that reforms to enforcement under the Open for Business Act appear to have eroded both the accessibility of the complaints system and the remedies available to complainants. By way of conclusion, the article outlines measures that hold the potential to strengthen the complaints system in Ontario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although there is a need for well-designed evaluations, international evidence shows that drugs frequently enter prisons and enforcement efforts are said to be linked to adverse events. Objectives: This study sought to examine drug enforcement within a federal prison system, overseen by the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC), and to detail competing perspectives. Methods: Three main sources of data were used in this qualitative study: 16 interviews conducted between 2010 and 2012 with former CSC senior officials, former frontline staff, and external stakeholders; CSC research publications and other documents; and transcripts from a relevant House of Commons Standing Committee public study. All texts were coded and compared to examine emergent themes of interest. Results: Six key themes are described as contested effects of enhanced in-prison drug enforcement: (1) continued and creative efforts to bring in drugs; (2) climate of tensions and violence; (3) prisoners switching their drug use; (4) health-related harms; (5) deterrence of visitors; and (6) staff involvement in the in-prison drug trade. Conclusions/Importance: Urgently needed are rigorous evaluations of in-prison drug enforcement, along with closer scrutiny of policy recommendations that uphold the goal of drug-free prisons. Studying similar prison systems as complex risk-managing organizations may offer new information about drug enforcement policy and practice resistance despite detrimental effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Tax Journal / Revue Fiscale Canadienne is the property of Canadian Tax Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information on the importance of civility in the legal profession of Canada. A focus is on the risks due to civility which overshadows the problems based on access to justice and the role of Chief Justice of Ontario's Advisory Committee on Professionalism in this issue. The Law Society of Upper Canada assigned civility as a priority in continuing education and in enforcement as the majority of complaints against the lawyers of Ontario was based on civility. The problems faced by the civility movement of Canada are also discussed.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the avoidable alcohol-attributable burden and costs of health care, criminality, and the indirect costs of lost productivity due to disability or premature death attributable to motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) in Canada. A policy effectiveness approach was used and the impact of three effective alcohol policy interventions aimed to reduce alcohol-impaired driving was modeled. The results demonstrated that implementation of drunk-driving countermeasures will further reduce the alcohol-attributable burden and costs due to MVCs in Canada. Implications for policy formation and targeted prevention efforts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the Canadian perspective and methodologies in dealing with merger activities in Canada. It notes that the Canadian Competition Bureau develops a pragmatic approach that matches with the domestic enforcement obligations with the globalized world. Also discussed are role of comity principles and the 3 Cs of effective international antitrust enforcement such as communication, coordination and cooperation.

In response to issues about municipal-led regulatory enforcement, governments in Canada have been reforming their regimes of building regulation and control since the 1980s. As a result, private-sector inspectors were introduced as an alternative to local government control on the adherence to building regulations. However, this privatization has resulted in variations among jurisdictions. The main difference is the degree of private-sector involvement. Based on a series of interviews with forty-seven insiders, this article addresses the implications of such differences in privatization on the practice and process of building code enforcement. It draws some general lessons for the redesign of control over building regulations but at the same time warns against copy-pasting best practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines shifts in the regulation and governance of environmental crime over the twenty-year period since the passage of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) in 1988, tracing its history, policies, and enforcement record from 1989-2008. Documents assessed include Environment Canada's enforcement data, Annual Reports, reports on its Plans and Priorities, the Senate and House of Commons five-year reviews of CEPA 1988 and CEPA 1999 and the government's response to these reviews. The purpose of the paper is to document the process and compromises that have shaped federal environmental protection, and explore the policy paralysis this has produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Criminal Codes in both Canada and the United States allow for criminals to be penalized to a greater degree if they are a member of an organization. We draw on the economic theory of punishment, which states that expected penalty should be proportional to the social harm caused, to put a different perspective on such regulations. According to the economic theory, additional punishments are desirable if either: (1) the social harm from a criminal act is greater for a member of an organization than for an independent criminal; or (2) the probability of conviction is lower. We examine the extent to which both of these possibilities are true and use the findings to revisit the definition of a criminal organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the enforcement of non-money judgments in Canadian Courts. Non-money ruling implications provides an equitable remedy, like specific performances and injunctions wherein judgment creditors must establish a fresh action and advances evidence for relief in foreign court judgments. It could be imposed for two reasons, including the required action for the defendant to presents a sum of money and assess the ruling scope and decide whether the decision is appropriate.

The article offers the author's perspective on the increased involvement of criminal activities in the capital markets through organized crime in Canada. In the recent time, the drastic developments in organized crime has created a strong need for integrated policing. In order to facilitate and foster close working relationships with key stakeholders in the various levels of regulatory enforcement, this article recognizes the need for integrated policing.

Seat belt laws by themselves led to increased belt use in the United States and Canada, but initial effects were limited. Canadian provincial officials launched highly publicized enforcement campaigns in the early 1980s that resulted in substantially increased belt use. Canadian-style enforcement programs subsequently were adopted in the United States, and the use of such programs has grown in recent years. Lessons from these efforts include the importance of police leadership, focused publicity about enforcement, and sustained rather than single-shot efforts. What is needed in the United States to achieve a national belt use rate of 90% or greater is widespread, methodical, and sustained application of enforcement programs augmented by creative publicity. Enhanced penalties—in particular drivers license points—likely will be needed to reach hard-core nonusers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines the use of inspections and warnings to enforce environmental regulations. An empirical model of petroleum storage inventory reconciliation regulations is developed based on a state-dependent penalty system. I estimate a two-stage probit model on a dataset of inspections and warnings at petroleum storage sites in the province of Manitoba, Canada between 1983 and 1998. The results suggest that, even in the absence of frequent prosecutions, inspections deter future violations but that this effect is small. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Focuses on recognizing foreign support and property orders, including the division of marital property in Canada. Details on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the common law provinces of Canada; Enforcement of support orders; Variation of foreign support and property orders.

We examine progress made in meeting the 1980, 20-year Ontario Moose Management Policy (MMP) directive. Specific interim (1985, 1995) and final (year 2000) provincial program targets, including population, harvest, hunting, and viewing opportunities, particularly those in the NW Region, are reported. In addition to MMP guidelines, other management policy achievements and shortfalls pertaining to harvest control, population management, enforcement, habitat management, inventory and assessment, research, and hunter education are discussed. Provincially, moose numbers have increased only 7–20% throughout the 1990s plateauing at 100,000– 120,000 while the number of adult tags has almost been halved. Hunter numbers during this period have increased by about 4% and total harvest has remained fairly constant. Adult tag draw success has declined and success in filling a tag has increased while harvest remained similar in absolute numbers. This suggests that factors other than hunting pressure are limiting further population growth. Knowledge gained since 1980 suggests overall population and harvest targets are unattainable and should be revised using adaptive management principles, to more closely reflect land capability and societal demands. Reduced hunter reporting rates in recent years have jeopardized the quality of harvest estimates and diminished overall hunter confidence. Recommendations for policy changes, including revisions to program direction and targets, are made based on lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the subject of whistleblowing with two federal officials whom the main duties are to discover the improper actions by public servants in law enforcement agencies. The author said that vile wretches are the acts of whistleblowing which were more offensive to the community than to those who were directly affected by it. He also said that whistleblowers cannot be considered as public heroes by definition alone. Further discussion about whistleblowing in Canada is also presented.

Background: Canada is facing an urgent challenge to reduce the harms associated with opioids: from January 2016 to December of 2018, more than 11,500 individuals lost their lives due to opioid related harms. This review examines responses to the opioid crisis thus far, the lessons learned from these initiatives and the knowledge gaps that still need to be addressed across the four pillar model adopted by the CDSS.Methods: A search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted in PubMed and PsycNet, and grey literature was retrieved from reputable substance use and health organizations to determine responses to the opioid crisis and related outcomes between 2013 and 2019. Findings related to actions, outcomes and unintended consequences across the categories of prevention, treatment, harm reduction, enforcement and the evidence base were included and synthesized into a narrative review on lessons learned.Results: The opioid crisis is a result of multiple, complex interrelated factors. Many physicians may not feel competent to appropriately treat pain and/or addiction. Pushes for opioid deprescribing have resulted in some individuals using illicit opioids as treatment. A range of effective and accessible pharmacological and psychological treatments are still required. When regulations are barriers, unsanctioned actions, such as overdose prevention sites, may be enacted by individuals to respond to urgent public health needs. A nimble response with evolving enforcement perspectives can aid individuals experiencing harms from opioid use.Conclusions: There is no one size fits all response to this crisis, and consideration should be given to the unique needs of different communities and populations, as well as the broader impact of harms on families, communities, and society. A situation so multifaceted requires both immediate and long-term strategies implemented concurrently in order to address the differing and on-going needs of Canadians experiencing opioid harms. The expertise of individuals and families affected by the opioid crisis must be included in consultations and decisions related to different strategies, to ensure responses are not stigmatizing, that they will be effective and acceptable and that unintended consequences are quickly recognized and mitigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]