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Background For children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP), rehabilitation aims to increase movement of the affected arm. However, no validated measure objectively examines this construct in pediatric practice or daily life. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the criterion and known-groups validity of accelerometry as a measure of arm movement in children and adolescents with HCP. Design This was a prospective cross-sectional study. Methods Twenty-seven children and adolescents with typical development (3.4–13.9 years old) and 11 children and adolescents with HCP (4.7–14.7 years old; Manual Ability Classification System rating I or II) wore accelerometers on their wrists while engaged in 20 minutes of play, which included intermittent intervals of stillness and vigorous movement of the arms. Vector magnitude (VM) values identified the presence (VM > 2.0 counts per epoch) and absence (VM ≤ 2.0 counts per epoch) of arm movement for every 2-second epoch. Video was simultaneously recorded; each 2-second interval of footage was scored as "movement" or "no movement" for each arm. Results Agreement between accelerometry and video observation was greater than or equal to 81%, and the prevalence-adjusted and bias-adjusted κ value was greater than or equal to 0.69 for both groups of participants; these results supported the criterion validity of accelerometry. The ratio of nondominant arm movement to dominant arm movement measured by accelerometry was significantly greater in participants with typical development (mean [SD] = 0.87 [0.09]) than in participants with HCP (mean = 0.78 [0.07]) on the basis of 10 age- and sex-matched pairs; these results supported known-groups validity. Limitations The small sample size of the group with HCP prevented the stratification of data by age. Participants with HCP had high or moderately high function of the affected arm; hence, the findings do not apply to children and adolescents with more significant hemiparesis. Conclusions Accelerometry is a valid measure of arm movement in children with HCP and children without HCP. These findings contribute to the development of innovative upper limb assessments for children with hemiparesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]