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Objective: To examine the differences in experiences of stress, emotional well-being, and physical activity among international and domestic students. Participants: Domestic (n = 4,035) and international (n = 605) students at a large Canadian university. Methods: Responses to items on stress, emotional well-being (happiness and satisfaction with life), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and strength training were self-reported. Group differences were explored in a multivariate analysis of variance model, and student status was tested as a moderator of the associations between stress, emotional well-being (happiness and satisfaction with life), and MVPA. Results: International students reported significantly lower stress and emotional well-being compared to domestic students, and fewer days of MVPA. Student status moderated the association between stress and MVPA, with the association significant for domestic students. Conclusions: Given the findings, international students may have distinct attitudes and beliefs toward MVPA that could be targeted in tailored interventions.

Explore the association between varsity athletes' fitness perceptions and symptoms of depression while sidelined from sport for an extended period, and test whether fitness-related self-conscious emotions (i.e., shame, guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride) mediate this relationship. Varsity athletes (N = 124) from a large university in Canada where sports had been restricted for the past year due to the pandemic. Participants completed a cross-sectional self-report survey. Regression analyses testing mediation (i.e., direct and indirect effects) were used to explore the main research aim. Controlling for age and gender, separate models demonstrated significant indirect effects of fitness perceptions on depression symptoms through shame, guilt, and authentic pride, but not through hubristic pride. Self-conscious emotions may be used as a tool to mitigate depression symptoms when varsity athletes are sidelined from sport for an extended period. Further research is needed to understand how self-conscious emotions develop when athletes are injured or retired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: For young adults (YAs) with cancer, connecting with peer cancer survivors can provide a unique sense of community and may enhance post‐traumatic growth (PTG). This study examined the relationship between connectedness to the YA cancer community and PTG among YAs, independent of overall social support. Methods: Data were obtained from the young adults with cancer in their prime study, a cross‐Canada survey of YA cancer survivors. Participants were stratified by level of social support into two groups (low/high). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between PTG and connectedness to the YA community adjusting for respondent characteristics, and the interaction between support and connectedness. Results: Of 444 respondents, mean age was 34.2 (SD = 6.0), time‐since‐diagnosis was 4.8 years (SD = 5.4), and 87% were female. Over two‐thirds of respondents (71%) reported feeling connected to the YA community. Level of connectedness to the YA community did not differ by social support group, and interaction between social support and connectedness to the YA community was not significant. In the adjusted regression, connectedness to the YA community (aOR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.10–4.91), high social support (aOR = 2.98, 95% CI: 1.36–6.74), greater time‐since‐diagnosis (aOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04–1.15) and female sex (aOR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.23–4.04) were associated with greater odds of moderate‐to‐high PTG. Conclusions: Feeling connected to a community of YA cancer peers was associated with moderate‐to‐high PTG among YAs, independent of overall perceived social support. Future efforts should increase access to YA cancer communities and foster a sense of connectedness among YAs with cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the emerging field of public health services and systems research, this study (i) tested a model of the relationships between public health organizational capacity (OC) for chronic disease prevention, its determinants (organizational supports for evaluation, partnership effectiveness) and one possible outcome of OC (involvement in core chronic disease prevention practices) and (ii) examined differences in the nature of these relationships among organizations operating in more and less facilitating external environments. OC was conceptualized as skills and resources/supports for chronic disease prevention programming. Data were from a census of 210 Canadian public health organizations with mandates for chronic disease prevention. The hypothesized relationships were tested using structural equation modeling. Overall, the results supported the model. Organizational supports for evaluation accounted for 33% of the variance in skills. Skills and resources/supports were directly and strongly related to involvement. Organizations operating within facilitating external contexts for chronic disease prevention had more effective partnerships, more resources/supports, stronger skills and greater involvement in core chronic disease prevention practices. Results also suggested that organizations functioning in less facilitating environments may not benefit as expected from partnerships. Empirical testing of this conceptual model helps develop a better understanding of public health OC.

Introduction: Poor mental health is a common secondary health condition for adults with disabilities. The mental health benefits of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) are well-documented. Few studies have empirically tested the relationship between MVPA and mental health among persons with disabilities. Additionally, theoretically- informed factors that may mediate the relationship are not commonly tested among persons with disabilities. The primary aim of this study was to examine the cross-sectional relationship between MVPA and mental health in adults with disabilities. A secondary aim was to explore the indirect effects of the three psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness) on the MVPA-mental health relationship. Material and methods: Participants (n = 100; mean age = 36.61; 54% women; 84% physical disability) completed an online questionnaire to assess MVPA, mental health, autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The associations between MVPA, psychological needs, and mental health were explored descriptively and in a multiple mediation regression model. Results: The bivariate association between MVPA and mental health was significant (rs = 0.34, p = 0.01), as were the associations between the three psychological needs and MVPA (rs = 0.24-0.43) and mental health (rs = 0.61-0.82). MVPA had a significant indirect effect on mental health through autonomy (β = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.00-0.12), competence (β = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.08-0.25) and relatedness (β = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.02-0.17). Conclusions: The results of this study add to limited research documenting the relationship between MVPA and mental health in adults with disabilities by highlighting the potential benefits of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Future prospective research is needed to investigate the mediating effects of autonomy, competence and relatedness on the relationship between MVPA and mental health in adults with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Identification of factors that relate to physical activity behavior in children at higher risk for weight problems--namely, children with obese parents--is key to informing the development of effective interventions to promote physical activity and reduce obesity. The purpose of our study was to examine children's perceptions of parental social support for physical activity and the associations between these perceptions and health-enhancing physical activity behavior. Our specific objectives were to: (a) compare perceptions of parental support in children across gender and weight status; (b) compare perceptions of support across source (mother, father) and type (tangible, intangible) in normal-weight and overweight girls and boys; and (c) examine the associations between perceptions of parental support and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) behavior. Method: We used data collected from the Quebec Adiposity and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth, an investigation of Caucasian children with at least 1 obese biological parent. We included in the analyses children (n = 560, M[subscript age] = 9.6 years, 55% boys, 41% overweight/obese) with data on parental support assessed using a self-report questionnaire and data on MVPA assessed using accelerometers. Results: Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that perceptions of support differed by children's gender and weight status. Paired-samples t tests showed that children reported more intangible than tangible support. Regression analyses demonstrated that perceptions of paternal tangible support were positively related to MVPA in normal-weight girls, but only a small amount of variance was explained. Conclusions: Children's gender and weight status need to be considered when studying parental support for physical activity. Further, type and source of support should be differentiated in future research.

Simple Summary: Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) diagnosed with cancer are a particularly vulnerable patient population. Cancer and the long-term effects of treatment can impact a young person's ability to progress through typical developmental stages, negatively impacting their social status including education, employment, relationships status and independent living. The study aims were to: (1) compare social status among AYAs diagnosed with cancer to a community population; (2) describe AYAs' change in employment/education status; and (3) examine predictors of social status. We showed that AYAs diagnosed with cancer were less likely to be employed and more likely to be living at home with parents when compared to a community sample. These challenges may have many long-term financial and quality of life implications for these patients. Background: Aims were to: (1) compare social status among AYAs diagnosed with cancer to a community population; (2) describe AYAs' change in employment/education status; and (3) examine predictors of social status. Method: Social status (i.e., education, employment, relationship status, and living arrangement) was captured from young adults diagnosed with cancer recruited via social media through a community-based organization from across Canada and randomly matched to a community sample by sex, age, province of residence, total household income and race/ethnicity at a ratio of 1:3. Results: AYAs with cancer (N = 622) were an average of 4.45 (SD = 5.42) years from the completion of treatment and were less likely to be employed (χ2 = 96.35, p < 0.001) and more likely to be living at home with parents (χ2 = 17.00, p < 0.001). There were no differences in education or relationship status. Overall, 41% and 45% of AYAs reported quitting school or work, respectively. Non-metastatic disease (AOR 3.23, 95% CI 1.08–9.62), and better physical (AOR 1.07 95% CI 1.04–1.10) and mental quality of life (QOL)(AOR 1.06 95% CI 1.03–1.09), were associated with employment. Worse mental QOL (AOR 1.04 95% CI 1.01–1.07), less post-traumatic growth (AOR 1.01 95% CI 1.00–1.03), and social support (AOR 0.27, 95% CI 0.18–0.41) were associated with being single. Non-White race (AOR 3.19 95% CI 1.02–9.97) and less post-traumatic growth (AOR 0.97 95% CI 0.95–0.99) were associated with living with parents. Conclusions: AYAs diagnosed with cancer experience differences in attainment of employment and independent living compared to a community sample. These challenges may have implications for physical and mental QOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study, grounded in self-determination theory, was to explore the relationship between Paralympic athletes' perceptions of autonomy-supportive coach behavior, basic psychological needs, and intrinsic motivation to know, accomplish, and experience stimulation. One hundred thirteen Canadian Paralympic athletes completed an online survey, consisting of measures of coach autonomy support; of perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness; and of intrinsic motivation. Perceived coach autonomy support was a predictor of athletes' perceptions of autonomy and relatedness. Perceived competence was a significant predictor of all three forms of intrinsic motivation, while perceived autonomy was a significant predictor of intrinsic motivation to accomplish and experience stimulation. The results highlight the important relationship between coach behavior and athlete motivation in disability sport. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)

There is limited research on participation context in studies of physical activity correlates during adolescence. Using an ecological approach, this study explored the association of gender, socioeconomic status (SES), weight status, and physical education enjoyment with participation in organized and unorganized physical activity contexts in a representative sample of Canadian adolescents. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (Cycle 3), we conducted multiple logistic regression analyses to model the associations among the variables of interest. Girls participated less frequently in unorganized physical activities than boys (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] ranging from 0.57 to 0.65, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] range: 0.46-0.72 to 0.52-0.81). Adolescents in the middle and high SES categories participated more in organized physical activity than their peers in the low SES category (AOR = 1.40-1.87, CI = 1.06-1.84 to 1.41-2.47). Obese adolescents were generally less active than their overweight and normal weight counterparts, particularly in unorganized physical activity contexts (AOR = 0.63-0.66, CI = 0.43-0.92 to 0.44-0.99). Physical education enjoyment was consistently correlated with participation in organized and unorganized physical activity when all variables were considered (AOR = 1.58-3.98, CI = 1.22-2.05 to 3.14-5.03). (Contains 3 tables and 1 note.)

The purpose of this study was to explore individual- and school-level policy characteristics on student smoking behavior using an ecological perspective. Participants were 24,213 (51% female) Grade 10-11 students from 81 schools in five Canadian provinces. Data were collected using student self-report surveys, written policies collected from schools, interviews with school administrators, and school property observations to assess multiple dimensions of the school tobacco policy. The multi-level modeling results revealed that the school a student attended was associated with his/her smoking behavior. Individual-level variables that were associated with student smoking included lower school connectedness, a greater number of family and friends who smoked, higher perceptions of student smoking prevalence, lower perceptions of student smoking frequency, and stronger perceptions of the school tobacco context. School-level variables associated with student smoking included weaker policy intention indicating prohibition and assistance to overcome tobacco addiction, weaker policy implementation involving strategies for enforcement, and a higher number of students smoking on school property. These findings suggest that the school environment is important to tobacco control strategies, and that various policy dimensions have unique relationships to student smoking. School tobacco policies should be part of a comprehensive approach to adolescent tobacco use.

Despite increasing access to sport and exercise opportunities, girls and women in Canada continue to face gender disparity in sport participation. Several media campaigns have emerged to address this disparity and advocate for gender equity in sport. However, there is little understanding or evaluation of the content of these media campaigns. Informed by sport participation research, the She's Got It All campaign was designed to highlight the challenges and intersecting disadvantages that girls and women face in sport. The purpose of the current study was to assess the textual and visual content of this campaign. The posters (N = 48) were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis (text) and deductive content analysis (visual) to identify the characteristics of the images and the themes in the messages. Based on the thematic analysis, seven main themes pertaining to girls' and women's barriers to sport participation are identified including physiology, gendered social behaviors, intrapersonal beliefs, environmental contexts, stereotypes, female representation, and interpersonal support. Based on the content analysis, most of the models presented in the posters are perceived as White and average-sized adult women, with visible muscle definition, slightly or nonrevealing clothing, and performing an individual sport. The poster visual and text material seem to miss opportunities to highlight the experiences of girls and women identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (or sometimes questioning), and others and those classified as lower socioeconomic status. These findings provide foundational information for future research and media campaign designed to target gender equity in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and content of discussions regarding physical activity (PA) promotion between individuals with a current or past diagnosis of cancer and their oncology care team. Methods: Design and Procedure: A cross-sectional survey on PA discussion between individuals with a current or past diagnosis of cancer and their oncology care team was conducted at a single timepoint. Participants: Eligible participants were adults with a current or past diagnosis of cancer at any time point in their cancer treatment who had a pre-scheduled appointment with their oncology care team. Results: A total of 100 participants completed the survey. PA-related discussions happened in 41% of the patient-provider interactions and 66% of respondents reported PA discussions at some point during care. No significant association occurred between cancer type, stage, or treatment status and PA discussions at any timepoint (all p's > 0.05). Most respondents were satisfied with the education provided on PA (54%); however, only 37% were sufficiently active. Those receiving education from their medical oncologist were more likely to be 'sufficiently active' (p = 0.020) according to the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire. Conclusions: Most respondents discuss PA with an oncology care provider at some point during their cancer treatment; however, few are sufficiently active. Future research is needed to determine strategies to facilitate PA promotion and close the gap between discussions and actual physical activity behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growing interest in studies on health-related variables from an international perspective, the current study addresses the issue of body-related emotions in two countries from two continents, namely, North America and Europe. Using data from Canadian and Polish samples, we investigated the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale across countries and examined differences in these emotions between Canada and Poland. Partial scalar invariance indicated that the scale functions equivalently in Canadian and Polish samples, with only one invariant item in the Guilt subscale. Compared to the Polish, Canadians reported lower body and appearance authentic and hubristic pride. Participants from the two countries did not differ significantly in shame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study describes the prevalence of fertility preservation (FP) knowledge, discussions, and engagement in a heterogeneous sample of Canadians diagnosed with cancer in young adulthood and tests the relationship of these variables with later post-traumatic growth (PTG). Methods: Data were taken from the Young Adults with Cancer in their Prime (YACPRIME) study, a national cross-sectional survey of Canadians diagnosed with cancer as young adults. This subanalysis included 463 individuals, ages 20–39 years (mean = 30.28, standard deviation = 4.68, 88% female), diagnosed after 2006. Participants self-reported demographics, responded to questions regarding their experience with FP, and completed the PTG inventory. Results: In total, 81% reported awareness of risk, 52% discussed FP, and 13% pursued FP. PTG was higher for those with knowledge of fertility risk [F (3, 455) = 3.26, p = 0.021], when controlling for sex and on treatment status, but did not differ between those who discussed FP versus not, or made arrangements versus not. Those who reported not engaging in FP because of their own choice [F(3, 402) = 5.98; p = 0.001] or their doctor's recommendation not to delay treatment [F(3, 402) = 3.25; p = 0.022] reported significantly higher PTG, when controlling for sex and on-treatment status. Financial reasons, lack of knowledge about FP, and age were not related to PTG. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that FP discussions and uptake remain low, highlighting the need for continued education and efforts to improve access to intervention. Knowledge of risk, along with making the choice to prioritize treatment over FP, was related to higher PTG, suggesting informed decisions made early in treatment may support positive psychosocial outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Weight loss attempts occur as early as childhood. The impacts of weight loss attempts and weight‐related stress on the occurrence of obesity during childhood remain unknown. We aimed to: (a) assess the prevalence of self‐reported weight loss attempts and weight‐related stress in 8–10 year‐old children and (b) determine associations with adiposity 2 years later. Method: Data were collected from a cohort study of 564 Canadian children aged 8–10 years, having one or both biological parents with obesity (Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth cohort). Self‐reported weight loss attempts and weight‐related stress were assessed at baseline in the child's questionnaire. Adiposity was measured at baseline and 2 years later using body mass index z‐scores (zBMI), waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR), and percentage of body fat (%BF) obtained from dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used while adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Forty‐eight percent of children reported previous weight loss attempts and 20% reported weight‐related stress. Self‐reported weight loss attempts and weight‐related stress were associated with higher zBMI, WHtR, and %BF 2 years later in adjusted models, although estimates were attenuated when including baseline adiposity measures. Self‐reported weight loss attempts, but not weight‐related stress, increased the risk of becoming overweight among children who were normal weight at baseline. Discussion: Weight loss attempts are prevalent in children with parental obesity. Children reporting weight loss attempts and weight‐related stress tend to have higher adiposity 2 years later and are more likely to become overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescent physical activity (PA) levels track into adulthood. However it is not known if type of PA participated in during adolescence is associated with PA levels later in life. We aimed to identify natural groupings of types of PA and to assess whether number of years participating in these different groupings during adolescence is related to PA level in early adulthood. Methods: 673 adolescents in Montreal, Canada, age 12-13 years at baseline (54 % female), reported participation in 29 physical activities every 3 months over 5 years (1999-2005). They also reported their PA level at age 24 years (2011-12). PA groupings among the 29 physical activities were identified using factor analysis. The association between number of years participating in each grouping during adolescence and PA level at age 24 was estimated using linear regression within a general estimating equation framework. Results: Three PA groupings were identified: "sports", "fitness and dance", and "running". There was a positive linear relationship between number of years participating in sports and running in adolescence and PA level at age 24 years (β (95 % confidence interval) = 0.09 (0.04-0.15); 0.08 (0.01-0.15), respectively). There was no relationship between fitness and dance in adolescence and PA level at age 24. Conclusions: The association between PA participation in adolescence and PA levels in young adulthood may be specific to certain PA types and to consistency of participation during adolescence. Results suggest that efforts to establish the habit of participation in sports and running in adolescence may promote higher PA levels in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the evidenced benefits of participating in organized sport, adolescent girls consistently report lower rates of sport participation, worse sport experiences, and higher dropout rates, compared to boys. Body image concerns have been linked to this gender disparity and established as a critical predictor of disordered eating, thus necessitating effective prevention efforts to mitigate the negative impacts of body image concerns and disordered eating for adolescent girls. In partnership with the National Eating Disorder Information Centre (NEDIC; Canada), the present scoping review was conducted to examine the nature and characteristics of sport-specific body image and disordered eating interventions for adolescent girls. Fourteen studies were identified through various search strategies. Over half of the studies demonstrated modest yet worthwhile effects on various body image and disordered eating outcomes. Intervention characteristics (i.e., frequency, modes of delivery, topics, material, outcomes measured) varied across initiatives. Fifty-nine national, provincial, and local sport system representatives were consulted as stakeholders and provided practical input to the results of the scoping review. Sport stakeholders favoured the delivery of a multidimensional, multicomponent program, with a combination of evidence-based techniques. This synthesis of knowledge will shape the development and dissemination of future programs, and contribute to the development of equitable sport participation opportunities for Canadian girls. • First review to align evidence-based strategies with stakeholders' perspectives. • 14 studies targeted body image and disordered eating interventions in girl sports. • No clear pattern of effective interventions favouring any one particular method. • 59 stakeholders from community, provincial, and national organizations contributed. • Sport stakeholders prefer a blended delivery model with a combination of techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the high levels of sedentary time and treatment-related side effects in prostate cancer survivors (PCS), interventions targeting sedentary behavior (SED) may be more sustainable compared to physical activity (PA). Purpose: To examine the feasibility of a web-based intervention (RiseTx) for reducing SED and increasing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among PCS undergoing ADT. Secondary outcomes include changes in SED, MVPA, light intensity PA, and quality of life. Methods: Forty-six PCS were recruited from two cancer centres in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between July 2015–October 2016. PCS were given an activity tracker (Jawbone), access to the RiseTx website program, and provided with a goal of increasing walking by 3000 daily steps above baseline levels over a 12-week period. A range of support tools were progressively released to reduce SED time (e.g., self-monitoring of steps) during the five-phase program. Objective measures of SED, MVPA, and daily steps were compared across the 12-week intervention using linear mixed models. Results: Of the 46 PCS enrolled in the study, 42 completed the SED intervention, representing a 9% attrition rate. Measurement completion rates were 97 and 65% at immediately post-intervention and 12-week follow-up for all measures, respectively. Overall adherence was 64% for total number of logins (i.e., > 3 visits each week). Sample mean age was 73.2 ± 7.3 years, mean BMI was 28.0 ± 3.0 kg/m2, mean number of months since diagnosis was 93.6 ± 71.2, and 72% had ADT administered continuously. Significant reductions of 455.4 weekly minutes of SED time were observed at post-intervention (p =.005). Significant increases of + 44.1 for weekly minutes of MVPA was observed at immediately post-intervention (p =.010). There were significant increases in step counts of + 1535 steps from baseline to post-intervention (p <.001). Conclusions: RiseTx was successful in reducing SED and increasing MVPA in PCS. PCS were satisfied with the intervention and its components. Additional strategies may be needed though for maintenance of behavior change. The next step for RiseTx is to replicate these findings in a larger, randomized controlled trial that will have the potential for reducing sedentary time among PCS. Trial registration: NCT03321149 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: Less than 15% of children and adolescents participate regularly in physical activity (PA) and, with ever-increasing obesity, strategies to improve PA levels in youth are urgently needed. Exergaming offers a PA alternative that may be especially attractive in our increasingly technophilic society. However, there are no observational studies of exergaming in population-based samples of adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential sociodemographic, lifestyle, psychosocial, weight-related, and mental health correlates of exergaming as well as describe the type, timing, and intensity of exergaming in a population-based sample of adolescents. METHODS: Data on exergame use and potential sociodemographic, lifestyle, psychosocial, weight-related, and mental health correlates of exergaming were collected in mailed self-report questionnaires completed by 1241 grade 10 and 11 students from the Montreal area with a mean age of 16.8 years (SD = 0.05 years; 43% male) participating in the AdoQuest study. The independent correlates of exergaming were identified in multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: Nearly one-quarter (24%) of participants reported exergaming. Exergamers played 2 days per week on average, for ~50 minutes each bout; 73% of exergamers played at a moderate or vigorous intensity. Exergamers were more likely than nonexergamers to be girls, to play nonactive video games, to watch ≥2 hours of television per day, to be stressed about weight, and to be nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS: Many adolescents exergame at intensity levels that could help them achieve current moderate-to-vigorous PA recommendations. Interventions that encourage exergaming may increase PA and decrease sedentary behavior in select youth subgroups, notably in girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Body image concerns may contribute to poor sport experiences and low sport participation in girls. Objectification theory and evidence from studies in non-sport contexts suggests body talk may elicit an environment that fosters negative body image. However, the phenomenon of body talk within adolescent girls sport is not well-understood from an in-depth person-centered perspective. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to explore adolescent girl athletes' experiences of body talk within sport.Methods: Twenty Canadian girl athletes (ages 14-18 years) enrolled in team-based non-aesthetic sports participated in one semi-structured interview. Using a qualitative description approach, an inductive thematic analysis was used to generate three themes.Results: "Body talk as a performance tactic" highlighted complimentary and negative body talk pertaining to sport performance came from coaches, opposing players, and parents. "Casual conversations and body talk" reflected body talk from teammates and male spectators that was not specific to sport but occurred in the sport context. "Coping with body talk" reflected strategies athletes used to combat negative body talk from teammates, and reflected the athletes' perceptions that negativity towards the body is normative.Conclusions: Body talk served many purposes within sport; researchers should further explore the diverse motivations and perceived utility of body talk across sport stakeholders. Creating standardized resources and policies to eliminate body talk may foster more positive and supportive sport experiences for girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The purpose of the present study is to examine gender measurement invariance of the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale – 2 (Sport-MPS-2; Gotwals & Dunn, 2009) with intercollegiate athletes. Methods Canadian intercollegiate athletes (N = 531, women = 47.4%) completed the Sport-MPS-2. Results Analysis of men, women, and combined samples using both independent clusters confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) procedures found supportive evidence for the hypothesized 6-factor lower order model. ESEM analysis fit the data slightly better than ICM-CFA. Progressive gender invariance analysis using ESEM found evidence for configural, weak, and strong, but not strict invariance. Conclusions The gender invariance results suggest internal structure of the Sport-MPS2 can be confirmed as invariant across gender, and individuals who have the same score on perfectionism would obtain the same score on the instrument independently of their gender. The lack of strict invariance may imply differences in precision that warrant caution in interpretation in certain situations, but support for gender comparisons using the Sport-MPS-2 in this population is largely supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Little prior research investigated how to promote physical activity (PA), which can reduce cancer risk, to immigrant women. The overall aim of the current study was to pilot test education session feasibility. The objectives were to assess participation in, satisfaction with and potential impact of the education session, knowledge needed to refine the education session prior to a future trial., Design: Pre-post multiple-methods comparative cohort, SETTING: Canadian immigrant settlement agencies recruited intervention and control women., Participants: Intervention: 60 baseline, 53 education (49 virtual group, 4 video only), 1 month (43 virtual, 4 video), 6 months (38 virtual, 4 video), 37% African black; control: 41, 32% African black., Results: Among intervention women, PA knowledge increased significantly from baseline at 1 (p<0.001) and 6 (p=0.01) months, as did PA confidence at both time points (p<0.001). PA behaviour increased significantly from baseline at 1 and 6 months for (p<0.001), moderate (p=0.02) and mild (p=0.05) intensity PA. Total PA metabolic equivalent units (METs) also increased significantly from baseline at both time points (p=0.01). PA confidence (p=0.002) and behaviour assessed by weekly minutes of vigorous (p=0.04, n 2 =0.05) and moderate (p=0.005) intensity PA, and total PA METs (p=0.01) were significantly greater among intervention women compared with control women. PA knowledge was greater among intervention women compared with control women but not significantly (p=0.8)., Conclusions: The findings underscore an important health promotion role for community agencies, which may interest policy-makers, healthcare leaders and health promotion specialists., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: To explore how to reach immigrant women through community agencies to raise awareness of the role of physical activity (PA) in reducing cancer risk., Study Design: Qualitative description., Methods: We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with immigrant women and community agency managers to discuss the ideal design of an education session on PA and cancer risk, and identified themes using content analysis., Results: Participants included 22 women (6 African or Caribbean Black, 4 Chinese, 3 Filipino, 5 Indian, 4 Pakistani) and 16 agency managers from across Canada. Women were not familiar with Canada's PA guidelines, and few were aware that PA reduces the risk of cancer. All expressed interest in education about PA and cancer. Diverse women and managers expressed similar preferences for education session design including content (e.g. PA amount/type), format (e.g. in person preferred but virtual more practical), personnel (external expert plus agency staff), cultural tailoring (e.g. translated supplemental take home information) and reinforcing (e.g. follow-up with participants) strategies. Women and managers identified few barriers to participating in education sessions, chiefly, that women lacked time due to work and family responsibilities; and noted several enablers of participation (e.g. emphasize social aspect, provide gift cards or recreation centre passes)., Conclusions: We generated insight on the ideal characteristics of a community-based education session that could raise awareness among immigrant women of the importance of PA in reducing cancer risk. Further research is needed to assess the feasibility and impact of PA education sessions designed based on these findings., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The psychosocial outcomes of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) diagnosed with cancer are poorer compared to their peers without cancer. However, AYAs with cancer from diverse racial and ethnic groups have been under-represented in research, which contributes to an incomplete understanding of the psychosocial outcomes of all AYAs with cancer. This paper evaluated the racial and ethnic representation in research on AYAs diagnosed with cancer using observational, cross-sectional data from the large Young Adults with Cancer in Their Prime (YACPRIME) study. The purpose was to better understand the psychosocial outcomes for those from diverse racial and ethnic groups. A total of 622 participants with a mean age of 34.15 years completed an online survey, including measures of post-traumatic growth, quality of life, psychological distress, and social support. Of this sample, 2% ( n = 13) of the participants self-identified as Indigenous, 3% ( n = 21) as Asian, 3% ( n = 20) as "other," 4% ( n = 25) as multi-racial, and 87% ( n = 543) as White. A one-way ANOVA indicated a statistically significant difference between racial and ethnic groups in relation to spiritual change , a subscale of post-traumatic growth, F (4,548) = 6.02, p < 0.001. Post hoc analyses showed that those under the "other" category endorsed greater levels of spiritual change than those who identified as multi-racial ( p < 0.001, 95% CI = [2.49,7.09]) and those who identified as White ( p < 0.001, 95% CI = [1.60,5.04]). Similarly, participants that identified as Indigenous endorsed greater levels of spiritual change than those that identified as White ( p = 0.03, 95% CI = [1.16,4.08]) and those that identified as multi-racial ( p = 0.005, 95% CI = [1.10,6.07]). We provided an extensive discussion on the challenges and limitations of interpreting these findings, given the unequal and small sample sizes across groups. We concluded by outlining key recommendations for researchers to move towards greater equity, inclusivity, and culturally responsiveness in future work.

Introduction: Differences between health outcomes, participation/adoption, and cost-effectiveness of home-based (HOME) interventions and supervised group-based training (GROUP) in men with prostate cancer (PC) on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) are currently unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy, adherence, and cost-effectiveness of HOME versus GROUP in men on ADT for PC., Materials and Methods: This was a multicentre, 2-arm non-inferiority randomized controlled trial and companion cost-effectiveness analysis. Men with PC on ADT were recruited from August 2016 to March 2020 from four Canadian centres and randomized 1:1 to GROUP or HOME. All study participants engaged in aerobic and resistance training four to five days weekly for six months. Fatigue [Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue (FACT-F)] and functional endurance [6-min walk test (6MWT)] at six months were the co-primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included quality of life, physical fitness, body composition, blood markers, sedentary behaviour, and adherence. Between-group differences in primary outcomes were compared to margins of 3 points for FACT-F and 40 m for 6MWT using a Bayesian analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Secondary outcomes were compared with ANCOVA, Costs included Ministry of Health costs, program costs, patient out-of-pocket, and time costs., Trial Registration: #NCT02834416., Results: Thirty-eight participants (mean [standard deviation (SD)] age, 70 [9.0] years) were enrolled (GROUP n = 20; HOME n = 18). There was an 89.8% probability that HOME was non-inferior to GROUP for both fatigue and functional endurance and a 9.5% probability that HOME reduced fatigue compared to GROUP (mean [SD] change, 12.1 [8.1] vs 3.6 [6.1]; p = 0.040) at six months. Adherence was similar among study arms. HOME was cost-saving (mean difference: -$4122) relative to GROUP., Discussion: A HOME exercise intervention appears non-inferior to GROUP for fatigue and functional endurance and requires fewer resources to implement. HOME appears to ameliorate fatigue more than GROUP, but has comparable effects on other clinically relevant outcomes. Although limited by sample size and attrition, these results support further assessment of home-based programs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Among same-age adolescents, those who enter puberty relatively later and those who are relatively younger (e.g., born later in the year) might be at greater risk of physical activity discontinuation. This study aimed to (1) describe gender-specific discontinuation, re-engagement, and uptake rates in various types of physical activities from the age of 11 to 17 years, and (2) assess puberty timing and relative age as predictors of discontinuation from organized, unorganized, individual, and group-based physical activities. Longitudinal data from 781 (56% girls, age 10-13 years at study baseline) Canadian participants who self-reported puberty status, birthdate, and involvement in 36 physical activities every four months from 2011 to 2018 was analyzed. The incidence of discontinuation, re-engagement, and uptake in organized/unorganized and individual/group activities from grade 6 until grade 12 was described and Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate associations of puberty timing and relative age with organized/unorganized and individual/group activity discontinuation. Results demonstrate that individual and unorganized activities are maintained longer than group-based and organized activities. Girls who started puberty earlier were more likely to discontinue organized activities than girls with average-puberty timing [Hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) 1.68 (1.05-2.69)]. Compared to boys born in the 4th quarter of the year, boys born in the 2nd quarter of the year were less likely to discontinue organized [HR (95% CI) 0.41 (0.23-0.74)], unorganized [HR (95% CI) 0.33 (0.16-0.70)], group [HR (95% CI) 0.58 (0.34-0.98)], and individual activities[HR (95% CI) 0.46 (0.23-0.91)], and boys born in the 3rd quarter were less likely to discontinue unorganized activities[HR (95% CI) 0.41 (0.19-0.88)]. This study illustrates the patterns of physical activity participation throughout adolescence. However, the generalizability of findings may be limited due to participant representation., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Negative weight-related experiences and internalized weight stigma have been associated with poorer body image and reduced physical activity in adolescents. However, exploring body image and physical activity as discrete weight stigma outcomes fails to consider the theoretically- and empirically-supported covariation between the two. The present study tested a novel integrated model of the associations among negative weight-related experiences and internalized weight stigma (via weight-related distress), body image (shame, authentic pride, body appreciation), and physical activity. Canadian adolescents (N = 311, M age ± SD = 16.00 ± 1.01, 75.5% girls) completed a cross-sectional self-report survey. A structural equation model with maximum likelihood robust estimation was tested. Higher negative weight-related experiences were indirectly associated with poorer body image (i.e., higher shame; lower authentic pride and appreciation) through higher weight-related distress. Authentic pride was associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Higher negative weight-related experiences were indirectly associated with lower physical activity through higher weight-related distress and lower body-related authentic pride. These findings elucidate targetable individual mechanisms and larger systems that could improve body image and foster physical activity among adolescents who encounter negative weight-related experiences and internalized weight stigma., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest We have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The association between stressful life events and depressive symptoms is well-established, but the role of coping style in this association is less clear. We examined whether problem-focused, emotion-focused or avoidant coping style mediated and/or moderated the association in young adults., Methods: Data were drawn from a 20-year longitudinal study that included 1294 students' age 12-13 years recruited in 1999-2000 from ten high schools in Montreal, Canada. Herein we report an analysis that included 782 participants aged 24 years on average with data on covariates collected at age 20. Using VanderWeele's four-way decomposition approach, the total effect of stressful life events on depressive symptoms considering coping styles was decomposed into four components: moderation only, mediation only, mediated interaction, no mediation or moderation., Results: We observed mediation only by emotion-focused coping ([Formula: see text](95%CI) = 0.15(0.04, 0.24)) suggestive that individuals who experienced more stressful life events also reported greater use of emotion-focused coping and higher levels of depressive symptoms. We found moderation only by problem-focused coping ([Formula: see text](95%CI) = - 1.51(- 2.40, - 0.53)) and by emotion-focused coping ([Formula: see text](95%CI) = 1.16(0.57, 1.69). These results suggest that individuals reporting more problem-focused coping experienced fewer depressive symptoms after exposure to stressful life events; those reporting more emotion-focused coping experienced more depressive symptoms. Avoidant coping did not mediate or moderate the association between stressful life events and depressive symptoms., Conclusion: Interventions that aim to reduce depressive symptoms in young adults who experience stressful life events may need to reinforce problem-focused coping and minimize emotion-focused coping strategies., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.)

Background: There is a need for better alignment between research on sport and physical activity and the needs of those who are in a position to implement the findings. To facilitate advancement and alignment, we identified the top research priorities of sport and physical activity knowledge users from various sectors., Methods: For this priority-setting study, we used an iterative process of data collection and analysis. Sport and physical activity knowledge users from multiple sectors participated in a workshop (September 2019), which included small working group exercises followed by large-group syntheses leading to the identification of issues that required better understanding. We then sent an online questionnaire to participants for content validation and interim prioritization, to reduce the number of priorities (December 2019 to January 2020). A new questionnaire containing a shortened list of research priorities was sent to an expanded group of respondents to further streamline the list of priorities (January-March 2020)., Results: The 24 workshop participants identified 68 issues, of which 21 were retained by the 18 participants in the interim priority-setting questionnaire. The final prioritization questionnaire was completed by 33 stakeholder groups; this step produced a final list of 8 top research priorities. The final priorities identified for sport and physical activity research related to financial support, suboptimal promotion, dropout, best interventions, participation among Indigenous populations, volunteer engagement, safe and inclusive experiences, and knowledge exchange., Interpretation: The 8 priorities identified in this study provide guidance to Canadian sport and physical activity researchers. Research efforts on these priorities will reflect pressing issues as identified by representatives of all sport and physical activity sectors., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Carolyn Trono received reimbursement of travel expenses from the Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick to attend a workshop for the current study. No other competing interests were declared., (© 2022 CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors.)

Background.: Physical activity (PA) is a therapeutic approach to address post-secondary student mental health, yet the effect of PA on occupational outcomes has been understudied among students., Purpose.: This study (1) identified and described occupational performance issues (OPIs) among post-secondary students seeking mental health support and (2) assessed pre- and post-intervention differences in occupational performance and performance satisfaction., Method.: Using a single group pre-test post-test pilot study design, participants ( N = 20) completed a 6-week, 1-hour PA intervention. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was administered pre- and post-intervention., Findings.: The most commonly reported OPIs included academics, PA, and sleep hygiene. There were significant improvements in participants' occupational performance (mean change: 2.7, p < .001; d z = 2.28) and performance satisfaction (mean change: 3.7, p < .001; d z = 3.04)., Implications.: Results provide an initial demonstration of the benefits of PA for occupational outcomes within a post-secondary mental health context.

Objectives: Public health interventions for adolescent "obesity prevention" have focused predominantly on individualistic health behaviours (e.g., diet and physical activity) at the expense of recognizing body weight diversity and the array of social factors (e.g., stigma and discrimination of marginalized identities) that may be linked to weight status. Research is needed to examine the extent to which individualistic health behaviours versus social factors contribute to weight status in adolescents. As such, the aim of this study was to investigate the relative contribution of individualistic health behaviours versus social factors to objective and perceptual indices of weight status., Methods: Cross-sectional survey data were collected as part of the Toronto Public Health Student Survey and comprised students 12 to 19 years of age (N = 5515). Measures included perceived and objective weight status, social and demographic factors (e.g., gender, sexual orientation, school connectedness), and health behaviours (e.g., physical activity, nutritious consumption)., Results: Findings from latent variable regression models partially supported hypotheses, whereby social factors (i.e., age, sex, socio-economic access, sexual minority status) contribute similar amounts of variance, or relatively more variance in weight indices, compared to health behaviours (e.g., physical activity, nutritious consumption)., Conclusion: Contrary to traditional views of adolescent weight status, physical activity (i.e., school-based, individual, active transport) and nutritious consumption (i.e., fruits, vegetables, milk) were not associated with weight status, when considering social factors. These findings challenge the utility of public health approaches that target individualistic behaviours as critical risk factors in "obesity prevention" efforts in adolescence.

Purpose: Sport participation promotes mental health and prevents mental illness. However, the association between specific sport profiles and mental health has not been examined. We investigate the longitudinal association between number of years with a recreational or performance sport profile and mental health during adolescence and whether these associations differ by sex., Methods: Participants (n = 318, 58.2% female) reported participation in sport every 4 months over 5 years, from ages 10-11 to 14-15 years. Each year, they were categorized as recreational or performance sport participants or as nonparticipants. Mental health was assessed at age 15-16 years. Multivariate linear regression was used to model the association between number of years (0-5) with a recreational and performance sport profile and mental health, controlling for sex, age, income, and age at puberty., Results: A recreational sport profile for ≥2 years was associated with better mental health compared with 0 years of recreational sport participation; the strongest association was observed for a recreational sport profile of 4-5 years (βˆ [95% confidence interval]: 10.29 [2.60, 17.98]). A performance sport profile for ≥1 year was associated with better mental health in late adolescence compared with 0 years of performance sport participation; the strongest association was observed for a performance sport profile of 4-5 years (βˆ [95% confidence interval]: 19.48 [9.50, 29.46]). No differences by sex were observed., Conclusion: Both recreational and performance sport profiles in childhood and early adolescence are positively associated with mental health in late adolescence. To promote mental health, strategies to encourage youth to engage and remain involved in sport are warranted., (Copyright © 2019 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Body-related pride has been associated with health behaviors such as physical activity; however, researchers have overlooked distinctions between different domains of pride (appearance/fitness) and the two facets of pride (authentic/hubristic). The objective of the present research was to examine relationships between fitness- and appearance-related authentic and hubristic pride and physical activity. In Study 1, participants (N = 115) completed measures of fitness-related pride and participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Both authentic and hubristic pride were positively associated with MVPA. In Study 2, participants (N = 173) completed measures of appearance-related pride and MVPA. Neither facet of pride predicted engagement in MVPA. In Study 3, participants (N = 401) completed measures of both fitness-related pride and appearance-related pride as well as MVPA. Authentic and hubristic fitness-related pride were associated with MVPA, while appearance-related hubristic pride was negatively associated with MVPA. Results support the adaptive nature of pride in motivating engagement in health behaviors when it is experienced around the body's functionality rather than appearance., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Guided by the process model of self-conscious emotions, this study examined whether physical self-concept (PSC) and shame and guilt proneness were associated with body-related self-conscious emotions of state shame and guilt and if these relationships were mediated by attributions of stability, globality, and controllability. Female participants (N=284; Mean age=20.6±1.9 years) completed measures of PSC and shame and guilt proneness before reading a hypothetical scenario. Participants completed measures of attributions and state shame and guilt in response to the scenario. Significant relationships were noted between state shame and attributions of globality and controllability, and shame proneness, guilt proneness, and PSC. Similar relationships, with the additional predictor of stability, were found for state guilt. Mediation analysis partially supported the process model hypotheses for shame. Results indicate PSC and shame proneness are important in predicting body-related emotions, but the role of specific attributions are still unclear., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The role of psychological need satisfaction in terms of understanding the mechanisms through which leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is associated with psychological health in breast cancer survivors who have recently completed treatment was examined., Methods: Adopting a longitudinal two-wave design, female breast cancer survivors (N = 144) completed self-report instruments of LTPA, psychological need satisfaction, and psychological health at two points separated by 3 months. The first test administration period was 6 months following the completion of primary treatment., Results: Change score analyses demonstrated that greater LTPA across the 3-month period was associated with greater perceptions of well-being (rs ranged from .17 to .20) and lower ill-being (rs ranged from -.06 to -.21). Results of multiple mediation analyses demonstrated that psychological need fulfillment underpinned the LTPA-well-being relationship only., Conclusions: Collectively these findings indicate that increased engagement in LTPA represents one factor associated with greater psychological health in breast cancer survivors, with fulfilling the psychological need for relatedness most salient in understanding this relationship. Continued investigation into the mechanisms associated with reductions in ill-being in breast cancer survivors appear justified., (© 2013 The International Association of Applied Psychology.)

The purpose of this study was to understand the meanings and lived experiences of multiple concussions in professional hockey players using hermeneutic, idiographic, and inductive approaches within an interpretative phenomenological analysis. The interviewer was an athlete who had suffered multiple concussions, and the interviewees were five former National Hockey League athletes who had retired due to medically diagnosed concussions suffered during their careers. The men discussed the physical and psychological symptoms they experienced as a result of their concussions and how the symptoms affected their professional careers, personal relationships, and quality of life. The former professional athletes related these symptoms to the turmoil that is ever present in their lives. These findings are of interest to athletes, coaches, sport administrators, family members, sport psychology practitioners, and medical professionals, as they highlight the severity of short- and long-term effects of concussions.

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine depressive symptom trajectories during adolescence as predictors of physical activity (PA) in young adulthood., Methods: Adolescents residing in Montreal, Canada (n=860) reported their depressive symptoms every 3-4 months during high school in 20 data collections. Three years later, participants reported engaging in moderate and vigorous intensity PA and team sports participation. Trajectories of depressive symptoms were estimated using latent growth modeling and examined as predictors of PA outcomes., Results: Three depression symptom trajectory groups were identified during adolescence: low and declining depressive symptom scores (group 1; 37.8%); moderate and stable depressive symptom scores (group 2; 41.6%); and high increasing depressive symptom scores (group 3; 20.6%). In multivariable analyses, group 2 and group 3 participated in less moderate-intensity PA and were less likely to participate in team sports compared to group 1., Conclusions: The importance of examining intensity and type of PA as outcomes of depressive symptoms is highlighted. Targeted approaches are needed to encourage adolescents with moderate to high depression symptoms to engage in PA and team sports to improve their health and well-being., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to examine the associations between women's actual:ideal weight-related self-discrepancies and experiences of weight-related shame, guilt, and authentic pride using self-discrepancy (Higgins, 1987) and self-conscious emotion (Tracy & Robins, 2004) theories as guiding frameworks. Participants (N=398) completed self-report questionnaires. Main analyses involved polynomial regressions, followed by the computation and evaluation of response surface values. Actual and ideal weight self-states were related to shame (R2 = .35), guilt (R2 = .25), and authentic pride (R2 = .08). When the discrepancy between actual and ideal weights increased, shame and guilt also increased, while authentic pride decreased. Findings provide partial support for self-discrepancy theory and the process model of self-conscious emotions. Experiencing weight-related self-discrepancies may be important cognitive appraisals related to shame, guilt, and authentic pride. Further research is needed exploring the relations between self-discrepancies and a range of weight-related self-conscious emotions., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Self-compassion has demonstrated many psychological benefits (Neff, 2009). In an effort to explore self-compassion as a potential resource for young women athletes, we explored relations among self-compassion, proneness to self-conscious emotions (i.e., shame, guilt-free shame, guilt, shame-free guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride), and potentially unhealthy self-evaluative thoughts and behaviors (i.e., social physique anxiety, obligatory exercise, objectified body consciousness, fear of failure, and fear of negative evaluation). Young women athletes (N = 151; Mage = 15.1 years) participated in this study. Self-compassion was negatively related to shame proneness, guilt-free shame proneness, social physique anxiety, objectified body consciousness, fear of failure, and fear of negative evaluation. In support of theoretical propositions, self-compassion explained variance beyond self-esteem on shame proneness, guilt-free shame proneness, shame-free guilt proneness, objectified body consciousness, fear of failure, and fear of negative evaluation. Results suggest that, in addition to self-esteem promotion, self-compassion development may be beneficial in cultivating positive sport experiences for young women.

The purpose of this study was to test a model where body-related self-conscious emotions of shame, guilt, and pride were associated with physical activity regulations and behavior. Adult women (N = 389; M age = 29.82, SD = 15.20 years) completed a questionnaire assessing body-related pride, shame, and guilt, motivational regulations, and leisure-time physical activity. The hypothesized measurement and structural models were deemed adequate, as was a revised model examining shame-free guilt and guilt-free shame. In the revised structural model, body-related pride was positively significantly related to identified and intrinsic regulations. Body-related shame-free guilt was significantly associated with external, introjected, and identified regulations. Body-related guilt-free shame was significantly positively related to external and introjected regulation, and negatively associated with intrinsic regulation. Identified and intrinsic regulations were significantly positively related to physical activity (R2 = .62). These findings highlight the importance of targeting and understanding the realm of body-related self-conscious emotions and the associated links to regulations and physical activity behavior.

There is limited research on participation context in studies of physical activity correlates during adolescence. Using an ecological approach, this study explored the association of gender; socioeconomic status (SES), weight status, and physical education enjoyment with participation in organized and unorganized physical activity contexts in a representative sample of Canadian adolescents. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (Cycle 3), we conducted multiple logistic regression analyses to model the associations among the variables of interest. Girls participated less frequently in unorganized physical activities than boys (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] ranging from 0.57 to 0.65, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] range: 0. 46-0.72 to 0.52-0.81). Adolescents in the middle and high SES categories participated more in organized physical activity than their peers in the low SES category (AOR = 1.40-1.87, CI = 1.06-1.84 to 1.41-2.47). Obese adolescents were generally less active than their overweight and normal weight counterparts, particularly in unorganized physical activity contexts (AOR = 0.63-0.66, CI = 0.43-0.92 to 0.44-0.99). Physical education enjoyment was consistently correlated with participation in organized and unorganized physical activity when all variables were considered (AOR = 1.58-3.98, CI = 1.22-2.05 to 3.14-5.03).

Background: Point of Purchase (PoP) promotional and advertising activities are a sophisticated tobacco marketing strategy. This study describes tobacco PoP activities in school neighbourhoods and compares PoP activities in retail stores between schools with high and low smoking prevalence., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 81 randomly selected schools across five provinces. Students in grades 10-11 completed a questionnaire on smoking. Observations were made in all retail stores located within a one-kilometre radius around the school. ANOVA tests were used to detect differences on PoP variables between high (> 20.6%) and low (< or = 20.6%) smoking prevalence schools, defined as percentage of students reporting at least a few puffs on > 2 days in the last 30 days., Results: Approximately half of retail stores in each school neighbourhood exhibited tobacco PoP activities. Average school smoking prevalence was 20.99%. There were significant main effects on PoP variables between schools with high and low smoking prevalence, Wilk's lambda = 0.81, F (6,74) = 2.89, p < 0.01, eta2 = 0.19. Stores near schools with high smoking prevalence had significantly lower prices per cigarette (F (1,79) = 15.34, p < 0.01, eta2 = 0.16), more in-store promotions (F (1,79) = 6.73, p < 0.01, eta2 = 0.08), and fewer government-sponsored health warnings (F (1,79) = 6.26, p < 0.01, eta2 = 0.07) compared to schools with low smoking prevalence., Conclusion: Higher levels of PoP activities in stores located in the school neighbourhood are related to school smoking prevalence. Schools with low smoking prevalence had more stores that posted government health warning signs and higher cigarette prices. Legislation regulating PoP activities and health warnings in school neighbourhoods should be considered.