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At present there is a global need to assume an inquiry stance to address problems to locate solutions, as complex problems surface in all walks of life. With new Health and Physical Education provincial curricula emerging in 2019, the province of Ontario (Canada) is also making inquiry a priority. Educators in Ontario are expected to lead students in inquiry efforts yet in order to do this requires teacher training that is authentic, appropriate and professional. The purpose of this study is to examine how aspects of Action Research (AR) can be used to enhance and improve teaching with its inquiry-based learning elements that complement the role of educators and students alike. Journaling in AR is an analysis mode that can help participants achieve certain resolutions within an educational landscape. AR can infuse and nurture teacher self-development within teacher training while improving interpersonal relationships and developing pedagogy via practical experiences. Teacher change through AR occurs within the interactions, experiences and professional development that seems to imbue teacher training.

This qualitative action research study in a Canadian urban public elementary school proposes teachers and early childhood education integrate different types of nature journaling into the Kindergarten Program. In this study, analysis of data collected from weekly classroom lessons and student work samples through two action research cycles led to the identification of three types of nature journaling: 1) observation-focused nature journaling, which may encourage sensory engagement; 2) relationship-built nature journaling, which may help to foster a sense of connection with the natural environment; and 3) curriculum-connected nature journaling, which may contextualize nature journaling as an interdisciplinary pedagogical strategy. These three types of nature journaling are interrelated within the framework of ecological systems theory that guides this study. This study values whole child development and experiential learning. It emphasizes the pedagogical values and curriculum connections nature journaling can bring to the Kindergarten Program, especially when used as a way for students to explore environmental and nature education. Based on its findings, this study recommends that educators organize curriculum and foster students' interdependence in the context of real-world experiences through a nature journaling approach.

Background: Research demonstrating the positive outcomes of service learning among university students is robust and some describe the impact as transformative. Purpose: To help me better understand how I can support transformative learning in my classroom, this study explored how an intergenerational critical service learning project fostered change among student participants. Methodology/Approach: Data consisted of reflection journals collected over 6 years from 228 students who participated in a course-based intergenerational service learning project and researcher field notes. Using a qualitative design and narrative methodology analysis took place over a 2-year period and consisted of a 3-stage process: deep reading, identifying stories, and re-storying to generate findings. Findings/Conclusions: Three mechanisms were found to foster transformation among students--writing as inquiry, embodied learning, and mindfulness. The two-pronged contemplative approach used in this course informs the way in which students experience the critical service learning project. Together, they provide a deep and transformative learning opportunity. Implications: Insights into course design and pedagogical approaches that support transformative learning.

Through a program called "Snowga" (yoga in the snow), students learned about mindfulness and living in the present moment through yoga postures and meditations. Positive changes included growth in wellbeing as the children explored self, community, and the natural world through yoga, mindfulness, personal reflective journals, and artwork. The purpose: to engender awareness of the efficacy of mindfulness and yoga practices in nature and contribute to the growing body of knowledge around wellbeing in education.

This paper addresses a relatively unexplored area in the field of learning analytics: how analytics are taken up and used as part of teaching and learning processes. Initial steps are taken towards developing design knowledge for this "middle space," with a focus on students as analytics users. First, a core set of challenges for analytics use identified in the literature are compiled. Then, a process model is presented for conceptualizing students' learning analytics use as part of a self-regulatory cycle of grounding, goal-setting, action and reflection--the "Student Tuning Model." Finally, the "Align Design Framework" is presented with initial validation as a tool for pedagogical design that addresses the identified challenges and supports students' use of analytics as part of the tuning process. Together, the framework's four interconnected principles of "Integration, Agency, Reference Frame and Dialogue / Audience" provide a useful starting point for further inquiry into well-designed learning analytics implementations.

In this article, classroom researcher Harrison Campbell recounts his research into the literacy experiences of eight junior high (grades 8 and 9) students over the course of a school semester in Western Canada. Using phenomenological inquiry, Campbell invited students into a process of making meaning through experience. These experiences, brought to life in interviews, journaling, and performances, sought to explore this question: "What is it like to experience literacy within a theatrical space?" With a background in drama education, elementary and secondary language arts, and community theater, Campbell was curious to know how the arts--and drama in particular--might be used to help students reflect on the role that literacy plays in their lives. The findings of this study revealed how these eight young people used the processes of drama to uncover personal interpretations of literacy while developing agency, authorship, and identity. Campbell concludes that by moving literacy from the page to the stage, language arts teachers can create more personalized connections to literacy for their students, challenge them to think about their language learning differently, and create a more holistic and social literacy experience in their classrooms.

In contemporary higher education there is a growing demand for academics to increase their publication output. This requirement raises the question of how institutions can best support a sustainable academic writing culture, which is needed to challenge the assumption that all academics know how to write for publication. This case study examines two models used in a Faculty of Education to support writing groups for academic staff. From the analysis of reflective journals, interviews, and field notes, we identified four factors that influence the success of writing groups, as well as six conditions that support the development of sustainable academic writing. We have learned from the study that the success of a writing group is predicated on a collaborative practice that blends relational, communal, and institutional forms of sustainability in a purposeful, engaged, and reflexive way.

This exploratory comparative study examines the meaning-making experiences of six sexual minority males attending college or university in Canada or the United States. All of the participants identified as sexual minority males who were cisgender, out to family and/or friends, and between 20 and 24 years of age. In particular, the participants spoke about the intersections between their race, gender, and sexual orientation as salient aspects of their multiple identities. Using a blend of qualitative methods, including case study, phenomenology, and grounded theory, I identified four themes that emerged from the data: (1) engagement in a social justice curriculum; (2) involvement in LGBT student organizations or resource centres; (3) experiences of discrimination and dissonance; and (4) engagement in reflective dialogue. I discuss the implications of these themes for professional practice and future research.

Understanding the supports and constraints available in rural communities is integral to the education of professionals who choose to practise in rural settings. Previous research has indicated that many professionals do not have an accurate understanding of rural contexts and how rural settings impact personal life and professional practice. To address this gap, an interprofessional course centring on professional practice in rural and remote communities was developed. This course was designed to be reflective of rural practice, not only in content but also in the way the course was delivered. Findings from this case study indicated that students' understanding of the complexity of rural settings was enhanced on multiple levels. The interactive and experiential nature of the course allowed students to develop working relationships that increased both their understanding of the value of interprofessional collaboration as well as the professional opportunities that are available in rural areas.

Co-national groups of individuals from the same country can provide members with psychological and sociocultural support when coping with the stresses of studying abroad. This article examines intragroup task and relationship conflict that occurred in one co-national group during a 14-week short-term study abroad program. Findings reveal the negative effect of intragroup conflict, within the co-national group, on student's personal and social-ethnic-identities, acculturation and program involvement. Recommendations are made about ways to help students in co-national groups cope with acculturation and intragroup conflict, and how institutions can better prepare and support students for study abroad.

With increasing demands for universities to create graduates that are numerically and scientifically literate, it is important to determine effective ways to engage students so that they can acquire these literacies. Using an undergraduate, interdisciplinary course that focused on scientific and mathematical literacy, I examined how contextualization influenced students' abilities to build connections between their learning and their lives. In their written reflections, students connected course concepts with their social lives, academic pursuits and global or societal issues without specific prompting. I suggest that contextualization combined with reflection allows students to illustrate their understanding and apply this knowledge to novel scenarios.

This research explores the professionalization of Library and Information Science (LIS) students who participated in a peer-tutoring service, "Research Rescue." Research Rescue was a collaboration of the Chapman Learning Commons and the School of Library, Archival and Information Studies (SLAIS) at the University of British Columbia. The purpose of the service was to provide an experiential learning opportunity for LIS students, benefit undergraduate students in need of assistance with term papers, and increase undergraduates' awareness and use of the campus libraries through targeted referrals. Research Rescue interactions were documented as "shift notes" in a wiki, which was moderated by a learning services librarian and SLAIS faculty. The wiki acted as a shared learning resource and a means of observing and exploring LIS students' learning and professional development as an outcome of participating in the service. In this paper, we report on our qualitative analysis of the shift notes, which provide evidence that peer tutors took steps towards the formation of their professional identities. We explore the learning and socialization that occurred as part of tutors' involvement in Research Rescue, while also advocating that peer tutoring is a viable model for LIS education.

The purpose of this research study was to investigate if and how digital technologies could be used to support a triad-approach for student assessment in higher education. This triad-approach consisted of self-reflection, peer feedback, and instructor assessment practices in a pre-service teacher education course at a Canadian university. Through online surveys, journal postings, and post-course interviews the study participants indicated that digital technologies could be used to effectively support such a triad-approach only if students were more actively involved in the assessment process and the course instructor placed a greater emphasis on formative assessment practices.

As modes of language have changed to incorporate more robust multiliteracies, thoughtful interactions are required for teaching and learning within higher education. This qualitative case study considers how new methods of instruction are perceived in higher education through the inclusion of academic visual journals over two semesters of required literacy courses in a Bachelor of Education program in Ontario, Canada. Interviews, transcriptions of in-class dialogue, visual journal artefacts and researcher observations were used to elucidate findings which were disseminated using a Modified Constant Comparative (MCC) method of analysis. The results show how participants move from previous dependence on dominant modes of communication, such as reading and writing, to experiment with different modes of communication. Along the way, participants discover how to envision new ways of thinking about creativity, ownership, reflection and assessment. They also realize expanded communication options, who they are as learners, and the power of transmediation as reflective practice for learning deeply about course content. The results suggest that this embodied practice of academic visual journaling is significant for legitimizing new discourses surrounding visual literacy practices in higher education.

This study looked at the instructional and assessment effects of using learning journals in three distance asynchronous computer conferencing courses (n = 18, n = 16, n = 17). The instructor used a design-research methodology: each iteration of the course involved modifications to how learning journals were used based on analyses of the responses and results from the preceding course. Modifications included: a) use of orienting questions; b) question content, c) journal assessment and d) amount of scaffolding. Protocols were analyzed with a view to characterizing students' epistemic cognition from two perspectives: belief mode (rationalist epistemology, self analysis, norms of inquiry to defend competing beliefs) and design mode (knowledge building epistemology, collective responsibility, norms of inquiry to support idea improvement and explanatory coherence). Changes in metacognitive reflection and learning journal activity were related to measures of learning. As a pedagogical tool, learning journals with directed questions (scaffolding) encouraged self-awareness of learning and epistemological reflection. (Contains 1 table and 1 footnote.)

This research focused on supporting pre-service teachers' (PSTs') learning through the development of pedagogical principles of learning about meaningful physical education (LAMPE) in two physical education teacher education (PETE) programs. In this paper, we share four in-depth examples of the enactment of the pedagogical principles of LAMPE by physical education teacher educators. Data sources included teacher educator weekly reflections, critical friend responses and conversations, non-participant observations, and PST work samples developed in lessons. The four examples highlight decision-making moments and provide further direction on how the pedagogical principles of LAMPE support PST learning about meaningful physical education and illustrate the value of a coherent set of pedagogical principles, such as those offered by LAMPE, in guiding teacher educators' decision-making.

This paper describes how Applied Linguistics (AL) seminar students that are proficient in languages other than English intern as classroom assistants (CAs) in foreign language classrooms. The CAs gain useful insights from the seminar on theoretical and pedagogical approaches, methods and techniques in L2 pedagogy and then apply this knowledge through their practical experience as mentors/tutors to language learners. A diverse range of second/foreign language courses thus benefit from these "participant-observers". Seminar students report on their experiences through written and oral exercises, discussions and presentations, and finally through journal reflections which are first reviewed by their supervising language instructors before submission to the seminar professor. A review of these journal entries shows that placing informed classroom assistants into a second/foreign language classroom can be very helpful to language instructors, their students and the CAs themselves, as long as communication lines are clear and assumptions about theoretical perspectives and practical tasks are understood. Such a course would be a fruitful supportive option in Applied Linguistics programmes with access to second/foreign language programmes that would benefit from informed classroom aides.

There exists a relatively coherent body of research relevant to problem-based and transformational learning but too few studies that have empirically explored the many anecdotal claims of the attributes of experiential, student-directed pedagogy. The purpose of this present study was to explore students' and professor experiences with/in a student-directed experiential education elective course. What successes and challenges do students and the professor experience and how? What surprises, new learnings, and pedagogical risks ensue? The primary results include (a) Student Responsibility and Accountability, (b) Structure, (3) Role of the Professor, (4) Experiences With Self-Study Participation, and 5) Informing and Transforming Practice. These results and the review of literature add to the body of knowledge relevant to "doing" student-directed experiential education and Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) in the postsecondary classroom.

The introduction of digital literacy practices has created a tension in academia, with many academics challenging the view that critical thinking can be fostered on social networks. A quasi-experimental study was conducted on two sections of university-level writing classrooms to determine if there were meaningful differences in the quality of writing and peer feedback generated through in-class draft workshops using traditional methods as compared to draft workshops using a blogging platform. The results indicated that blogs produced a higher quality of writing as measured by grades, f(42)?=?11.512, p?

Explicit pedagogy that focuses on visual design and composition principles can affect students' responses to and understanding, interpretation and analysis of images, as well as the creation of their own visual representations. This article considers the why, the what, and the how of teaching various visual elements of art and design to students through the description of two classroom-based studies. Multimodality, social semiotics, visual literacy and sociocultural theory framed the studies described in this article. As well as explaining some of the activities that the students engaged in during the studies, this article features examples of students' written responses to various picturebooks and graphic novels. The students' text-based writing reveals their knowledge, appreciation and interpretation of various visual elements of art and design. The article concludes with a discussion of the need for teachers and researchers to include and value the teaching of visual texts in language and literacy curricula.

Research exploring preservice postsecondary students' experiences participating in an international field placement is a relatively new area of study in the domains of Early Childhood Education (ECE) and Early Childhood Leadership (ECL). While there is a growing body of literature offering merit to the profound transformations that can occur for students who engage in an international field experience, most notably in nursing and school-age teaching vocations, a significant research gap exists in this area of study within the early childhood field. This qualitative research study explores the international field experience of Canadian Early Childhood Education Diploma and Early Childhood Leadership Degree students who engaged in a 4-week placement to Liberia, Costa Rica in the winter of 2013. Applied thematic analysis was utilized to examine ECE and ECL self-reflective journals, interviews, and e-mail correspondences. Researcher field notes were additionally included in the data analysis. Personal and professional transformations proved to be a prevailing outcome of the Costa Rica international field placement. The merit of a solidified international placement pedagogical approach was an additional finding of this research study.

This multiple narrative case study examines the experiences of six science doctoral students from a workplace learning perspective. For each participant, the following were gathered over 2.5 years: biographic questionnaires, 6-10 activity logs of a week's experiences, 2 pre-interview questionnaires, and 2 semi-structured interviews. Amongst the six student cases, three pairs who shared similar learning experiences and outcomes were identified and termed the: positive-professional, positive-academic, and challenging-uncertain pairs. Students' learning was driven by needs which emerged from research work. Experiences and outcomes were influenced by varying affordances and hindrances in/with: research projects, supervision, colleagues, and individual choices. Findings show the inter-relationship between different elements related to individuals and context(s) in science doctoral work, and patterns in these inter-relationships. Findings emphasise the importance of attending to the research work students engage in, and the affordances available to them, to ensure effective learning which can support students' learning and career goals.

This grounded theory study explored the critical influences on college sexual minority males' meaning-making of their multiple identities. Twenty-six cisgender males attending colleges and universities within the United States and Canada were interviewed and provided journal responses to specific prompts. Four themes emerged, including: involvement in LGBT-affirming spaces, intimate relationships with other males, involvement in student leadership positions, and ongoing exposure to heterosexism and homophobia.

This article considers how instructors with larger classes can utilize Web 2.0 tools to help students develop as writers. Meeting the needs of readers defines strong writing, yet students need to interact with authentic audiences to learn to do this well. A growing body of educators is exploring how blogging can be used to enhance student learning. In this article, we describe how a blogging platform, NewsActivist, was used to create an interactive audience for student writers in a large sociology course. The article provides details on course and assignment design to meet major learning outcomes and support student growth as writers. Data from reflective essays and a user survey are presented that demonstrate the value of NewsActivist and its interactive audiences for student writers. The platform was found particularly useful to motivate students to care about their writing and to provide feedback to help students learn.

As part of their undergraduate mathematics curriculum, students at Brock University learn to create and use computer-based tools with dynamic, visual interfaces, called Exploratory Objects, developed for the purpose of conducting pure or applied mathematical investigations. A student's Development Process Model of creating and using an Exploratory Object provides insights on the kinds of activities emerging from their creation and use. We propose to discuss Exploratory Objects by examining them, as a learning activity, across a literature review involving four educational areas: learning mathematics by use of simulation, learning mathematics by programming, learning experimental mathematics, and inquiry-based learning in science and mathematics education. Through this contextualisation, a refinement of the Development Process Model is proposed. Our results suggest that the learning activity of creating and using Exploratory Object is closely related to that of using microworlds.

This article aims to demonstrate how the use of an online journal, a bilingual blog, can contribute to filling in the language and cultural gaps of foreign language learners. This case study focuses on the participation, interaction, motivation, language acquisition, feedback and cultural input improved by students of Spanish as a Foreign Language at the University of Queensland in Australia and students of English as a Foreign Language at the Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in Spain. It demonstrates how this learner-directed instructional context allows intercultural and "language" exchanges, firstly between participants, as a peer revision exercise and secondly, as collaborative work and a discussion platform in the blog "GranCanBrisbaneEspanolEnglish". (Contains 2 tables and 2 figures.)

While writing in doctoral education is increasingly visible as a focus for research and pedagogy, what remains less visible is the role of reading in the doctoral journey. This paper draws on data from two parallel research programmes in which doctoral student day-to-day experience was documented longitudinally, initially in the social sciences and more recently in the sciences. The analysis shines a light on the essential role of reading in the development of student thinking, writing and academic identity; pedagogical implications are explored. (Contains 6 notes.)

Globalization makes living in the world more complex. Many children live as social cyborgs attached to the digital spaces of the virtual play worlds of television, video and computer games rather than connected to their own local places. The impact of this change may well be that children lack acquaintance with their local places and may never develop the ecological literacy or the positive attitudes toward place that is so crucial to its sustainability. This paper presents an autoethnographic study of a third grade class engaged in reading picture story books that featured place-based settings in partnership with embodied learning textually and visually through art, photography, poetry, story writing and environmental journals of class field experiences along their local river valley. Combining place-based education with social constructivist pedagogy fostered places for learning for children to create a knowing that they, too, can take action for places where they live throughout their lives. (Contains 10 notes.)

This qualitative research study examined 190 concurrent education students' case-based reflections from 2005 to 2008. A grounded theory analysis was applied to 3,800 reflection logs. The article describes the use of constant comparison and theoretical saturation that identified two core categories emerging from participants' meta-cognitive analysis to describe how students internalized and interpreted the Standards of Practice for the Teaching Profession (Ontario College of Teachers, 2006). The core categories were identified as the spectrum of participants' emotional reactions and the capacity to examine circumstances in the context of professional standards. The article discusses the implications, from a teacher-educator perspective, of participants' unchallenged acceptance of the facticity and legitimacy of the Standards of Practice for the Teaching Profession as codified and institutional constructs. (Contains 2 footnotes.)

This article reports on a study that investigated students' metacognitive engagement in both out-of-school and classroom settings, as they participated in an amusement park physics program. Students from two schools that participated in the program worked in groups to collectively solve novel physics problems that engaged their individual metacognition. Their conversations and behavioral dispositions during problem-solving were digitally audio-recorded on devices that they wore or placed on the tables where groups worked on the assigned physics problems. The students also maintained reflection journals on the strategies they employed to manage their own understanding as well as learning processes. Prior to the amusement park physics discourse, the students completed a specially developed questionnaire instrument. This provided signposts of the students' metacognitive engagement during group problem-solving at the park and subsequent related physics learning tasks back in the classroom. This data, added to field notes arising from observations, and formal and informal interviews during post-visit learning activities provided the data corpus on the students' metacognitive engagement. Analysis of this data revealed three types of metacognitive engagement during group learning tasks: collaborative and consensus-seeking, highly argumentative, and eclectic, resulting from high levels of dissonance. In both cases, evidence of individual students' deeper understandings, which manifested through students' cognitive and social behaviors, demonstrated the invocation of metacognition to varying degrees. The novel physics problems tackled by the students created situations where discrepancies between their prior knowledge and the direct experiences enabled them to explicate their thinking through dispositions of behavior. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)

The impetus for this article was research I conducted while living with children on the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, during the culmination of decades of blatant disregard for the marine ecosystem. At the heart of the social and ecological devastation happening in Canada's Newfoundland and Labrador communities are matters of environmental justice and ecological rights. The research project was born of a belief that education, in its present form, may be an obstacle to a new understanding of our place in the living world. The project proposes to see bioregional literature as a way to re-vision what it means to dwell in place. This article records the "disruption" in children's lives characterized as a deep-felt "homelessness" in response to the out-migration brought about by environmental degradation. It is hoped that the inquiry is part of a future direction in curriculum studies that is driven by an understanding of the principles of ecology. (Contains 1 footnote.)

Through personal narratives, pre-service teachers recount their experiences from a course based in Indigenous pedagogy within the Faculty of Education at the University of Victoria. These narratives were drawn from the assigned daily reflection journals of pre-service teachers. They highlight how their personal understandings of teaching and learning were transformed. In the context of a Lekwungen and Liekwelthout pole carving course, they developed a deep understanding of the Indigenous concepts of "Celhcelh"--the development of a sense of responsibility for personal learning within the context of a learning community; "Kat'il'a"--the act of becoming still--slowing down, despite an ingrained and urgent need to know and desire for busy-ness; "Cwelelep"--the discomfort and value of being in a place of dissonance, uncertainty and anticipation; and "Kamucwkalha"--the energy current that indicates the emergence of a communal sense of purpose. The writers share their personal reflections of these concepts and how they affected their views of teaching and learning.

In this article, we describe how journals can be used on wilderness expeditions as a tool for meeting some of the elements of sustainability education. Using Lefebvre's criteria for evaluating sustainability education efforts, we describe the potential and reality of using journals to help students: (1) put emphasis on interacting with nature and learning with nature; (2) make interconnections between the societal (including political), economic, and ecological aspects of issues covered; (3) support community involvement and participation so that educational endeavors are contextually appropriate, relevant, and culturally sensitive and inclusive; and (4) develop skills, values, and attitudes that allow for reflection, critical thinking, collaboration, and action for social change. We conclude by reflecting on which criteria students are able to work toward more easily through journal writing and discuss how the potential of journals can be maximized to bring together lifelong learning and sustainability. (Contains 1 footnote.)

This research study of goal-setting with early intermediate students was conducted to determine whether teaching goal-setting skills and strategies would enhance student success in specific curricular assignments. An available curriculum, the BC Life Skills program, was used to teach strategies that were then applied to subject area projects in Science and Language Arts. Findings indicate that with explicit instruction in vocabulary and processes before being asked to apply skills to assigned tasks resulted in success for most students. This research supports the idea that having competency in goal-setting can contribute to quality completion of work in young learners. (Contains 4 figures.)

In this third of four articles discussing the introduction of action research to a class of pre-service teachers, Julian and Dianne draw upon reflections written by students in their teacher program to examine the degree to which engaging in action research heightens their self-awareness.

Recent results from the Education Quality and Accountability Office (EQAO)'s grade 9 applied mathematics assessment found that students are experiencing difficulty with the Ontario curriculum, specifically with written communication. Action research was conducted during the second semester of 2003/04 in a grade 10 applied mathematics class to determine the effects of journal writing on students' learning of mathematics. Entries reveal that students' written expression improved and they were able to consolidate their learning through reflective writing. Further, this study supports Black and Wiliam's (1998) claim that formative feedback can improve student achievement. The paper concludes with the impact of action research on both researchers. (Contains 4 figures.)

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of multimedia cases for the purposes of preservice teacher preparation. Case-based learning typically involves an analysis of a teaching scenario followed by a discussion of issues that emerge. While this kind of activity is consistent with theories of situated learning and social constructivism, it usually casts the preservice teacher in the role of a detached observer who studies and critiques some aspect of another teacher's lesson. It is proposed that it may be advantageous to personalize case methods by focusing preservice teachers more directly on their own pedagogical decision-making processes. This article describes an innovative study in which teacher candidates' immediate reactions to videotaped teaching scenarios were recorded and made the subject of personal and group analyses. Results from the research suggest that this approach has the potential to help candidates develop deeper insights into their own classroom practice. (Contains 1 table and 1 figure.)

To encourage the students in her French class to read books in French, a teacher implemented a project involving literary journals. Students recorded their reflections on their reading, first of a novel chosen by the teacher, then of individually chosen novels. Appropriate evaluation of the journals posed a particular dilemma. (JLR)

Sixteen high school students in a week-long metal casting workshop wrote stream-of-consciousness journals for 15 minutes at the beginning of each session. Sentence analysis suggested that the act of journal writing consolidated task mastery through cognitive awareness of hands-on learning and contributed to the development of self-awareness and a new self-concept. (SV)