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Background and Purpose: Our objective was to study the association between the presence of a neurological disease and the comorbidity burden as well as healthcare utilization (HCU)., Methods: Using baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), we examined the burden of five neurological conditions. The CLSA is a population-based study of approximately 50 000 individuals, aged 45-85 years at baseline. We used multivariable Poisson regression to identify correlates of comorbidity burden and HCU., Results: The lifetime prevalence of five neurological diseases is presented: epilepsy, Parkinson's disease/parkinsonism, stroke/transient ischaemic attack, multiple sclerosis and migraine. We found the somatic and psychiatric comorbidity burden to be higher in those individuals with a neurological disease (an 18-45% mean increase in the number of chronic conditions) as compared with the comparison group without a neurological disease, except for Parkinson's disease/parkinsonism. The presence of a neurological disease was associated with only a modest increase in the probability of visiting a general practitioner but was associated with a greatly increased probability of visiting a medical specialist (up to 68% more likely) or an emergency department (up to 79% more likely) and an overnight hospitalization (up to 108% more likely)., Conclusions: We found striking associations between our neurological diseases and increased comorbidity burdens and HCU. These findings are important for informing public policy planning as well as driving avenues for future research. The present study established the CLSA as an important research platform for the study of neurological conditions in an aging general population., (© 2018 EAN.)

Introduction: Considerable variability exists in the diagnostic approach to acute appendicitis (in children), affecting both quality and costs of care. Interestingly, an international evaluation of what is commonly practiced today has not been performed. We aimed to document current practice patterns in the diagnosis of appendicitis in children and to determine whether a consensus exists in the workup of these patients among Canadian, Dutch, and Saudi Arabian pediatric surgeons., Methods: We performed a cross-sectional survey using a pre-designed, self-administered, 14-item survey. We sent the survey to participants via electronic mail., Results: In total, 83 responses were received and analyzed, yielding a response rate of 42%. The majority of respondents practiced at pediatric surgery centers with over 50 beds (58% of Canadian surgeons, 81% of Dutch surgeons, 93% of Saudi Arabian surgeons). The majority of Dutch surgeons had a preference for physical examination and radiological imaging as opposed to Canadian and Saudi Arabian surgeons who favored history and physical examination. Interestingly, only one of the surgeons surveyed used an appendicitis scoring system. Regarding history and physical examination, most respondents deemed migratory abdominal pain and localized RLQ tenderness to be most suggestive of appendicitis. Ultrasound was the most preferable imaging modality in acute appendicitis across all three countries., Conclusion: This study demonstrates that international pediatric surgeons vary substantially in the diagnostic workup of patients with appendicitis. Furthermore, there is a variability between common practice and the current evidence. We recommend that pediatric surgeons develop clinical practice guidelines that are based on consensus information (expert opinion) and the best available literature., (Copyright © 2013 Surgical Associates Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We validated seven chronic disease ascertainment algorithms for use in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. The algorithms pertained to diabetes mellitus type 2, parkinsonism, chronic airflow obstruction (CAO), hand osteoarthritis (OA), hip OA, knee OA, and ischemic heart disease. Our target recruitment was 20 cases and controls per disease; some cases were controls for unrelated diseases. Participants completed interviewer-administered disease symptom and medication use questionnaires. Diabetes cases and controls underwent fasting glucose testing; CAO cases and controls underwent spirometry testing. For each disease, the appropriate algorithm was used to classify participants' disease status (positive or negative for disease). We also calculated sensitivity and specificity using physician diagnosis as the reference standard. The final sample involved 176 participants recruited in three Canadian cities between 2009 and 2011. Most estimated sensitivities and specificities were 80 per cent or more, indicating that the seven algorithms correctly identified individuals with the target disease.

Elevated homocysteine is associated with increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and dementia. Therapy of Parkinson disease (PD) with levodopa elevates homocysteine. The authors conducted a 6-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test whether folate 1 mg/vitamin B(12) 500 microg or entacapone reduced serum homocysteine in 35 levodopa-treated PD patients. Levodopa initiation caused a small elevation in homocysteine. Vitamin therapy, but not entacapone, resulted in a decrease in homocysteine compared to placebo.

Objectives: To review practice patterns in a Canadian pediatric centre and develop a safe and effective care plan for managing children with splenic injuries., Design: A chart review., Setting: Winnipeg Children's Hospital., Patients: All patients with splenic injuries under the age of 17 years admitted to the hospital between December 1994 and April 1999., Outcome Measures: These included patient demographics, length of stay, location of care, grade of splenic injury (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scale), imaging tests performed in hospital and after discharge, follow-up care and time to return to full activity., Results: Forty-four patients received nonoperative management. The mean age of the patients was 10.4 years. The average grade of splenic injury was 2.8. Sixteen patients (36%) were admitted to the intensive care unit for an average of 1.9 days. Mobilization was allowed after a mean of 5.2 days. Average length of hospital stay was 9.2 days. At the time of admission 98% of the patients underwent computed tomography, but at follow-up only 20% of patients underwent this investigation. None of the follow-up imaging studies altered the postdischarge management plan. The median time to full activity was 12 weeks (range from 0-17 wk). One patient had a delayed hemorrhage and required splenectomy., Conclusions: Reduced admissions to the intensive care unit, shorter overall stays, omission of follow-up imaging and an earlier return to full activity should be considered in the management of children with blunt splenic injuries. Standardization of nonoperative care for such children would result in safe and more efficient delivery of health care.

Background/purpose: Traumatic injuries cause substantial morbidity and mortality in children. Trauma registries are essential to assess and improve standards of trauma care. An interprovincial study of pediatric trauma between 6 centers across Canada who use identical software components was completed., Methods: Data were collected from April 1, 1995 to December 31, 1998 for children aged 1 day to 17 years with an injury severity score of > or = 12. Cause of injury, injury time and day, gender, age, injury scores, length of hospital stay, and outcomes were compared., Results: A total of 1,276 patients were included. Mean age was 10.3 +/- 5.6 years. Motor vehicle collisions were the most common mechanism of injury (56%). Boys were more often injured (66%; P < .05). Injuries occurred mainly between 1600 and 2400 hours (P < .0001). Mean hospital stay was 11.5 +/- 16.6 days. The longest stays in the hospital were among those who had an abdominal abbreviated injury score (AIS) of 1 (P < or = .03). Patients with similar injury severities remained twice as long in Winnipeg Children's Hospital (hospital 5), hospital 2, and hospital 6 as compared with patients in hospital 3 (P < .05). Differences existed in discharge placement between hospitals (P < .0001)., Conclusions: This study was the first to compare pediatric patients in multiple Canadian centers using identical trauma registries. Variations in length of stay and discharge placements between hospitals were identified. Further analysis of data in the registries may clarify these differences and serve as a foundation for hospitals to improve the quality of patient care., (Copyright 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.)

Surgical teachers are interested in being evaluated. In a survey of 89 such teachers at the University of Manitoba, most (79%) preferred having their undergraduate teaching evaluated by their students to other methods of evaluation. Eighty-seven percent of North American departments of surgery had a mechanism for assessing the quality of undergraduate teaching; 97% used student feedback. In order for the evaluation to be effective in improving undergraduate teaching, there must be serious faculty commitment, the teachers must know the criteria for evaluation, and feedback to the teachers should be early and preferably coupled with teacher self-assessment. This paper lists criteria for the evaluation of surgical undergraduate teachers and outlines the evaluation instrument currently used in the Department of Surgery at the University of Manitoba.

Pediatric general surgery should be included in the undergraduate medical curriculum for reasons of improving the total surgical care of infants and children, to enable teachers to serve as role models to students considering a career in pediatric surgery and to ensure survival of pediatric surgery in the medical school curriculum. A survey of recent medical literature and surgical textbooks revealed little or no discussion concerning the aims, objectives, content, and design of the pediatric surgical curriculum. A survey of 15 Canadian medical schools showed that students are assigned very little didactic time for pediatric surgery (average total seven hours) and only 25% of graduates proceed to a clerkship in pediatric surgery, usually as an elective. The Association hereby proposes an undergraduate medical education curriculum in pediatric surgery for Canadian medical schools in order to stimulate discussion and achieve uniform input of pediatric surgery in the undergraduate medical program.