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This collaborative and reflective inquiry-based paper critically examines accessibility within the research realm. We focus this inquiry on the principles of equity, diversity and inclusion and specifically address the challenges of establishing accessibility as part of the research enterprise. We acknowledge and reflect on the pivotal role accessibility for persons with disabilities play in an equitable research enterprise and reflect on how nuances in language, behavior, and power dynamics all play a role in creating inclusive environments. This reflective inquiry is a result of a facilitated workshop that took place at a conference attended by professionals working within research administration. Using an inquiry-based workshop approach, facilitators worked with workshop colleagues to discuss, regardless of job title, an ability to influence and shape a more inclusive and accessible system at all levels. Our desired outcomes of this workshop were to collate the collective experiences of our colleagues to uncover barriers and facilitators related to accessibility and to support and learn from our colleagues around ways to create an accessible environment that is a norm. What we find is that accessibility impacts everyone in some way, but it is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Collaboration and communication strategies present possible support pathways to more accessible environments.

The 2015 Calls to Action from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) prompted universities to consider Indigenization. Subsequently, in recognition of the need for a prior step, decolonizing became the focus. At York University (Toronto, Canada), while faculty hiring policies and curriculum development addressed some aspects of the calls, there was limited focus on staff involvement. David Phipps, then Executive Director of the Office of Research Services within the Division of the Vice-President Research and Innovation approached Associate Vice-President Research Celia Haig-Brown with the original focus, "What about Indigenizing the Office of Research Services?" Our work began. "How do research administration practices/polices create (or serve as barriers to) an enabling environment for Indigenous research?" became the driving question. Building on the university's commitment to Indigenous Futurities as a research opportunity in our Strategic Research Plan, the Journal of Research Administration's special edition on equity, diversity and inclusion provides a perfect site to reflect on our work and, we hope, provoke further discussion of the potential for decolonizing research services in other institutions of higher education. We begin this reflection and provocation in the article title. We bracket the (de) in the word decolonizing in the title to indicate our understanding of the complexity of a university, based as it is in a colonizing model, engaging in decolonizing work.

Intentional efforts to advance the societal impacts of research are known as knowledge mobilization (KMb). Despite increasing pressure on researchers and higher education institutions (HEIs) to engage in KMb activities, capacity building in this area is constrained by a limited understanding of the role of HEIs from the perspective of embedded KMb professionals. This study presents findings from a developmental evaluation of Research Impact Canada's efforts to build institutional capacity for KMb. Through semi-structured interviews (n = 20) with KMb professionals from 15 Canadian HEIs, we share (a) approaches for how KMb professionals can thrive in institutional environments, and (b) essential questions about KMb for the higher education sector. From that basis, we discuss how there is a need for skilled KMb professionals within HEIs and a need for (inter) national research and practice collaborations. [Note: Publication year printed on PDF is incorrect. This article was published in 2021.]

In this article, a qualitative case study approach was used to explore the changes that community-campus collaborations stimulate. The authors document the "processes of interaction" (Spaapen & van Drooge, 2011) through which collaborations seek to contribute to positive social change, highlighting the outputs, outcomes, and innovations that have resulted from these collaborative endeavors. This article focuses on improving efforts to track the changes or innovations that are influenced by community-campus interactions. Findings suggest that researchers should focus on the broad field of activity through which collaborations contribute to change. Specifically, there is utility in tracking the "processes of interaction" that extends beyond the initial site of collaboration into the communities where a partnership seeks to make change.

In this paper, four qualitative case studies capture the complex interplay between the social and structural relations that shape community - academic partnerships. Collaborations begin as relationships among people. They are sustained by institutional structures that recognize and support these relationships. Productive collaborations centralize reciprocity, flexibility, and re- lationship building between individuals and institutions. Our findings also indicate a synergistic interaction between collaborative processes and outcomes: an equitable process supports the development of mutually beneficial outcomes, and the ability to sustain a collaborative process requires substantive progress towards shared change goals.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Intersectoral processes that bring together public institutions, civil society organizations and affected community members are essential to tackling complex health equity challenges. While conventional wisdom points to the importance of human relationships in fostering collaboration, there is a lack of practical guidance on how to do intersectoral work in ways that support authentic relationship-building and mitigate power differentials among people with diverse experiences and roles. This article presents the results of RentSafe EquIP, a community-based participatory research initiative conducted in Owen Sound, Canada, in the midst of a housing crisis. The research explored the potential utility of equity-focused intersectoral practice (EquIP), a novel approach that invests in human relationships and knowledge co-creation among professionals and affected members of the community. The three-phase EquIP methodology centred the grounded expertise of community members with lived/living experience of housing inadequacy to catalyze reflexive thinking by people in professional roles about the institutional gaps and barriers that prevent effective intersectoral response to housing-related inequities. The research demonstrated that EquIP can support agency professionals and community members to (i) engage in (re)problematization to redefine the problem statement to better include upstream drivers of inequity, (ii) support reflexivity among those in professional roles to identify institutional practices, policies and norms that perpetuate stigma and impede effective intersectoral response and (iii) spark individual and collective agency and commitment towards a more equity-focused intersectoral system. We conclude that the EquIP methodology is a promising approach for communities seeking to address persistent health equity and social justice challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research that is the subject of this paper set out to interrogate pre-service teachers' responses to issues of national identity, ideology, and representation in contemporary multicultural Canadian picture books. While the research focused on whether and how the literature could serve to inform and broaden pre-service teachers' conceptualizations of diversity, we retrospectively decided to re-visit the focus group and interview data to know which of the 70 picture books had most engaged the teachers and why. We critically consider the implications of teachers' attachments for social justice education and teachers' cultivation of a critical, "borderlands" discourse aware of self and open to others. The research suggests that a significant source of teacher knowledge and thinking is lodged in teachers' personal memories of childhood texts, called touchstones. Touchstones were a place from which teachers implicitly began; certain stories struck particular chords, chords largely attributable to childhood memories. Most intertextual connections were personal, with some tangential to the text. While touchstones performed different functions depending on the subject position of the pre-service teachers, they pointed to the existence of an underlying position of teacher as nostalgic subject. Given the importance of this subject position for teachers' responses to picture books, we explore critical reconceptualizations of nostalgia that can support the development of borderland discourses. We suggest that pre-service teachers need to be invited to individually and collectively examine their responses to both old and new touchstone stories. More nuanced research also needs to be conducted on the role of nostalgia in teacher formation, how it influences teacher practice, and how to best design teacher education courses to foster "borderland discourses" related to the storying of teacher identity, especially with respect to popular "collectibles" and core teaching texts like picture books.

This article explores the attraction of Canadian elementary teachers to children's stories that narrate trauma, particularly the trauma associated with First Nations peoples' experiences in Canadian residential schools as told by Indigenous authors. The teachers' responses to these texts are conceived of as occurring within a "contact zone," situated between dominant white culture (the culture shared by the teachers) and the historically marginalized cultures represented in the stories. An interpretative lens of critical nostalgia is developed, placing the question of contact zones within the context of memory studies, trauma studies, curriculum theory and critical pedagogies related to remembrance. The paper identifies the need for developing critical nostalgia as a productive form of pedagogical remembrance, drawing on Roger Simon's adaptation to an educational context of Walter Benjamin's notion of the dialectical image.

Employing knowledge brokers is one way that universities and research centres have responded to the increasing emphasis on the wider usefulness and uptake of research beyond the academy. While there is an increase in the numbers of such professionals, there has been little focus on their roles, skills and development. In this paper, two knowledge exchange directors from Canada and the United Kingdom reflect on their combined experiences of being, developing and employing knowledge brokers in a range of roles.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to report on student perceptions of 24 graduate student internships funded in 2007-2008 by York University's Knowledge Mobilization (KMb) Unit. These internships provided opportunities for students to engage in research with community agencies around real world problems. Design/methodology/approach: The principal sources of data were semi-structured student interviews, conducted as part of an overall evaluation of the unit by an evaluation team, and student responses to surveys administered by KMb staff. Findings: The significant findings were that students reported acquiring research and professional skills, plus a new understanding of theoretical knowledge, and that projects generated concrete outcomes for their community partners. Several students maintained ongoing relationships with their organizational partners beyond the terms of their internship, creating opportunities for ongoing benefits to both students and community partners. Students also identified areas of potential improvement, notably, there is an opportunity to strengthen the experience through integration into a formal curriculum. Research limitations/implications: Limitations to this study are the relatively small sample size (n=20) and reliance on self-report measures. Practical implications: As universities explore their relationships with their local communities, graduate student internships appear to have tremendous potential for supporting research and knowledge-based needs of local communities, while providing valuable skills and training to a cohort of students in bridging academic research to real world solutions. Originality/value: This article makes an original contribution by focusing on benefits to graduate students in scholarship of engagement programs that prioritize true partnership between students, universities and communities. (Contains 2 tables and 2 notes.)

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate whether unstructured graduate student research internships conducted in collaboration with community agencies build capacity and knowledge for students and community. Design/methodology/approach: The paper reports the results of four semi-structured interviews and 20 pre- and post-internship surveys of students' perceptions of their internship activities; whether participation built research capacity in students and community resulted in the creation of new knowledge and promoted ongoing partnerships and relationships. Findings: Students reported generating concrete outcomes for community partners, the acquisition of new research and professional skills, plus an increased understanding of theoretical knowledge. Many students also maintained ongoing relationships with their organizational partners beyond the terms of their internship. Research limitations/implications: Limitations to this study are the relatively small sample size and reliance on self-report measures. Practical implications: The paper describes a model for student-community engagement that benefits both community and students. Social implications: As universities explore their relationships with their local communities, graduate student internships have tremendous potential for supporting research and knowledge-based needs of local communities, while providing valuable skills and training to a cohort of students in bridging academic research to real world solutions. These students may go on to be community engaged scholars, or research trained personnel in the community. Originality/value: The results presented in this paper demonstrate the benefits to graduate students in scholarship of engagement programs that prioritize true partnership between students, universities and communities. (Contains 2 notes and 2 tables.)

Background: Research funders in Canada and abroad have made substantial investments in supporting collaborative research approaches to generating and translating knowledge as it is believed to increase knowledge use. Canadian health research funders have advocated for the use of integrated knowledge translation (IKT) in health research, however, there is limited research around how IKT compares to other collaborative research approaches. Our objective was to better understand how IKT compares with engaged scholarship, Mode 2 research, co-production and participatory research by identifying the differences and similarities among them in order to provide conceptual clarity and reduce researcher and knowledge user confusion about these common approaches.Methods: We employed a qualitative descriptive method using interview data to better understand experts' perspectives and experiences on collaborative research approaches. Participants' responses were analysed through thematic analysis to elicit core themes. The analysis was centred around the concept of IKT, as it is the most recent approach; IKT was then compared and contrasted with engaged scholarship, Mode 2 research, co-production and participatory research. As this was an iterative process, data triangulation and member-checking were conducted with participants to ensure accuracy of the emergent themes and analysis process.Results: Differences were noted in the orientation (i.e. original purpose), historical roots (i.e. disciplinary origin) and partnership/engagement (i.e. role of partners etc.). Similarities among the approaches included (1) true partnerships rather than simple engagement, (2) focus on essential components and processes rather than labels, (3) collaborative research orientations rather than research methods, (4) core values and principles, and (5) extensive time and financial investment. Core values and principles among the approaches included co-creation, reciprocity, trust, fostering relationships, respect, co-learning, active participation, and shared decision-making in the generation and application of knowledge. All approaches require extensive time and financial investment to develop and maintain true partnerships.Conclusions: This qualitative study is the first to systematically synthesise experts' perspectives and experiences in a comparison of collaborative research approaches. This work contributes to developing a shared understanding of collaborative research approaches to facilitate conceptual clarity in use, reporting, indexing and communication among researchers, trainees, knowledge users and stakeholders to advance IKT and implementation science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Young people who seek mental health treatment often also seek the services of non‐profit organizations to support their well‐being. Wisdom2Action (W2A) is a Canadian knowledge mobilization network that focuses on improving the mental health and well‐being of children and youth in challenging contexts by increasing the use of evaluation, evidence and engagement in the youth‐serving sector. Since 2013, W2A has engaged youth advisors (YAs) to provide input to W2A's Board, lead their own projects and co‐design W2A activities. Objective: In fall 2017, the YAs, as well as adult Board members and W2A staff, collaborated in a participatory evaluation to better understand the experiences and impacts of youth engagement. This article describes insights derived through this process. Design and participants: Board, YAs and staff members participated in a reflective approach to informing, analysing and sharing the findings from this process. Individual interviews and review of documents, as well as iterative cycles of group analysis and synthesis, were conducted. Results: Both YAC members and W2A benefit from YAs' leadership and engagement. The YAs position themselves as members of the youth‐serving sector, not merely recipients of its services; as such, their professional development aligns with the mandates of W2A and merits further investment, despite challenges in impact measurement. Conclusion: This article identifies challenges and facilitators of implementing an effective and sustainable youth advisory council model of engagement in the context of a pan‐Canadian network. The mutual gains and areas of growth for youth, adults and the organization described can inform health services, as well as funders and advocates for youth well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide a broad overview of the articles published in the current issue. Design/methodology/approach: The review editor reads all articles accepted for the current issue of IJHG, identifying common themes and selecting other relevant articles to explore these themes more fully. Findings: The findings of this review indicate that the most effective way to care for the sick or disabled is with community involvement. Practical implications: The practical implications are that the review helps readers to gain a better understanding of the journal content and how for each issue, common themes can be developed and discussed. Originality/value: No other Emerald Journal has a review section of this type so it is a unique selling point for IJHG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a statistical picture of the economic well-being of Canadian children. We discuss changes in families, nationally and by province. We outline how Canadian policy in support of children has changed and how it differs across regions. Changes or differences in median incomes, in income distributions and in child poverty both before and after taxes and transfers, at different points of time, in different kinds of families, and in different provinces constitute the core of the article. Finally, the economic well-being of Canadian children in 2010 is compared with that of children in eight other affluent countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research that is the subject of this paper set out to interrogate pre-service teachers’ responses to issues of national identity, ideology, and representation in contemporary multicultural Canadian picture books. While the research focused on whether and how the literature could serve to inform and broaden pre-service teachers’ conceptualizations of diversity, we retrospectively decided to re-visit the focus group and interview data to know which of the 70 picture books had most engaged the teachers and why. We critically consider the implications of teachers’ attachments for social justice education and teachers’ cultivation of a critical, ‘borderlands’ discourse aware of self and open to others. The research suggests that a significant source of teacher knowledge and thinking is lodged in teachers’ personal memories of childhood texts, called touchstones. Touchstones were a place from which teachers implicitly began; certain stories struck particular chords, chords largely attributable to childhood memories. Most intertextual connections were personal, with some tangential to the text. While touchstones performed different functions depending on the subject position of the pre-service teachers, they pointed to the existence of an underlying position of teacher as nostalgic subject. Given the importance of this subject position for teachers’ responses to picture books, we explore critical reconceptualizations of nostalgia that can support the development of borderland discourses. We suggest that pre-service teachers need to be invited to individually and collectively examine their responses to both old and new touchstone stories. More nuanced research also needs to be conducted on the role of nostalgia in teacher formation, how it influences teacher practice, and how to best design teacher education courses to foster ‘borderland discourses’ related to the storying of teacher identity, especially with respect to popular ‘collectibles’ and core teaching texts like picture books. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper uses longitudinal microdata from the Statistics Canada National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) to study the family income dynamics of Canadian children from the time they are 4 or 5 until they are 14 or 15. Dynamics of family income have been studied less often than dynamics of child poverty. Yet we argue that from the perspective of equity, it is important to know the extent to which some children are always affluent while other children are always poor. Also, since our social safety net is designed to shelter Canadians, including children, from both economic hardship and economic loss, it is also important, from the perspective of policy, to assess risk factors for persistent low income as well as correlates of major economic loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the attraction of Canadian elementary teachers to children’s stories that narrate trauma, particularly the trauma associated with First Nations peoples’ experiences in Canadian residential schools as told by Indigenous authors. The teachers’ responses to these texts are conceived of as occurring within a ‘contact zone,’ situated between dominant white culture (the culture shared by the teachers) and the historically marginalized cultures represented in the stories. An interpretative lens of critical nostalgia is developed, placing the question of contact zones within the context of memory studies, trauma studies, curriculum theory and critical pedagogies related to remembrance. The paper identifies the need for developing critical nostalgia as a productive form of pedagogical remembrance, drawing on Roger Simon’s adaptation to an educational context of Walter Benjamin’s notion of the dialectical image. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Employing knowledge brokers is one way that universities and research centres have responded to the increasing emphasis on the wider usefulness and uptake of research beyond the academy. While there is an increase in the numbers of such professionals, there has been little focus on their roles, skills and development. In this paper, two knowledge exchange directors from Canada and the United Kingdom reflect on their combined experiences of being, developing and employing knowledge brokers in a range of roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a qualitative literature synthesis in the areas of community-campus collaborations, knowledge mobilization and social innovation. The article aims to be useful to people who work in academic settings, community organizations, public institutions, and government. The authors utilized a purposive sampling methodology to explore the following questions: 1. How can university-based knowledge mobilization leverage investments in higher education research and development (R&D) through community-campus collaboration and social innovation? 2. What is the role of university-wide knowledge mobilization projects in supporting community-campus connections and ultimately social innovation strategies that contribute to the public good? Our review indicates considerable interplay between community-campus collaborations, knowledge mobilization and social innovation given that knowledge mobilization facilitates - and is facilitated by - collaboration. With sufficient knowledge mobilization, community-campus collaborations stimulate social innovation. The article concludes with recommendations based on our review of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study changes in time and money available to families with children from 1971 to 2006. Increases in incomes at the top of the Canadian income distribution since the mid-1990s have taken place without any significant increases in total family hours of paid work. On the other hand, for families in the middle of the income distribution, family income has stagnated, despite the fact that parents jointly supply significantly higher hours of paid work. If both time and money are valuable resources for the production of well-being for family members, these findings suggest that inequality in well-being has increased even more than inequality of income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the child sample of Statistics Canada's 2001 Participation and Activity Limitations Survey to study the economic costs of caring for children with disabilities in Canada. Both explicit out-of-pocket expenditures and implicit costs in the form of foregone labour market opportunities are considered. Results indicate that, despite universal health insurance in Canada, a majority of families of children with disabilities incur significant economic costs. Additional financial support might be offered, particularly when the child's condition is severe, and costly therapy and specialized aids could be covered. Our results also support the need for respite as well as help in balancing work and caregiving for Canadian parents of children with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the comparisons of health outcomes for children living in Canada, England, Norway, and the U.S. Results of the study indicated that Norwegian children have better health than children in the other three countries but Canadian children have better over-all parental assessed status. However, U.S. children rank ahead in terms of anxiety, hyperactive behavior and depression while English children have better outcomes for less likely to have accidents and injuries.

Abstract: This paper explores the connection between the labour market and child overweight status in Canada. The labour market is a social institution which plays a critical role in determining how families live their day-to-day lives, for example, how much time and which parts of the day are available for cooking, eating and exercise. Using longitudinal data from the Statistics Canada National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, we find that a history of higher hours of paid work by mothers (but not fathers) is associated with a higher probability of being ‘at risk of overweight’/overweight for children aged 6–11. The policy implication we draw from this work is that additional support to better enable parents to engage in paid work without penalty to their own health or that of their children is clearly warranted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines gender differences in the impact of paid and unpaid productive activities on well-being. Using recent Canadian data, we examine the time spent by prime-age women and men (25?–?54) on paid work, childcare, eldercare, household work, volunteering, and education, and then assess its impact on stress and work-life balance. Using multivariate analyses, we show that women's greater hours of unpaid work contribute to women experiencing more stress than men, and of that work, hours spent on eldercare and housework are more stressful than those spent on childcare. We also examine the influence of job characteristics and spouses' paid and unpaid work time on stress. Neither spouse's unpaid work nor most job characteristics alleviate stress, once work hours are controlled. However, the evidence suggests that women, more so than men, use strategies such as self-employment to improve work-life balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Public Health is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Child obesity is currently an important policy problem in Canada. Making the best evidence-based policy choices iii response requires having the best possible evidence. Yet, we point out how easy it can be to make serious mistakes when measuring child obesity, particularly for young children. We demonstrate that parental reports of child height and weight very likely overestimate obesity prevalence for very young children. Given the importance of child obesity as a policy issue, our main conclusion is that it is critical for national surveys in Canada to provide interviewers with appropriate equipment and ask them to weigh and measure children very accurately. While this would certainly increase survey costs, the costs to society of making less than the best policy choices are likely to be even higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unconditional health status of lone mothers is worse than that of married mothers in Canada but not in Norway. Even controlling for demographic characteristics and health behaviours in Canada, the health status of lone mothers is worse. Only after we control for income does the differential in health status between married and lone mothers in Canada disappear. An important difference between the countries is that lone mothers are much less likely to be poor in Norway because they receive more generous social transfers. A simulation which involves ‘giving Canadian mothers Norwegian transfers,’ illustrates the possibility of significant gains in socioeconomic status and health of poor mothers in Canada. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Assesses the implications for gender equity arising from the change in the basis for entitlement to family benefits, from individual earnings under unemployment insurance (UI) to family income under employment insurance (EI) in Canada. Rules governing the dependency rate and family income supplement programs; Composition of family benefits recipients under UI and EI; Married women's access to the family benefits.

Motivated by popular discussions of the "double work day" for women in dualearner households, this paper examines gender differences among such couples in satisfaction with time for self, drawing on microdata from the 1990 Statistics Canada General Social Survey. While most earlier studies of the distribution of well-being within households focus on material goods, differences in access to free time are a potential source of inequity within the family. This paper gives some evidence that women in dual-earner households are more time-stressed than men, apparently as a result of the continued gendered division of housework, despite high levels of paid work by wives. However, total labor supply is not the main predictor of time stress for wives. Hours per week matter more than weeks per year, presumably because much household work cannot be postponed until another week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies some behavioral implications of the Canadian maternity/parental benefits system using micro data from the 1988/89/90 Labour Market Activities Survey. Factor affecting fertility behavior; Absence of evidence that women adjusted their labor-supply behavior in order to gain access to benefits; Eligibility for maternity/parental benefits.

Despite the compelling evidence of the long-run consequences of childhood inattention/hyperactivity and harmful side effects of stimulant medication, relatively little is known about accessible non-pharmacological options to reduce inattentive/hyperactive behaviours. This study evaluates the effect of daily exercise on inattentive/hyperactive behaviours among young children by leveraging evidence from a quasi-experiment generated when 3 Canadian provinces adopted mandatory requirements for all students in grades 1 through 6 to participate in 20–30 min of daily physical activity at school between 1994 and 2009. By exploiting plausibly exogenous variations in the timing of implementation and duration of physical activity mandated as well as over 20,000 observations on a sample of nationally representative children, our difference-in-differences estimates indicate that brief bouts of daily exercise at school effectively reduce inattention/hyperactivity in children – with the beneficial effect enhanced by the duration of exercise mandated. Importantly, most of the exercise effect is concentrated on boys. Since boys' higher rates of inattention/hyperactivity contribute to the explanation for boys' lagging academic motivation and achievement, we argue that providing more scope for physical activity during the school day might be a feasible policy option not only for reducing inattentive/hyperactive behaviours, but also for helping to close the educational gender gap in the longer run. • Daily exercise is a non-pharmacological option to reduce inattention/hyperactivity. • Brief bouts of daily exercise reduce inattention/hyperactivity in young children. • Most of the exercise effect is concentrated on boys. • Mandate of daily exercise can help improve boys' relative motivation/performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses microdata From the 1992 Statistics Canada Family Expenditure Survey to provide evidence that male and female incomes do not always exert identical influences on household expenditures, The novelty of the paper lies in its demonstration that, while incomes may be pooled for some categories of consumption (e.g. housing), the income pooling hypothesis must be rejected For others. We also go beyond simply rejecting the pooling hypothesis to ask how male versus female income is used. Our results stress the on-going importance of traditional gender roles. For example. we find that expenditures on child care increase only with women's incomes higher male income is not associated with higher expenditure on child care even when both spouses are full-time, full-year paid workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suggests the need for more focus on the effects of economic policies to the well-being of children as individuals, taking the situation in Canada as main example. Economics literature discussing the well-being of children; Effects of unemployment, tax policies and regional mobility in terms of children's well-being.

Examines dimensions of the child benefit system in Canada. Presentation of evidence to show that the earned-income supplement (EIS) will not increase the labor supply of parents with low earnings; Low level of child benefits by international standards in terms of offsetting child costs for all families with children and in terms of alleviating child poverty.

Analyzes the school closures in Saskatoon and Windsor during the 1978-88 period using archival data for two episodes of school closures in each Canadian city. Theory of involvements in school closures; Empirical analyses; Social bases for involvement in Saskatoon and Windsor; Powers and agency skills in Saskatoon and Windsor.

Estimates the gross wage elasticity of labor supply for Canadian men and women. Evidence for the importance of quantity constraints in the Canadian labor market; Introduction; Labor-supply model; Data; Probability of underemployment; Labor supply behavior; Results.

This paper conducts an evaluation of the equity and efficiency consequences of proposals for the reform of the Canadian Unemployment Insurance programme. The sensitivity of results to the measure of 'welfare' chosen and to the model employed to simulate individual behavioral responses is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note asks: "How much income does it take to preserve the prechild standard of living for all members of the postchild household?" Equivalence scales for Canadian two-parent families are estimated using a complete demand system approach and imposing the condition of equivalence scale exactness/independent of a base (Blackorby and Donaldson (1993), Lewbel (1989)). This approach has several advantages: (1) It is formally grounded in economic theory. (2) The income required for children can be estimated without ignoring the well-being of the children themselves. (3) The estimates obtained appear reasonable relative to others currently available in the literature.

An empirical methodology for evaluating fisheries regulations in terms of both rent gains and employment losses is proposed. A royalty tax and a change in catch distribution among competing vessel types are compared with the status quo of restricted access. The case study is the British Columbia commercial salmon fishery. Results suggest that rent gains associated with the alternatives are not always sufficient to compensate for losses in fishing income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how taking account of demand-side constraints affects estimated models of labour-supply and hence predicted behavioural responses to a reform in Canada. Constrained and unconstrained labour-supply equations are estimated for single men and women using microdata from the 1982 Survey of Consumer Finance. Detailed modelling of the impact of the Canadian UI program on individual budget constraints enables the simulation of behavioural responses to the UI reform proposals of the Forget and Macdonald commissions. Results indicate that in a high unemployment economy, labour-supply responses will be negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing empirical studies of the impact of the Canadian Unemployment Insurance (UI) programme on labour-supply behaviour, (surveyed by Cousineau (1986) employ models of individual choice. This paper simulates the behavioural consequences of proposals for the reform of the Canadian UI system using a household model of labour supply. It is assumed that households jointly choose annual consumption and annual weeks of labour supply in order to maximise household utility subject to a budget constraint which incorporates details of the Canadian UI programme. However, constraints from the demand-side of the labour market can potentially limit labour-supply choices. The estimated model extends existing models of labour-supply rationing (see Ham (1986) for a survey) in several ways. First, either spouse may be constrained. This adds complexity to a model of household behaviour since if one spouse is confronted with a quantity constraint in the labour market, the household may decide to modify labour-supply plans for the other. Second, a technique is developed to allow estimation of rationed labour-supply functions when sample separation information is not provided in the data (i.e., when it is not known which workers are constrained). Finally, the impact of Unemployment Insurance on household behaviour is modelled so that estimated equations can be used to simulate `constrained' responses to policy reform. A model of household labour supply which incorporates potential demand-side constraints on labour-supply choices has been estimated and employed to simulate behavioural responses to proposals for the reform of the Canadian UI programme. Estimated labour-supply elasticities are very small and similar for both men and women. This confirms results obtained by Mroz (1987) and Nakamura and Nakamura (1983). Estimated probabilities of being constrained if observed unemployed are very high using 1981 data. In particular, the probability of constraint is very high if an ... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research uses microdata from the 1986 Statistics Canada Family Expenditure Survey and from the 1986-88 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey to estimate equivalence scales using a methodology which is very similar to that employed by Statistics Canada for the estimation of Low-Income Cutoffs. Employing identical rumple selection criteria and identically specified models, we find that equivalence scales for the two countries are not in general statistically different when estimated in the same way. The larger issue is then whether the two countries should choose the same methodology for the estimation of equivalence scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses microdata from the 1986 Statistics Canada Family Expenditure Survey to demonstrate that inequality-sensitive poverty measures such as the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (1984) index are as sensitive to the equivalence scale embodied in the poverty line as the more frequently used head count and poverty gap measures. Indices of the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke variety are useful, however, for revealing demographic subgroups experiencing extreme deprivation, information not provided by the more standard poverty measures. The paper also demonstrates that our understanding of the relative poverty experiences of important demographic subgroups such as children and the elderly can be influenced by our choice of equivalence scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]