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A lack of dialogue and collaboration between researchers and practitioners has been recognized in the field of second language education. Social media platforms such as X/Twitter have potential for connecting professionals in the teaching of English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) community and supporting professional learning and research; however, studies of TESOL professionals' uses of X/Twitter have only examined posts/tweets from a limited number of communities marked by hashtags/ keywords. This study identified 23 hashtags relevant to TESOL instruction for adults in the Canadian context and used them as search parameters to extract a data set of 4,833 posts/tweets. Eighty-two North American university professors who had published in the field of TESOL, were selected and searched for on X/Twitter. Upon locating 15 X/Twitter professor accounts, all 272 posts/tweets posted over the one-year period, were extracted. Two content analyses were conducted to infer the purpose of the posts/ tweets and identify the hashtags used by the professors. Results reveal considerable variation in the professors' and other TESOL community members' uses of X/Twitter and suggest that the two groups participate in rather separate X/Twitter communities. Recommendations for maximizing X/Twitter as a tool for professional learning and research and fostering the research-practice link are provided.

When the Carnegie Foundation was established in 1905, universities in Canada and Newfoundland were eligible for grants, on strict conditions that were seen by some as "colonial," "continentalist," or "imperial" intrusions on autonomy; for example, a Carnegie plan to create a federation of Maritime universities. This is a study of how Canadian universities found ways to comply with the requirement, of the compromises they had to make, or chose not to make, in governance, and of an ultimate shift in balance from sectarian to secular, and independent to publicly supported.

Research shows that athletes across levels and sports have been subjected to maltreatment with non-sexualised forms such as psychological abuse and neglect found to be the most common. With the normalisation of many of these forms of abuse occurring in sports, researchers have called for the 'safeguarding' of athletes to focus on prevention through evidence-based education. Yet evidence-based education that teaches about abuse remains limited in the research literature. Further, an examination of educational theory, design considerations and the implications of such applications when applied to learning contexts in sport remains scarce. This paper is the first generated from a project where an online athlete-and coach-led abuse education program was designed, implemented, and evaluated with the purpose of teaching children through to adults (coaches, athletes) about non-sexualised types of abuse, along with the effects of such maltreatment. This paper provides an overview of the educational theory and design considerations, namely Ivor Goodson and Scherto "Gill's" narrative pedagogy and the use of culturally responsive and culturally relevant content, with challenges and possibilities of these applications outlined. Recommendations are then made, based on facilitator and participant feedback which may assist sporting organisations and child protection agencies worldwide when designing, developing, revising, or implementing their own education programs to teach about abuse.

Drawing boundaries in federal systems is often a practical and constitutional challenge for public finance and the delivery of higher education. This paper studies arrangements between national and provincial governments as they affect post-secondary performance in Canada. The study investigates several categories of interaction between levels of government: transfer payments, student financial aid, research infrastructure, tax credits and policy, and philanthropy, accountability, and student accessibility. The study concludes that the interface between federal and provincial policy, although messy and improvable, divides mainly along lines between fiscal practice and programme delivery. The scale of public investment in higher education usually divides equally between federal contributions, which, except for research, are in most respects indirect, and provincial contributions, which are direct. Because provinces control tuition fees, the balance of total spending falls to them. Policies about quality, accessibility, affordability, and programme delivery reside with the provinces and their political priorities. Both levels of government are concerned about human capital formation and the role of higher education in economic growth but take different approaches. It is in this area that the federal-provincial interface is most problematic, and points to a problem endemic to the Canadian model of fiscal federalism.

This is a culmination of three related studies of how students make choices within binary systems of post-secondary education: school to college or university, college to university, and college to college to university. The predecessor study investigated how high school students who had been offered admission to a college and a university chose between them. The next study is re-visited and updated here on the basis of the results of a new follow-up study that focusses particularly on internal transfer and extends data analysis to both studies. The second study surveyed and subsequently interviewed over 200 hundred college students who indicated an interest in transferring to university. Students at five colleges with different transfer models were tracked until they left their colleges, whether or not they transferred. The objective was to learn when, why, and how students finally decide to transfer or not. The second study concluded that the articulation that students "see" is not always the articulation that planners and policy-makers "see" for them, that the "concurrent college" model performed the best and that the "traditional college" performed the worst, that availability of pathways generally promotes transfer, and that program switching or "internal transfer" prior to transfer to university is more frequent than expected. The third study followed-up the phenomenon of "internal transfer" by surveying and interviewing a second cohort of students at four of the five colleges in the second study who had also indicated an intention to transfer to university, but had first transferred to another college program before seeking admission to university. The combined results reported here of the second and third studies led to the revision of some of the conclusions of the second study, and added new conclusions about internal transfer, for example: that transferring from program to program within or among colleges prior to university entry is almost always a complete re-start of the path from college to university, is motivated by concern about the credential to job market match,and is oriented as much to transfer of credit as to credential recognition.

Two major developments in the financial management of higher education have occurred more or less contemporaneously: incentive or performance funding on the part of government and incentive-based budgeting on the part of institutions. Both are based on fiscal incentives. Despite their several inherent and interconnected similarities, incentive funding and incentive-based budgeting have been viewed and appraised on parallel tracks. This study investigates their convergence. In doing so, it sharpens the definitions of both, identifies their respective track records, and discusses problems that are chronic to both. The study concludes that although incentive funding and incentive-based budgeting are sometimes at cross-purposes, they are functionally interconnected. The study uses Canada as an example because it is the jurisdiction that so far has seen the most extensive mutual deployment of performance funding and incentive-based budgeting.

This paper reports and discusses the results of a study that was undertaken to determine factors that influence choices that secondary school students make between enrolling in community college or university, and in particular whether or not those choices are affected by the degree of "articulation" within a public system of post-secondary education. There are several studies that have emerged recently in the United States and Canada that examine factors that influence the choice of university and four-year college. There are a few studies that examine the choice of community and two-year college. None, however, either in Canada or in the United States, has sought to examine "college choice" comparatively among students who apply to baccalaureate and (four-year colleges and universities) and sub-baccalaureate (community colleges) programs. This study examines college choice on the basis of two series of longitudinal surveys conducted in the province of Ontario since the late 1980s, and on a series of surveys and interviews of students, parents and guidance counselors in six secondary schools, each with a different student population, since 2004. The third study--called the "college choice" project--tracked secondary school students as they made decisions about attending college or university, and as they finally selected the institutions that they would attend. The study concludes that greater conventional articulation will not significantly affect rates of transfer, that for most students plans to transfer develop after they enter college and are not a major factor in their initial "choice," that the rate of transfer is highly dependent on the corresponding arrays of programs at colleges and universities, and that articulation might better be thought of as a subset of other basic forms of inter-institutional cooperation.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the province over time has addressed problems that are generic to many jurisdictions in assuring quality -- level of aggregation, pooling, definition of new and continuing programs, scope of jurisdiction, role of governors, performance indicators, relationship to accreditation, programs versus credentials, benchmarking and isomorphism. The paper will pay particular attention to the balance between institutional autonomy in promoting quality and innovation in contrast to system-wide standards for assuring quality. The Province of Ontario has had some form of quality assurance since 1969. For most of the period since then, there were separate forms for undergraduate and graduate programs. Eligibility for public funding is based on the assurance of quality by a buffer body. In 2010, after two years of work, a province-wide task force devised a new framework. Design/methodology/approach: The structure of the paper is a series of "problem/solution" discussions, for example, aggregation, pooling, isomorphism and jurisdiction. Findings: Some problems are generic, for example, how to define a "new" program. Assuring quality and enhancing quality are fundamentally different in terms of process. Research limitations/implications: Although many of the problems discussed are generic, the paper is based on the experience of one jurisdiction. Practical implications: The article will be useful in post-secondary systems seeking to balance autonomy and innovation with central accountability and standardization. It is particularly applicable to undifferentiated systems. Social implications: Implications for public policy are mainly about locating the most effective center of gravity between assuring quality and enhancing quality, and between promoting quality and ensuring accountability. Originality/value: The approach of the discussion and analysis is novel, and the results portable.

In our day, leaders involved in ingenious sustainable development projects plan spaces and implement practices that are beneficial to the environment. These initiatives represent a fertile source of information on the competences linked to environmental design that we should nurture in our students. In view of improving our understanding of the competences that should be developed in environmental education (EE), this study sought to identify the competences used by leaders who participated in five sustainable development projects (in sustainable urban planning and forestry). The analysis of documents and data from individual interviews revealed that the main competences (cognitive, social and affective) used by the leaders interviewed, depended on creative, complex, flexible, longitudinal, adapted, patient, collaborative, humanistic and environmental planning. Finally, this study, of which we present the effects on EE, shows that leaders use competences which are associated with creative individuals.

Since coastal communities are already subjected to the impacts of climate change, adaptation has become a necessity. This article presents competencies demonstrated by Canadian municipal employees during an adaptation process to sea level rise. To adapt, the participants demonstrated the following competencies: problem solving (highlighting components of the problem and identifying constraints), futures thinking, risk prediction, vulnerability analysis, local knowledge, planning, and communication. However, some competencies that could be potentially useful in adaptation were used less frequently by participants: developing solutions, knowledge of adaptation, math skills, hope, and self-efficacy.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health is the property of Canadian Periodical for Community Studies Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

World population growth, overconsumption of resources, competition among countries and climate change are putting significant pressure on agriculture. In Canada, changes in precipitation, the appearance of new pests and poor soil quality are threatening the prosperity of small farmers. What human competencies could facilitate citizens' adaptation to climate change? The competencies displayed by six Canadian farmers were observed as they tried to improve the quality of their soil in order to increase its climate resilience. The farmers in the case study demonstrated a wide array of skills while adapting to climate change. Used to adjusting their farming practices to bad weather, the participants predicted that their already declining soil was very vulnerable to extreme events. They implemented some adaptations: planting forage radish and practicing more crop rotations. During the adaptation process, the farmers showed in-depth local and agricultural knowledge, critical thinking (which they used to assess the solutions), futures thinking and hindsight, identification and control of the variables affecting the crops, openness to novelty, collaboration, optimism and self-efficacy. The research, which results in the identification of competencies conducive to adaptation, leads to the recommendation of a few educational strategies to strengthen adaptive competencies when supporting citizens in a climate change adaptation process. (Contains 1 figure and 3 tables.)

The paper examines the results of a study of strategic plans in community colleges in Ontario, Canada between 1995 and 2005. The system was very similar to centralized systems in many jurisdictions including China. The study found that (1) the strategies of those colleges were more alike than different; (2) the strategic content of the plans as texts was relatively weak; and (3) attention to organizational field was limited. The paper uses institutional theory and the concept of monopsony to explain these findings. Individual institutions and organizational fields evolve because of the interaction of social-political forces that govern their sector and set the standards for legitimacy in the field. The colleges studied are subject to the monopsonistic power of a provincial government to the point that monopsony trumps strategy. Colleges could overcome monopsony by adopting a network model whereby they would redefine the nature of the exchange among colleges and between colleges and government.

This paper investigates the intersection of system articulation, transfer, and the choices that secondary school students make when they apply to college and university. The investigation is based on the results of a study that was undertaken to determine factors that influence choices that secondary school students make between enrolling in community college or university, and in particular whether or not those choices are affected by the degree of "articulation" within a public system of post-secondary education. There are several studies that have emerged recently in the United States and Canada that examine factors that influence the choice of university and 4-year college. There are a few studies that examine the choice of community and 2-year college. None, however, either in Canada or in the United States, has sought to examine "college choice" comparatively among students who apply to baccalaureate (4-year colleges and universities) and sub-baccalaureate (community colleges) programs. This study examines college choice on the basis of two series of longitudinal surveys conducted in the province of Ontario since the late 1980s, and on a series of surveys and interviews of students, parents and guidance counselors in six secondary schools, each with a different student population, since 2004. The third study--called the "college choice" project--tracked secondary school students as they made decisions about attending college or university, and as they finally selected the institutions that they would attend. The study concludes that greater conventional articulation will not significantly affect rates of transfer, that for most students plans to transfer develop after they enter college and are not a major factor in their initial "choice," that the rate of transfer is highly dependent on the corresponding arrays of programs at colleges and universities, and that articulation might better be thought of as a subset of other basic forms of inter-institutional cooperation.

Diversity among institutions or, at least, institutional types, is a policy objective that most systems of higher education pursue although to different degrees. North American colleges and universities, for example, are among the most diverse in the world. In the East, Chinese universities have until recently tended to be highly homogeneous. At the same time, both systems are concerned about equity of access, the quality of educational opportunity, and the role of higher education in worldwide economic competition. Individual institutions, for a variety of reasons, ranging from accountability to the allocation of scarce resources, attempt to compare or "benchmark" themselves against other institutions. Although diversification and benchmarking involve measurement, classification, and the selection of peers, they often work against one another. League tables and rankings, which are the most evident and accessible manifestations of benchmarking, tend to encourage isomorphism instead of diversification among universities. This irony becomes a particular problem when comparisons are attempted between Western and Eastern systems of higher education. This study is an effort to move beyond or at least refine benchmarking by devising a new paradigm based on peer selection. The study is a collaborative venture involving the University of Toronto, in Canada, and Tsinghua University in the People's Republic of China.

Expands on ideas presented in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) study "Innovation in Science, Mathematics and Technology Education" (SMTE) where 23 projects aimed at enhancing the appeal of these three school subjects. Discusses the implications of the SMTE reform efforts on teaching practices and how changes in SMTE affect teacher professionalism. (CMK)

Investigated hiring criteria Canadian administrators used to assess prospective teachers seeking employment. Surveys of 69 Directors of Education indicated that hiring preferences reflected directors' own practical orientation toward schooling. The three broad areas that the directors valued were good interpersonal communication skills, good classroom management/discipline/instructional skills, and good university-related background and experiences. (SM)

Copyright of Journal of Educational Thought / Revue de la Pensée Educative is the property of University of Calgary, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Examines pastoral care, the welfare dimension of English secondary schools, in light of North American school counselling and guidance practices. The discipline/control emphasis of pastoral care does not correspond to North American practices in guidance and counselling. However, some commonalities in the academic/curricular and pastoral/welfare components are noted. (Author/MCF)

Sociobiology suggests that our basic pyschological makeup is genetically determined and has evolved by means of natural selection. Biologically based human predispositions often conflict with legal and moral requirements of modern life. Sociobiology provides support for the direct teaching of moral values and social skills. (Author)

An innovative 30-hour internship seminar has become a core part of the University of Regina's teacher preparation program. It successfully provides experiences to help cooperating teachers and interns: (1) build interpersonal relationships, (2) increase interns' professional growth, and (3) learn and practice supervisory processes. (JD)

BACKGROUND: Adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) must continuously manage their condition, while working for a living, and want a normal life. Adherence rates to treatments/medications are less than optimal. Existing theory offers little to explain adherence rates. The purpose of this study was to develop a theory to further the understanding of how people with CF manage their condition in an adherence-driven health care system. METHODS: Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology was used to conduct 27 semistructured interviews with adults with CF, family members, and health care providers. Data collection and analysis were simultaneous, using constant comparative methods, initial and focused coding, and category identification and reduction to develop a theory. RESULTS: Doing what works to balance life and CF is the theory generated from this study. The main concern of participants was to be seen as normal. The theory depicts what participants with CF and their family members do about their concerns and involves 4 interrelated processes: working overtime, receiving support, passing as normal, and facing disease progression. CONCLUSION: Participants did not relate to the term nonadherent; rather they described working overtime to manage CF, to work, and to have a normal life. Health care provider and researcher perspectives on adherence differ from those of people with CF. Engaging adults with CF and health care providers in a dialogue in which expectations are shared may lead to individualized treatment regimens that work, because adults with CF will do what works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author found the academic blog of Gwynn Dujardin interesting for two reasons. Dujardin was newly hired into a tenure-track position, which she started in the fall at Queen's University at Kingston in Ontario. And her scholarly research concerned spelling reform and education in Renaissance England, so her posts provided witty and linguistically attuned analyses of all kinds of cultural phenomena. The author followed her blog with increasing interest. He was curious to see how she would fare in her first semester--curious, too, to see whether she would continue posting blog entries that sometimes seemed to rival his dissertation in length. However, her blog was stopped because she had become crushed under her new responsibilities and wanted to reserve her intellectual energy for her students, rather than for her cyberspace readers. In this article, the author focuses on discovering what a new faculty member learned about teaching in her first months on the job, and on what she plans to do differently next semester.

The article focuses on the use of third party funding in class action lawsuits in Canada. Topics include the question of whether or not using third party funding violates the law of champerty and maintenance, the exploitation of litigants, and the common law doctrine of Canada. Information is provided on access to justice.

The Liberal Party of Canada (LPC) has dominated Canada's federal governance throughout the post-war period and has provided Canadians with many elements of a social democratic policy legacy. That said, the party is not social democratic in the European sense of the term and does not identify itself as such. After the party's long period of electoral dominance, policy innovation and agenda setting have been in decline for several years: as an electoral and policy-making force it is a shadow of its former self. The gradual loss of support among previously core demographic groups is a serious and perhaps fatal ailment. The loss of representation in large parts of the country and the attendant isolation of Liberal mps in a few large cities in central Canada and the Atlantic region, is a similarly serious affliction. The LPC appears to be at a historic crossroads. All polls over the past year suggest that it will lose the next election to the Conservatives. That would mark the first time in post-war history that the LPC has lost three consecutive elections. Another election loss cannot be attributed entirely to leadership personalities, as the Liberals would have lost the past three elections under three different leaders. Something more fundamental is at work, which the party ignores at its peril. The LPC is resting on its progressive policy legacy and the identity it established in the past: but this is a distant and fading memory to an increasing number of Canadians. The party has failed to even attempt to crystallize a progressive, Liberal narrative and agenda for the twenty-first century, which it could then present to the public as fundamentally different from those of the Conservative government. The party's historically and persistently low popular support and persistently poor competence ratings on major issues, plus the unprecedented fragmentation of the progressive vote, guarantees the LPC nothing in the future. The old two-party governing configurations — within the framework of which the Liberals governed most of the time with majorities and ceded power occasionally to the conservatives — is a thing of the past. If the Liberals aim to return to government soon, they must decide who they are, what they stand for, and why they want to govern Canada again, rather than following a strategy of waiting until the public becomes fed up with the Conservative government and turns again to the LPC. Historically low support for the LPC over the past several years, plus unprecedented fragmentation of the progressive vote mean that the most likely road back to government for the LPC in the short term is probably via a coalition government with the New Democratic Party of Canada. However, to get back on the road to government, the party must come to grips with the present and the future, and establish a political identity that is faithful to the values and achievements of the party's past, while being tailored to the challenges and realities of today and tomorrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the status of the Liberal Party of Canada (LPC) in the early 21st century. The LPC is described as incorporating many elements of social democracy, although the author clarifies that it is a different sort of social democracy from the types existing in Europe. Comments are made about the LPC's probable campaign loss against Canadian conservatives at the next elections. Suggestions are given for the LPC to become more politically and socially relevant to Canadians.

In the United States Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign is cause for hope and reflection on the status of women's leadership in world politics. The prospect of a woman occupying the oval office represents an exciting turning point in history that is in need of further attention, particularly as it affects current Canadian political discourse. This article looks at recent developments in some other countries and considers the prospects for more women in Canada's Parliament following the next election. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Higher Education is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Britannia Mine in British Columbia, Canada, is a major source of copper and other heavy metal pollutants, which enter the sea at Howe Sound. This investigation aims to determine whether there is sufficient Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, in the terrestrial environment surrounding the mine to suggest that dispersion and subsequent bioaccumulation has occurred in the past and continues. Samples of spoil, vegetation, and water were collected in January 2003 from areas at sea level and up to an altitude of 790 m. The samples of soil and vegetation were digested with aqua regia. The subsequent extracts and water samples were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The target metal concentrations were found to be much higher on the hillside spoil tips than on the seashore where the ore concentrators had formerly been located. The dispersion of heavy metals into the surrounding biosphere is discussed and further investigations into dispersion and partitioning within organisms including humans are suggested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Over the past decade, smartphone technology has become increasingly sophisticated and ubiquitous. Modern smartphones, now owned by more than three quarters of Canadians and 94% of millennials, perform an array of functions that are potentially useful in the health care context, such as tracking fitness data, enabling health record sharing, and providing user-friendly platforms for disease management. Approximately half of smartphone users have downloaded at least one health app, and clinicians are increasingly using them in their practice. However, despite widespread use, there is little evidence that supports their safety and efficacy. Few apps have been independently evaluated and many lack basic patient protections such as privacy policies. In this context, the demand for the regulation of mobile health apps has increased. Against this backdrop, regulators, including Health Canada, have begun to propose regulating the use of smartphones in health care. In this viewpoint, we respond to Health Canada's recent proposal to regulate smartphone use in Canada according to a risk-based model. We argue that although Health Canada's recent proposed approach is promising, it may require complementary regulation and oversight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the historic contribution of Canada to the evolution of the dental profession in North America. It cites the Ontario Dental Act as the first, most comprehensive dental legislation ever drafted and has been copied or used as a model by countries worldwide. It notes the existence of cooperation and trust between the dental profession and the government. It recognizes the major role of Canadian dentists in the development of portable and mobile dental equipment.

Study Objective: Experts have recommended including measures of mortality in emergency department (ED) performance evaluation frameworks. This study aims to develop a hospital standardized mortality ratio (HSMR) for patients admitted to the hospital with conditions for which ED care may reduce mortality (emergency-sensitive conditions).Methods: Data were extracted from Canadian hospital discharge databases from April 1, 2009, to March 31, 2012. The ED HSMR is the ratio of the observed deaths among patients with emergency-sensitive conditions in a hospital during a year to the expected deaths for the same patients during the reference year (2009-2010). The expected deaths were estimated with predictive models fitted for different hospital peer groups (teaching hospitals and large, medium, and small community hospitals).Results: The data set included 1,770,809 admissions (9.2% deaths). The ED HSMR was calculated for 47% (294/629) of all Canadian hospitals. The majority of exclusions (98%) were for small community hospitals with fewer than 20 expected deaths. Predictive models had good calibration and discrimination, with areas under the curve ranging from 0.80 to 0.81. In comparisons of 2010-2011 and 2011-2012, the classification of hospitals by ED HSMR quartile was stable, with the majority remaining within the same quartile (43.5%) or moving up or down a single quartile (40.2%). Peer-group-level comparisons between ED HSMR measured at different points after admission (2, 7, and 30 days, and hospital discharge) did not demonstrate any significant differences.Conclusion: The ED HSMR appears to be a reliable measure with high discrimination, calibration, and forecasting properties that can be used to guide assessment of ED performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]