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Although sociologists have long been interested in the stratification of emotions, the occupational stratification of anger has been investigated in only a few general population studies. Through analyses of data representative of workers in Toronto, we evaluate the hypothesis that workplace hierarchical position, defined by supervisory level, has an inverted u-shaped association with the frequency of anger about work. We also evaluate the more specific hypothesis that the difference in work-related anger between front-line supervisors and nonsupervisory workers will be relatively larger among workers in the commodified services sector than other sectors. Results are generally consistent with our hypotheses. We find that both front-line supervisors in the commodified services sector, and secondary supervisors in all employment sectors, report more frequent anger about work than do nonsupervisory workers. In contrast, higher level supervisors report anger about work at about the same frequency as nonsupervisory workers. These associations are only slightly reduced by controls for work stress and stressors. We discuss how supervisory relations might explain differences in anger about work among workers at different levels in organizational hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research was designed to explore the career path differences in hotel management between men and women and to analyze the impact of gender in the hotel industry in Canada. It also explored management capabilities and how they are influenced by gender, career choices, and type of property. Number of moves, number of positions, and type of property as defined by star ratings and size, were the independent variables. The findings indicate there are very specific differences in career paths between men and women and hotel organizations can become more competitive by enhancing their human resource practices to encourage more women to ladder into hotel executive positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptualizing professions has traditionally been problematic because professional characteristics vary across time and place. This paper explores the ways in which professions and occupations were historically demarcated through legislation. A look at professional regulation in five Canadian provinces before 1961 reveals approximately 36 distinct professional groups. I argue that developing a more accurate, empirically based understanding of what professions were in the past will help us conceptualize and advance research on professions in the present. Particularly salient are considerations of status, as well as the structuring of occupations' relations with other occupational groups, the public, and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that health care can be improved and patient harm reduced when health professionals successfully collaborate across professional boundaries. Consequently, there is growing support for interprofessional collaboration in health and social care, both nationally and internationally. Factors including professional hierarchies, discipline-specific patterns of socialization, and insufficient time for teambuilding can undermine efforts to improve collaboration. This paper reports findings from an ethnographic study that explored the nature of interprofessional interactions within two general and internal medicine (GIM) settings in Canada. 155 hours of observations and 47 interviews were gathered with a range of health professionals. Data were thematically analyzed and triangulated. Study findings indicated that both formal and informal interprofessional interactions between physicians and other health professionals were terse, consisting of unidirectional comments from physicians to other health professionals. In contrast, interactions involving nurses, therapists and other professionals as well as intraprofessional exchanges were different. These exchanges were richer and lengthier, and consisted of negotiations which related to both clinical as well as social content. The paper draws on Strauss' (1978) negotiated order theory to provide a theoretical lens to help illuminate the nature of interaction and negotiation in GIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multidisciplinary cancer conference (MCC) provides an outlet for contributors in cancer care collectively to evaluate diagnosis and treatment options and to provide optimal patient care. The prevalence and perceived benefits of MCCs in Canada have not previously been described. Between February and March 2007, the Cancer Services Integration Survey, including four key statements concerning MCCs, was administered to cancer care providers and administrators in Ontario, Canada. A total of 1,769 responses were received with a response rate of 33%. Overall, 74% of respondents were aware of MCCs within their region, but only 58% were either regular MCC participants, or acknowledged participation of cancer providers in their institutions. Using multilevel modeling, physicians (OR 2.69, p-value < 0.01, 95% CI 1.62-4.57) and surgeons (OR 3.00, p-value < 0.01, 95% CI 1.52-6.20) both perceived greater benefit of MCCs for coordinating and improving patient plans than administrators. Although MCCs appear to positively influence patient care and interprofessional interactions, variability exists among cancer providers and administrators concerning their acceptance and perceived benefits. Further research should concentrate on further probing these trends, and exploring explanations and solutions for the inconsistent acceptance of MCCs into routine cancer care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is considerable literature discussing influence of environmental concern in the general population, and some literature specific to certain populations, to date there has not been a study that investigates the influences on environmental concern and career path for environmental scientists. With complex environmental issues becoming an increasing global concern, such information could be critical to developing strategies to encourage individuals to choose a career in environmental science. This study investigates the influences on environmental concern and career choice of Canadian environmental scientists. It offers insight into motivations for work, and contributes to understanding the sociology of the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on how girls choose their career reveals that they do not make the same choices as boys. Despite a university registration rate of 57.7%, for the 2003-2004 school year, in Canada (Statistics Canada, 2005), girls and women are not very interested in non-traditional occupations for women, for example: technology, mathematics, computer science, sciences, and engineering (Deschênes, 2002; Collini, 2003; Gaudet, 2005). Studies mention that guidance counsellors have a responsibility to equip themselves with intervention models, which will increase their own awareness and better prepare them to guide girls and women. This talk will present research results that, based on the Spain et al. (1994) model, try to answer the following questions: Do guidance counsellors know the trades and professions that are non-traditional for girls and women? How do they help or guide girls and boys? Do they have the same type of influence on the girls as they do on the boys? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the conditions under which interprofessional relations may be characterized by conflict and/or cooperation through a case study of the rise of a software engineering (SWE) profession in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Analysis of professional journal publications produced by the primary computing organizations in all three countries reveals that the development of a SWE profession in the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent, the United States, has been a collaborative project pursued by engineering and computing organizations. In contrast, the development of SWE in Canada has been characterized by intense interprofessional conflict. The investigation suggests that interprofessional conflict may be mitigated when professionalizing groups seeking to lay claim to the same jurisdiction are similar in terms of their organizational size, outlook, and regulatory status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sharp decline in voter participation among Canadian youth requires an examination of how our students are being prepared for democratic citizenship. Public schools, including programs falling under the purview of career education, provide the means to prepare learners for vocational, community, and political participation. In Canada, career preparation occurs under a variety of names — Career Planning in British Columbia, Career Preparation in Alberta, Guidance and Career Education in Ontario - to mention a few. In this article, we offer a policy analysis of New Brunswick's Youth Apprenticeship Program (NBYAP) to determine its respect for the principles of democratic learning (Hyslop-Margison & Graham, 2003). These principles are designed to provide students with a sense of community responsibility, political empowerment and social understanding. Our analysis reveals that NBYAP violates fundamental democratic values that foster student understanding of Searle's (1995) distinction between brute facts and social facts. Students must appreciate this distinction to recognize how their own agency and democratic decision-making effects change in the formation of social, political, and economic reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the crucial issues that arise for psychiatrists and other physicians when dealing with occupational disability in their patients with depression and to suggest practical strategies for responding more effectively to the challenges of this aspect of patient functioning.Method: We identify fundamental concepts in the occupational disability domain and draw crucial distinctions. The wider context for occupational disability is articulated, involving the workplace environment and the disability insurance industry. Research with direct relevance to clinical decision making in this area is highlighted. We make pragmatic suggestions for effective management of occupational disability in patients with depression.Results: To successfully manage issues of occupational disability, psychiatrists and other physicians must understand the distinction between impairment and disability. To make this decision fairly and accurately, the adjudicator requires particular types of information from the physician, with requirements varying across short-term or long-term disability claims; failing to provide relevant information may cause substantial stress or financial harm to the patient. Balanced and collaborative decision making regarding whether and for how long to take work absence will greatly help to maintain occupational function in the long-term. Realistic expectations and support of the patient's sense of personal competence foster recovery of occupational function.Conclusion: Management of depression-related disability is challenging. Thoughtful evaluation of the patient's functional status, careful response to the requirements of disability determination, and a focus on functional recovery yield substantial benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents a depiction of women in Canada during the course of second world war and the respective decades that followed as described in Canadian history textbooks. In the interwar years women were left in the house and attend to domestic works though few had also indulged in voluntary activities in the community. They depended on their husbands to provide the needs of the family. Gradual changes has occurred in the year 1950's to 1970's, women joined the labor force, made public appearances showing support to their husbands in their political endeavor, and generate income for the family. In the 1980's women detached themselves from their traditional image portrayed by participating on women's liberation movement, and they appealed for social and economic reforms.

The article discusses the Military Ethnos Scale, an operational measure developed to discover the level to which occupational values are significant among soldiers of the Canadian Army. Particular emphasis is placed on the usefulness of this measure in relation to the theory presented by Moskos regarding this topic presented in the Fall 1977 edition of “Armed Forces and Society.” According to the author, the data seems to support Moskos’ theory of the increasing primacy of occupational values among Canadian soldiers.