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Background: In Canada, regulatory changes have expanded marketing opportunities for voluntarily fortified products (VFPs), with micronutrient additions permitted at levels well in excess of human requirements. Objective: To examine how the consumption of VFPs relates to usual nutrient intakes in the Canadian population. Design: The 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey comprises single 24-h dietary intake recalls on a population-representative sample of 20,487 individuals aged 1 year and older, with second recalls on a subset of 7,608. The intake data included 15 food codes denoting VFP (e.g. energy drinks, fortified beverages, cereals, and bars). We assessed VFP consumption and estimated usual intake distributions for riboflavin, niacin, zinc, and vitamins A, B6, B12, and C for VFP consumers and non-consumers 14-50 years old (n = 8,442) using the National Cancer Institute method. We applied the 'shrink and add' method to estimate usual intakes among supplement users and assessed apparent benefits and risks by comparing usual intake distributions to EARs and ULs. Results: Only 2.4% of the population reported any consumption of VFP on the first 24-h recall. VFP consumers were overrepresented in the upper quartile of population intake distributions for niacin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and zinc. The median usual intakes of VFP consumers were 24-111% higher than the median usual intakes of non-consumers, and VFP consumers had significantly lower prevalence of inadequacy for riboflavin and vitamins A, B6, B12, and C. Irrespective of VFP consumption, usual intake distributions reached the ULs for vitamin A and zinc with the addition of supplement intakes. Discussion: Given the limited differentiation of VFP in this survey, we have likely underestimated nutrient exposure levels. Conclusions: VFP consumption was associated with elevated usual nutrient intakes, but we found limited evidence that it protected consumers from nutrient inadequacies or propelled intakes above tolerable upper levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Choline, folate, and vitamin B12 are required for growth and development, but there is limited information on the intakes and relationships to biomarkers of status in children., Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the choline and B-vitamin intakes and relationship to biomarkers of status in children., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in children (n = 285, aged 5-6 y) recruited from Metro Vancouver, Canada. Dietary information was collected by using 3 24-h recalls. Nutrient intakes were estimated by using the Canadian Nutrient File and United States Department of Agriculture database for choline. Supplement information was collected by using questionnaires. Plasma biomarkers were quantified by using mass spectrometry and commercial immunoassays, and relationships to dietary and supplement intake were determined by using linear models., Results: Daily dietary intakes of choline, folate, and vitamin B12 were [mean (SD)] 249 (94.3) mg, 330 (120) DFE μg, and 3.60 (1.54) μg, respectively. Top food sources of choline and vitamin B12 were dairy, meats, and eggs (63%-84%) and for folate, were grains, fruits, and vegetables (67%). More than half of the children (60%) were consuming a supplement containing B-vitamins, but not choline. Only 40% of children met the choline adequate intake (AI) recommendation for North America (≥250 mg/d); 82% met the European AI (≥170 mg/d). Less than 3% of children had inadequate folate and vitamin B12 total intakes. Some children (5%) had total folic acid intakes above the North American tolerable upper intake level (UL; >400 μg/d); 10% had intakes above the European UL (>300 μg/d). Dietary choline intake was positively associated with plasma dimethylglycine, and total vitamin B12 intake was positively associated with plasma B12 (adjusted models; P < 0.001)., Conclusions: These findings suggest that many children are not meeting the dietary choline recommendations, and some children may have excessive folic acid intakes. The impact of imbalanced one-carbon nutrient intakes during this active period of growth and development requires further investigation., (Copyright © 2022 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Micronutrient status during pregnancy influences maternal and fetal health, birth outcomes, and the risk of chronic disease in offspring. Research reporting dietary intake during pregnancy in nationally representative population samples, however, is limited. This review summarizes the micronutrient intakes of pregnant women from developed countries and compares them with relevant national recommendations. A systematic search without date limits was conducted. All studies reporting the micronutrient intakes of pregnant women were considered, irrespective of design. Two authors independently identified studies for inclusion and assessed methodological quality. Nutritional adequacy was summarized, with confounding factors considered. Meta-analysis data are reported for developed countries collectively, by geographical region, and by dietary methodology. Pregnant women in developed countries are at risk of suboptimal micronutrient intakes. Folate, iron, and vitamin D intakes were consistently below nutrient recommendations in each geographical region, and calcium intakes in Japan were below the Japanese recommendations and the average intake levels in other developed countries. Research examining the implications of potential nutrient insufficiency on maternal and offspring health outcomes is needed along with improvements in the quality of dietary intake reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Traditional food resources of indigenous peoples provide a wealth of information on use of unique food species, and their harvest and preparation. In conjunction with a larger study associated with the Northern Contaminants Program, traditional food items most frequently consumed in Inuit, Dene/Metis and Yukon First Nations communities of the Canadian North, were identified following a large-scale dietary assessment that included monitoring and collection of traditional and market foods in five regions of the Canadian North. Fifty out of 200 traditional food samples, collected as eaten, were prioritized for water-soluble vitamin analysis (folate, pyridoxine, riboflavin and niacin) based upon parameters that included frequency of consumption, lack of nutrient data and expectation of nutrient content. This paper reports on contents of selected B vitamins in the prioritized food samples, as eaten and expressed per 100g of food sample. This is the first report of the levels of these water-soluble vitamins in many of these food sources. This study strongly suggests that traditional foods have the potential to contribute significantly to the water-soluble vitamin requirements of Northern Indigenous Peoples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To determine the proportion of high risk patients followed at a tertiary care lipid clinic who met recommended lipid targets and to identify predictors of reaching goal lipid levels.Research Design and Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 502 high risk patients followed between 1983 and 2003. Clinical and demographic data and fasting lipid profiles were extracted from each patient's first two clinic visits as well as the most recent visit.Results: All patients in this study were at high risk of cardiovascular events due to dyslipidemia. At "Visit 1", only 55 (11.0%) of patients were at target TC/HDL-C < 4.0, and 97 (19.3%) of patients met target LDL-C < 2.5 mmol/l. At "Visit 3", 229 (45.8%) patients reached TC/HDL-C target, and 216 (43.2%) patients were at LDL-C target. The mean change in lipid values between Visit 1 and Visit 3 was significant (p = 0.0002) for LDL-C and (p < 0.0001) for TC/HDL-C. The use of statins, niacin, or salmon oil were all significantly associated with reaching TC/HDL-C target and LDL-C target, as well male gender, diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease were also associated with reaching LDL-C target. Increasing age and lower body mass index were associated with reaching goal TC/HDL-C.Conclusions: The mean absolute changes in lipid values were significant and median lipid levels approached target levels in patients followed at specialized clinic, however the majority of high risk patients are not meeting goal lipid levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Niacin downregulates intestinal sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2b expression and reduces intestinal phosphate transport. Short-term studies have suggested that niacin lowers serum phosphate concentrations in patients with CKD and ESRD. However, the long-term effects of niacin on serum phosphate and other mineral markers are unknown., Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: The Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL/High Triglycerides: Impact on Global Health Trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial testing extended release niacin in persons with prevalent cardiovascular disease. We examined the effect of randomized treatment with niacin (1500 or 2000 mg) or placebo on temporal changes in markers of mineral metabolism in 352 participants with eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 over 3 years. Changes in each marker were compared over time between the niacin and placebo arms using linear mixed effects models., Results: Randomization to niacin led to 0.08 mg/dl lower plasma phosphate concentrations per year of treatment compared with placebo ( P <0.01) and 0.25 mg/dl lower mean phosphate 3 years after baseline (3.32 versus 3.57 mg/dl; P =0.03). In contrast, randomization to niacin was not associated with statistically significant changes in plasma intact fibroblast growth factor 23, parathyroid hormone, calcium, or vitamin D metabolites over 3 years., Conclusions: The use of niacin over 3 years lowered serum phosphorous concentrations but did not affect other markers of mineral metabolism in participants with CKD., (Copyright © 2018 by the American Society of Nephrology.)

The article focuses on a study conducted to see the effect of statin therapy with niacin on the patients having low levels of cholesterol and suffering with cardiovascular diseases. It informs that several randomized placebo controlled trial was conducted to see the effect of niacin on the patients of several cardiovascular diseases and dyslipidemia. According to the results, niacin didn't show significant on the patients having statin therapy.