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Introduction: Sex differences exist in children's obesity rates, dietary patterns and television viewing. Television continues to be a source of unhealthy food advertising exposure to children in Canada. Our objective was to examine sex differences in food advertising exposure in children aged 2 to 17 years across four Canadian Englishlanguage markets. Methods: We licensed 24-hour television advertising data from the company Numerator for January through December 2019, in four cities (Vancouver, Calgary, Montréal and Toronto) across Canada. Child food advertising exposure overall, by food category, television station, Health Canada's proposed nutrient profiling model, and marketing techniques were examined on the 10 most popular television stations among children and compared by sex. Advertising exposure was estimated using gross rating points, and sex differences were described using relative and absolute differences. Results: Both male and female children were exposed to an elevated level of unhealthy food advertising and a plethora of marketing techniques across all four cities. Differences between sexes were evident between and within cities. Compared to females, males in Vancouver and Montréal viewed respectively 24.7% and 24.0% more unhealthy food ads/person/year and were exposed to 90.2 and 133.4 more calls to action, 93.3 and 97.8 more health appeals, and 88.4 and 81.0 more products that appeal to children. Conclusion: Television is a significant source of children's exposure to food advertising, with clear sex differences. Policy makers need to consider sex when developing food advertising restrictions and monitoring efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research on marketing within PSE tends to focus on homogeneous groups of high-status organisations. This study ameliorates this gap in the literature, conducting a comparative analysis of promotional materials produced by public universities and community colleges in Ontario, Canada. We find that these two groups draw on unique strategies to communicate their quality to external constituents. Public universities emphasise faculty and institutional-level accomplishments, such as research grants and rankings. Meanwhile, community colleges, lacking access to these symbolic resources, employ corporate-like strategies, such as taglines and non-traditional logos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims To identify the nature of visual alcohol references in alcohol advertisements during televised broadcasts of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournament matches and to evaluate cross-national differences according to alcohol marketing policy restrictiveness. Design Content analysis using the Delphi method and identification of in-game sponsorships. Setting Television broadcasts of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Mexico, Spain and the United States. Cases Eighty-seven alcohol advertisements; 20 matches. Measurements Quantitative rating scales, combined with the Delphi rating technique, were used to determine compliance of the alcohol advertisements with the International Alliance for Responsible Drinking's (IARD) Guiding Principles. Recordings of five matches from four countries were also used to identify the number of in- and out-of-game alcohol brand appearances. Findings A total of 86.2% of all unique alcohol advertisements contained at least one violation of IARD's Guiding Principles, with violation rates ranging from 72.7% (Mexico) to 100% (Brazil). Countries with the least restrictive marketing policies had a higher prevalence of violations in guidelines designed to protect minors. There were 2.76 in-game alcohol brand appearances and 0.83 out-of-game alcohol brand appearances per minute. Brand appearances did not differ across countries or according to a country's marketing policy restrictiveness. Conclusions Self-regulation and statutory policies were ineffective at limiting alcohol advertising during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournament television broadcasts. Most advertisements contained content that violated the self-regulation codes, and there were high levels of within-broadcast brand appearances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates rice-buying behavior in Chinese people living in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Canada and suggests marketing strategies for rice products. Data were collected from a comprehensive Web-based survey and analyzed using grey relational analysis method. In total, we received 445 valid questionnaires. For China-Chinese consumers, we suggest that the rice marketing mix should focus on higher quality, fair price, extra healthfulness, wide distribution channels, and food safety guarantees during promotion. For China-English consumers, the marketing mix should ensure that rice products contain clear educational instructions and also focus on stable price, convenience of locations, and sufficient communication with consumers during promotion. The results suggest employing different marketing mix strategies for Chinese and English-speaking countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the labour market experiences of Indian hi-tech professionals in the Waterloo tech cluster (Ontario), also known as Canada's Technology Triangle. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's theorisations, I show how Indian technology workers, although disadvantaged to some extent by their embodied social attributes and their ‘lack of Canadian experience’, exercise their agency to strategically convert theircapitalsto enter and progress in the labour market. Based on in-depth interviews conducted with Indian immigrants, technology companies and relevant organisations and immigrant-serving agencies in the Waterloo Region, I argue that the stereotypical association of Indian nationals and technology work contributes to theirtransnational habitusthat yields some advantage in Canada's technology labour markets; a foot in the door. This stereotypical association, however, simultaneously contributes to new forms of oppression and restrictions to labour market entry for Indian nationals seeking to enter occupational sectors other than IT; a double-edged sword. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on empirical research investigating social transformation, financial self-sufficiency, and innovation in Canadian social enterprises. A set of profiles on 60 randomly selected social enterprises utilizing information from each organization's Web site was developed and analyzed. The profiles show that about one-third of the sample enterprises were deemed high in social transformation, approximately one-half were assessed high in financial self-sufficiency, and fewer that one-fifth were found to be highly innovative. Implications for marketing in social enterprises are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the integration of Inuit media production in the global cultural economy in Canada. Indigenous media producers are already taking advantage in the global opportunities as they challenge the global notions of native difference, authenticity in achieving local objectives. Their media marketing strategies have also adopted the global standards and forms by providing native culture up for the use of the increasing community of practical artists. Isuma Productions has brought Inuit and other Aboriginal media pinto global attention.

This paper provides a summary of recent changes to the legal, regulatory and policy environment affecting generic pharmaceutical manufacturers operating in the Canadian market. It provides a top-line overview of the Canadian pharmaceutical market in terms of generic market share by dollar value and prescriptions filled, and growth in both of those key indicators. This paper describes changes brought into force in October 2006 to regulations of Canada's Patent Act that attempt to limit ‘evergreening’ tactics employed by brand-name drug manufacturers to delay market entry of competing generic products, changes to regulations of Canada's Food and Drugs Act that provide new brand-name pharmaceutical products with eight years of data exclusivity (plus six-month paediatric exclusivity) and the response of the Canadian Generic Pharmaceutical Association (CGPA) to these regulatory changes. This paper also outlines changes to pricing and reimbursement rules for generic pharmaceutical products that are being implemented in the two largest Canadian jurisdictions of Ontario and Québec.Journal of Generic Medicines (2008) 5, 167–174. doi:10.1057/jgm.2008.1; published online 5 February 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful marketing strategy of maple sugarhouses requires the identification of a target market and development of a marketing mix (productiservice, place, price, and promotion) that will best satisfy the needs of this target market. This research was conducted to investigate whether there were differences in the marketing strategies implemented by sugarhouses in Canada and the United States to meet the needs of visitors. A census of all the sugarhouses in the contiguous regions of southern Quebec, eastern Ontario and northeastern New York/northwestern Vermont were visited by multiple observers. Systematic observations using a detailed grid of variables were compiled for each establishment. More similarities than differences were found in the three regions, although one important difference was that Quebec sugarhouses had more favorable pricing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed at exploring the perceived significance of promotional events in secondary schools among Canadian parents, their children, and teachers and at determining the influence of these event on the school-choice process and school life. The findings suggest that both teachers and families displayed apparently contradictory perceptions of the open house with respect to its significance and influence, differing as well from one another in their understanding of the place of this event in school life and choice. In addition, four effective aspects of this promotional event have been subjectively identified by the respondents. Empirical and practical implications are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last fifteen years the Canadian retail landscape has been transformed by the growth and clustering of big box retailers into a range of 'power retail' developments. This has brought new retailers into Canada (predominantly U.S. retailers) with different business strategies that have lead to different consumer behaviour. The power retail phenomenon encompasses all aspects of the retail offer (price, product, service, etc.) and is not simply about the size of stores. These developments have led to new types of commercial clusters—power centres and power nodes—that have challenged both planning policy and the existing retail hierarchy across Canada, and conversely, provided substantial scope for retailers and developers to exploit market opportunities. The article discusses the alternate definitions of power retail, estimates the magnitude of this activity, and examines the spatial pattern and preferences of these new retail locations. The development of power retail is tracked across Canada and regional variations examined. The key trends in power retail growth are identified and potential directions for future development suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On September 11th, 2001 the North American tourism environment changed dramatically as a result of the terrorist events that occurred in New York and Washington D.C. As Canadians watched the events of 9/11 unfold south of the border, the shift in their travel patterns was almost immediate. Using secondary data analysis from the Canadian domestic travel survey, this study reveals the changes in travel behavior that occurred in overall trip characteristics and for different demographic market segments post-September 11. Comparisons are made between actual and expected travel patterns. These findings have implications for disaster recovery marketing strategies in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Canadian Simon Whitfield won the gold medal in the first ever Olympic Men's Triathlon at the 2000 Sydney Games, the Canadian media labeled him an 'Olympic champion' and 'golden boy' and constructed his victory as 'heroic' and emblematic of Canadian character. Positive media attention led to several sponsorship contracts which in turn led to more media coverage about his success, with the result that Whitfield became a media celebrity and product endorser in Canada. In this article we examine the media production processes that led to the construction of Whitfield's positive media image and the impact of this coverage on his marketability. Through interviews with five national and regional newspaper journalists who wrote stories about Whitfield and four national marketers who worked on his sponsorship campaigns, as well as with Whitfield himself, we demonstrate how media and marketing production are linked as part of a promotional chain. In the case of Whitfield, this promotional chain resulted in media coverage that was similar across various newspapers, and which served in the construction of media and marketing coverage of Whitfield that affirmed dominant meanings of sport culture in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory study investigates the marketing strategies implemented by bars and lounges in Canada and the United States to meet the needs of their customers. A census of 75 bars ill three contiguous regions of Quebec, Ontario, and Northern New York was visited. Systematic observations using a detailed grid of variables were compiled for each establishment. More similarities than differences were found, indicating that similar marketing strategies are used by bars in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the determinants of day visitor spending is key to marketing planning at many visitor attractions and destinations. In a recent study of a small-scale rural destination in the United Kingdom, the findings suggested that group visitation coupled with duration of stay were key determinants of spending. This article explores the robustness of these findings in a different context, the relationship between mode of travel and spending. This study suggests that there is a difference in the pattern of visitor spending between car-borne and public transport visitors, with car-based visitors spending higher amounts. the level of expenditure varies according to group size and duration of day visit, an important consideration for planners seeking to encourage a modal switch of visitors in national parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the importance of understanding the wine tourism market and its implications for marketing, in order to position an emerging wine route in the Niagara region. It is stated that the region is not only home to Niagara Falls but also home to an emerging wine route with more than 50 wineries. The article provides three main factors which have attributed to the transformation in the wine industry. While discussing food and marketing strategies, it states that the Niagara Wine Route has two distinct clusters. As wineries in the east are in the tourist town of Niagara-on-the-Lake, these receive many international visitors, while wineries in the west are not typically on a tourist route and so these receive more domestic tourists. Based on results of a visitor survey at eight wineries, the article presents the illustration of different markets that visit the Niagara Wine Route and suggests possible implications for marketing strategies for this emerging wine route. In conclusion, it is stated that as there exist many similarities between visitors to the west and east, the need to understand differences might help to better position a winery in the increasingly competitive market place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the similarities and differences in the marketing strategies implemented by family restaurants in Canada and the U.S. to meet the needs of their customers. Overview of Canada-U.S. comparative consumer and hospitality research; Comparison of French-Canadian, English-Canadian and U.S. restaurants on marketing strategy variable ratings; Differences among the French-Canadian, English-Canadian and U.S. family restaurants.

The article discusses the vocational and avocational dispensing of eyeglasses and contact lenses and offers tips for dispensing opticians on how to deal with customers in Canada. When people say that the eyeglasses and contact lenses being sold are too expensive, opticians should diplomatically explain that price ranges signify both the quality and the service attached to the product. On another hand, it says that staff guidelines are particularly important when working in a confined space such as a screening room, where opticians work in close proximity to the patient or customer. On how to deal with abusive customers, it suggests that one should never loose his patience since there is a potential for disciplinary hearings for opticians who yell back at abusive customers.

The author reflects on an advertisement from a college dean which appeared in a national newspaper in Canada. The author believed that the sentence fragments of the advertisement reflect a marketing campaign. He inferred that universities are already aware that marketing considerations dominate both the external and internal matters of the campus. The author averred that the commercialization of universities caused concerns on consumer satisfaction as reflected in student evaluations.