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Copyright of Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (CFPJ) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An essay is presented that explores Canada and its history of immigration. Particular focus is given to the country's embrace of diversity and its generous immigration refugee policy. A list examining Canada and why it may be more open to diversity and immigration than other nations is also offered; it examines points including its dual French and English colonization, how geography and climate made it an impractical place for a plantation economy and how its geography has prevented a large influx of illegal immigrants.

Discusses the decision of the British government to conduct the testing of nuclear weapons in Australia rather than in Canada. Reasons for choosing Australia as the testing site; Information on the plan drafted for testing atomic devices; Details of the tests conducted in Australia from 1952 to 1957.

The article discusses a court case wherein several Cree Indians attempt to gain membership to the Lucky Man Cree Nation. The applicants argue that their names were improperly held off of the membership list and cite laws from the Canadian Indian Act and the Membership Code of the First Nation. Details are also provided about the government of the Cree First Nation and its relationship with the Canadian government.

On 18 May 1966, Paul Joseph Chartier blew himself up outside of the Canadian House of Commons in Ottawa. His target had been members of parliament, but he succeeded in killing only himself. The bombing received widespread attention at the time and prompted an investigation involving both the rcmp and fbi. Using the more than 1,300-page file compiled by the police, I stress the importance of a historical approach to the study of terrorism as the article examines Chartier's deed in the context of lone-actor terrorism, both within Canada and internationally. Ultimately, I conclude that the reason Chartier carried out the attack is unknowable. However, I argue that a strong correlation existed between the motivation for Chartier's act of extreme violence and masculinity, a connection often ignored in scholarship about terrorism, especially lone-actor terrorism. Chartier fell considerably short of the hegemonic masculine ideals of postwar Canada, which he blamed, in populist fashion, on a corrupt Canadian political system. In the end, he turned to a traditional response by some men, both in Canada and internationally, an act of extreme violence, to salvage something from his life by striking back against those he blamed for his failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information is given about the case Okemow-Clark v. Lucky Man Cree Nation which was heard in the Canada's Federal Court of Appeal on February 16, 2010. Respondents include Roberta Faye Okemow-Clark, Joyce Okemow, and Elaine Pelletier. The issue is the exclusion of the respondents from the Lucky Man Cree Nation Band List.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Law & Society/Revue Canadienne Droit et Societe (Cambridge University Press) is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/Objectives: Patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB) require care of wounds that are colonized or infected with bacteria. A subset of EB patients are at risk for squamous cell carcinoma, and bacterial‐host interactions have been considered in this risk. The EB Clinical Characterization and Outcomes Database serves as a repository of information from EB patients at multiple centers in the United States and Canada. Access to this resource enabled broad‐scale analysis of wound cultures. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 739 wound cultures from 158 patients from 13 centers between 2001 and 2018. Results: Of 152 patients with a positive culture, Staphylococcus aureus (SA) was recovered from 131 patients (86%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) from 56 (37%), and Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) from 34 (22%). Sixty‐eight percent of patients had cultures positive for methicillin‐sensitive SA, and 47%, methicillin‐resistant SA (18 patients had cultures that grew both methicillin‐susceptible and methicillin‐resistant SA at different points in time). Of 15 patients with SA‐positive cultures with recorded mupirocin susceptibility testing, 11 had mupirocin‐susceptible SA and 6 patients mupirocin‐resistant SA (2 patients grew both mupirocin‐susceptible and mupirocin‐resistant SA). SCC was reported in 23 patients in the entire database, of whom 10 had documented wound cultures positive for SA, PA, and Proteus species in 90%, 50%, and 20% of cases, respectively. Conclusions: SA and PA were the most commonly isolated bacteria from wounds. Methicillin resistance and mupirocin resistance were reported in 47% and 40% of patients tested, respectively, highlighting the importance of ongoing antimicrobial strategies to limit antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the proposal by Ralph Klein, Alberta's Premier, to produce legislation allowing private clinics to perform surgery requiring overnight stays. Health Resources Group, the private, for-profit surgical clinic which conducts day surgery for third-party insurers; Terms under which the private clinic would operate; Criticism about the proposed style of health care.

Announces the 13th season celebrated by the du Maurier Downtown Jazz Festival on June 25 to July 4, 1999 in Toronto, Ontario. Number of musicians from around the world that participated in the celebration; Centenaries of two jazz music that coincided with the festival.

BACKGROUND: There has been a dramatic increase in the off-label use of ophthalmic timolol maleate, a β-blocker used for infantile hemangioma (IH) treatment as a topical counterpart to oral propranolol. Its safety and efficacy in a pediatric population with IH have not been evaluated in a large cohort. Our goal was to retrospectively assess timolol's effectiveness, discern characteristics associated with response, and document reported adverse events. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort study of 731 patients treated with topical timolol was completed at 9 centers. Inclusion required an IH suitable for timolol in the treating physician's judgment and access to clinical details including photographs. Logistic regression analysis and descriptive statistics were performed. Primary outcome measures were efficacy assessed by using visual analog scales for color and for size, extent, and volume from review of digital photographs taken as standard of care. RESULTS: Most IHs were localized (80.1%) and superficial (55.3%). Risk of disfigurement was the most common indication for therapy (74.3%). Duration of therapy (P < .0001), initial thinness (P = .008), and subtype (P = .031) were significant predictors of response. Best response occurred in superficial IHs <1 mm thick. Fifty-three (7.3%) required subsequent therapy with systemic β-blocker. Adverse events were mild, occurring in 25 (3.4%) patients. No cardiovascular side effects were documented. CONCLUSIONS: Timolol seems to be a well-tolerated, safe treatment option with moderate to good effectiveness, demonstrating best response in thin, superficial IHs regardless of pretreatment size. Timolol can be recommended as an alternative to systemic β-blockers and watchful waiting for many patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, we present the first data obtained from the new Transition Region Explorer (TREx) RGB Imager and analyze the apparent motion of STEVE and the Picket Fence structures in an event on 31 August 2019. The structures associated with STEVE are found to feature a fast westward motion (~5–10 km/s). This is consistent with the notions that STEVE is colocated with a fast subauroral ion drift (SAID) channel and that SAIDs play a key role in the production of STEVE. The apparent motion of the Picket Fence structures is much slower (~400–600 m/s) and can be both westward and eastward. This implies that either the Picket Fence is located at different magnetic flux tubes from that of STEVE, with much slower plasma convection speed, or that the motion of the Picket Fence does not follow the plasma convection. Plain Language Summary: The recently mounted Transition Region Explorer (TREx) RGB Imager is designed to capture "true color" images of the aurora and airglow with high time resolution and is thus ideal for the identification and tracking of STEVE (pink/mauve) and the Picket Fence (green) phenomena. Using the first data from the new TREx RGB imager at Lucky Lake, Canada, we analyze the apparent motion of STEVE and Picket Fence structures in an event on 31 August 2019. The structures associated with STEVE display a fast westward motion (~5–10 km/s), which is part of the reason for its acronym (velocity enhancement). The apparent motions of the Picket Fence structures are much slower (~400–600 m/s) and can be both westward and eastward. The above information on the motion speed of STEVE and the Picket Fence is important to the ongoing exploration of their underlying mechanisms. Key Points: We analyze the motion of STEVE and the Picket Fence using the first data obtained from the new Transition Region Explorer True‐Color ImagerThe structures within STEVE show a rapid westward motion (~5–10 km/s), compatible with the speed of a fast subauroral ion drift (SAID) channelThe motion of the Picket Fence is much slower (~400–600 m/s) and can be both westward and eastward, implying a strong flow shear with SAID [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents novel findings about how appellate courts interpret and apply Canada's revamped self-defence law, contained in section 34 of the Criminal Code. The author identifies how section 34, described by the Canadian Department of Justice as a simplification of existing self-defence legislation and jurisprudence, significantly expands the availability of self-defence while removing and demoting principled constraints on the use of defensive force. The author studies self-defence appeals since section 34 has come into force. This study reveals the interpretive architecture of the new law and indicates where appeal decisions regularly turn. The paper is organized into six parts. First, the author explains the methodology used to arrive at the list of section 34 appellate cases. Second, the author assesses the prevalence of self-defence elements within these appellate decisions. Third, the author explores how appellate courts interpreting section 34 have evaluated the accused's role in the incident. Fourth, the author assesses the scope of the modified objective approach and its evolution under section 34. Fifth, the author discusses how longstanding self-defence principles have been applied within the new framework. Lastly, the author discusses hybrid defences-the melding of self-defence and other defences-and their prevalence under the new law. The author concludes by suggesting that section 34 has not resolved the complexity it was meant to address. Rather, it replaced one type of complexity with another. Appellate courts are now struggling to determine if, where, and how received principles such as necessity, proportionality, and retreat fit into section 34. Appellate decisions reveal that the operation of section 34 remains unpredictable, and guidance from appellate courts, most importantly the Supreme Court of Canada, is necessary. R v Khill, scheduled to be heard by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2021, presents an important opportunity to clarify self-defence law in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While masters sport aligns with the holistic concept of active aging, related research has focused predominantly on the physical domain, and less is known about the psychological, cognitive, and social benefits of older adults' participation. This study examined, in combination, the perceived psychological, social, cognitive, and physical benefits of training and competing as a masters athlete, while considering age and gender differences. Forty masters athletes residing in Canada were interviewed (21 men and 19 women; 15 who were 50–64 years and 25 who were 65–79 years), representing 15 different sports. Interviews were coded both deductively and inductively, revealing several subthemes of benefits for the broader perceived psychological, social, cognitive, and physical benefits, with few but notable differences between women and men, and those younger than 65 years and those 65+ years. Our findings provide new insights into the positive experiences of active aging associated with high levels of physical activity among older adults, such as greater self-confidence, especially for women, comradery, and feeling mentally sharper, especially for the older age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic Bingo games have recently appeared in Ontario Charitable Gaming Centres. Here we summarize the characteristics of this novel form of electronic gambling, and give a detailed characterization of one game. We contend that these games have structural characteristics that make them similar to modern Electronic Gaming Machines (EGMs) that feature multiline slots games. These features include a fast and continuous gaming experience, with player adjustable win size and reinforcement rate, a high frequency of losses disguised as wins, and highly salient near misses. Some of these games also have bonus rounds and provide players with a list of recent wins. We conclude that provincial and state gaming authorities should be aware that the placement of Bingo EGMs in existing Bingo facilities may increase problem gambling among an already well-established community of Bingo enthusiasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rehabilitation can help long-term care (LTC) residents with dementia maintain their independence. However, many residents do not receive rehabilitation. This study aimed to identify the barriers and facilitators to providing rehabilitation for LTC residents with dementia and propose practical interventions for overcoming them. Methods: Using a phenomenological research design, we conducted a qualitative study involving 17 privately owned LTC homes in Nova Scotia, Canada. Data were collected through individual interviews and a focus group with residents with dementia (n = 3), family members (n = 4), rehabilitation providers (n = 6), and other staff (n = 3). We analyzed the data using inductive thematic content analysis and mapped the results onto the socioecological framework and the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) to classify and analyze barriers and facilitators to rehabilitation. The APEASE criteria (Acceptability, Practicability, Effectiveness, Affordability, Side-effects, and Equity) in the BCW were used to identify feasible interventions and policies linked to the identified barriers and facilitators. Results: Barriers at the intrapersonal level included communication difficulties, comorbidities, and lack of motivation among residents. Interpersonal factors encompassed the availability of family support and lack of interdisciplinary practice. Policy/environmental factors involved limited resources, complex admission processes, low staff ratios, and restrictive restraint policies. Enhancing communication, reducing the use of restraints, promoting interdisciplinary practice, and increasing accessibility to activity spaces and equipment will improve the provision of rehabilitation for the residents. Conclusion: Enhancing the capabilities, opportunities, and motivations of all actors in LTC homes can potentially minimize these barriers. Interventions such as staff training on effective communication and dementia care, promoting person-centred and meaningful activities, and improving interdisciplinary collaboration are crucial. Policy measures to improve hospital-to-LTC transitions, increase volunteer involvement, educate families and communities, and recruit more staff are recommended. Addressing these barriers through targeted interventions and policy changes can significantly improve rehabilitation provision for residents with dementia in LTC settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a rare endocrine disorder, Cushing's Syndrome (Cushing's) is characterized by numerous symptoms and a non-specific presentation, leading to a delay to diagnosis for patients with this disease. To date, research examining the lived experiences of patients with Cushing's in healthcare is absent in the literature. This preliminary inquiry into the healthcare experiences of women with Cushing's aimed to examine the utility of this line of inquiry to support the patient centered care of individuals with Cushing's. Methods: Seven women from across Canada with endogenous Cushing's participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted examining participants' healthcare and body-related experiences with Cushing's. Results pertaining to healthcare experiences were analyzed for the current study using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Four themes emerged whereby women with Cushing's experienced (1) a lack of patient centered care, characterized by provider miscommunication and medical gaslighting; (2) a misunderstanding of their symptoms as related to weight gain; (3) weight stigma in healthcare encounters; and (4) a shift in their quality of care following diagnosis. Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of patient centered care as well as the negative impact of commonly reported barriers to patient centered care. Cushing's specific barriers to patient centered care may include weight stigma as well as the rare incidence of Cushing's. Further research is needed to better understand the healthcare experiences of people with Cushing's in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is little research examining types of sexual homicides from a perspective that can aid investigators before a suspect has been identified. This study examines crime scene factors of 350 sexual homicides using police data and latent class analyses to determine offense types as they relate to homicide clearance, followed by an in-depth examination of unsolved cases. Results suggest there are three classes of sexual homicide: Sloppy/Reckless; Violent/Sadistic; and Forensically Aware. Specifically within the unsolved sample, there exist two distinct classes: Forensically Aware and Not Forensically Aware (Lucky). Findings are discussed in reference to homicide clearance and practical implications for law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]