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There is little research on the socialization of doctoral students in Canada. Using survey data collected from 64 Canadian universities for the 2018 Academic Professions in the Knowledge Society project, this paper explores the reported doctoral experience of full-time academic faculty in Canadian universities who were "successfully" socialized to the role of scholar, to find potential factors affecting doctoral experience and career progression. This paper suggests that financial and faculty support are key to doctoral success. With disciplinary nuance alive and thriving, many contemporary doctoral students may be subject to unfair disadvantages, potentially one of the underlying reasons for high attrition from doctoral programs. Results indicate that teaching continues to be an overlooked aspect of doctoral training in favour of research; the associated faculty support which often accompanies research, along with the potential for funding for the research-related activity, may be significant factors affecting socialization in Canadian doctoral programs.

Background: An increasing number of dietitians use non‐diet approaches, referred to as non‐weight focused practice approaches (NWFAs), in clinical practice when working with higher weight adult clients. However, the factors that impact dietitians' ability to successfully implement these approaches in practice are unknown. Methods: Aiming to examine how implementing NWFAs in clinical practice differs based on the extent to which a dietitian uses NWFAs with their clients, we conducted a cross‐sectional online survey among Canadian registered dietitians who work with higher weight adults (May to July 2021), developed and validated following the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Descriptive statistics were conducted to identify barriers and facilitators with respect to implementing NWFAs. The Kruskal–Wallis was used to test for differences in barriers and facilitators with respect to implementing NWFAs among five different practice approaches. The results showed that, among participants (n = 383; 82% white; 95% women) the most important barriers for implementation of NWFAs were clients' focus on weight as an outcome, when losing weight is a condition to access enhanced services, requiring changes to their practice philosophy, difficulty funding professional development and not having sufficient skills or knowledge to implement NWFAs in practice. Top‐rated facilitators included the use of clinical guidelines, scientific publications and educational materials, which were rated with higher agreement across all implementation stages (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The present study highlights important factors that may impact the effective implementation of NWFAs in dietetic practice for higher weight adult clients, which is essential to minimise barriers in practice. Highlights: The most common barriers to implementing non‐weight focused practice approaches (NWFAs) were external influences of other health professionals, and practitioner characteristics including lack of knowledge and confidence.Including clinical guidelines in undergraduate/practicum training and access to scientific publications and educational materials were the highest rated facilitators to implement NWFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terms "Olympic education" and "Olympism" encompass a variety of educational initiatives aimed at children and youth in school and community settings, in addition to courses taught under the heading of Olympic Studies in college and university institutions. In this article, a critical analysis of these initiatives is presented, as well as reviewing the relevant secondary literature, including the small but significant number of research studies that develop a genuine critique of Olympic education and Olympism. The mythology surrounding idealistic Olympic education is exposed, with a focus on the generally unquestioned value of Olympism as a key tool in character-building and moral education. Recent examples from resources developed in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are examined, and implicit and explicit corporate messages embedded in these materials are identified and critiqued. Recommendations are made for progressive educators whose goal it is to challenge Olympic industry hegemony in schools, colleges and universities. (Contains 7 notes.)

This article offers insight into teacher training that needs to be occurring in the preparation of teachers. The focus is on the preparation practices and one Canadian institution is used to forward concerns. The institution is left anonymous as the intent is not to critique this particular institution but to bring attention to a more general issue in the preparation of teachers within the university setting. A personal view of specific issues is offered in the hope that it will contribute to the dialogue about future practices and research on teacher preparation. (Contains 1 note.)

The province of Ontario, Canada, has always claimed a stellar system of education. Unfortunately, this claim has gradually lost its validity as funding has slipped with the associated slide of quality. No longer can the province claim to enable an education system second to none. The discussion in this article is based on the reality that an educational system that promotes education for all and education to promote the opportunity for individual growth is expensive. This cost in the province of Ontario is subject to at least five factors, namely, immigration patterns, number of legally school-age individuals, diversity of students in terms of culture and language, retention rate of students, and geographic realities of the province. (Contains 1 table.)

The change in technology, in communications and in the dynamics of human and institutional interactions has created a need to shift relations between the world of learning and the world of work. New levers need to be added to those currently relied on. Consequently the learning-work relationship that exists between tertiary education institutions and the world of work needs to change. This paper explores this necessary relationship shift.

Five groups of learners in addition to "regular" students must be accommodated by budgets of Canadian local school systems. The impact that educating these minority group, special education, and adult learners has on educational finance and student retention; and criteria used in support of the disabled learner are discussed. (SLD)

In Fall 2008, the Ontario government's ability to maintain and enhance a school system was tested as the economy suffered one of its most extreme downturns. This paper discusses the action adopted by the government. The unique measures undertaken by the government to lessen the impact of the economic crisis on students' learning is highlighted.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Academic inbreeding is a deeply ingrained practice which needs to be understood by reference to the medieval guilds. Drawing on the guild concept and associated benefits of forms of capital, a distinction is drawn between 'guild‐route' academics who have followed a privileged, linear path into academe and their 'non‐guild' counterparts who tend to enter later in their career from the professions or industry, often without a PhD. The tendency to represent early career researchers from a guild background as members of an academic proletariat is largely misleading and fails to take account of their privileged entrée into academe. Their experience is contrasted with those recruited via the non‐guild route who do not have the benefits of the valued social, cultural or symbolic capital needed to advance their careers. Policy implications are discussed to better understand the effects of academic social class on recruitment practices in universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Canada, a local school system's budget is financed from provincial grants, a local school tax, and miscellaneous revenues. The bulk of provincial grant revenue is allocated to counteract inequalities in the wealth base. Two tables and one figure display information by province. (seven references) (MLF)

Obtaining reliable water balance estimates remains a major challenge in Canada for large regions with scarce in situ measurements. Various remote sensing products can be used to complement observation-based datasets and provide an estimate of the water balance at river basin or regional scales. This study provides an assessment of the water balance using combinations of various remote sensing– and data assimilation–based products and quantifies the nonclosure errors for river basins across Canada, ranging from 90 900 to 1 679 100 km2, for the period from 2002 to 2015. A water balance equation combines the following to estimate the monthly water balance closure: multiple sources of data for each water budget component, including two precipitation products—the global product WATCH Forcing Data ERA-Interim (WFDEI), and the Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA); two evapotranspiration products—MODIS, and Global Land surface Evaporation: The Amsterdam Methodology (GLEAM); one source of water storage data—GRACE from three different centers; and observed discharge data from hydrometric stations (HYDAT). The nonclosure error is attributed to the different data products using a constrained Kalman filter. Results show that the combination of CaPA, GLEAM, and the JPL mascon GRACE product tended to outperform other combinations across Canadian river basins. Overall, the error attributions of precipitation, evapotranspiration, water storage change, and runoff were 36.7%, 33.2%, 17.8%, and 12.2%, which corresponded to 8.1, 7.9, 4.2, and 1.4 mm month−1, respectively. In particular, the nonclosure error from precipitation dominated in Western Canada, whereas that from evapotranspiration contributed most in the Mackenzie River basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary modifications are key health behaviour recommendations for the prevention and management of hypertension, a leading contributor of global disease burden. Despite this, few primary care physicians discuss nutrition with their patients. This study describes the barriers and facilitators to the provision of dietary advice for hypertension prevention and management among Canadian physicians. A validated 62-item cross-sectional survey was distributed online to 103 Canadian primary care physicians between 2017 and 2019. Eighty participants were included in the analyses. The majority of participants were based in Ontario (68.7%) and saw 10–24 patients per week (53.5%). Fewer than half (47.5%) of participants were knowledgeable about the recommended sodium level by Hypertension Canada (< 2000 mg/day) and 38.8% felt it was difficult to know which foods are high or low in sodium. Approximately one quarter felt the findings about sodium and hypertension and cardiovascular disease are controversial. Other significant barriers were: not enough time to talk to patients about diet (76.3%), belief that patients are not truthful about their diet (76.3%), patients would not follow their advice (46.8%), and that it was difficult to keep up with so many guidelines (50.0%). Many identified that electronic medical record tools (80.8%), access to dietitians (84.9%), or more nutrition education in medical training (65.8%) would help facilitate advice. Given the importance of diet and the central role of physicians in motivating dietary change among patients, approaches are required to address identified barriers and facilitators to providing dietary advice to reduce the burden of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compensating effects of Alberta's Small School Jurisdiction Grant (SSJG) were examined. Districts with 1,000-1,499 students had lowest per-pupil cost; districts with 500-999 had highest. Greatest expenses were salaries and utilities. SSJG funds perpetuated small school jurisdictions--but did not encourage their establishment--and generally seemed underfunded for maintenance/operation of facilities. (DC)

The financing of education in Canada involves a trilevel structure: federal, provincial, and local. The extent of governmental involvement at the federal and provincial levels is constitutionally determined, but there is no one accepted input scale between these levels. Particular funding formulae are provided for each province. Includes 11 notes. (MLH)

In Canada, the statutes governing public school teachers' collective bargaining are a combination of the provincial Labour Relations Act or Code and the respective provincial Education/School/Public Schools Act. As education is within the provincial, not federal, domain of legal responsibility, the specifics of each act or code can vary. Consequently, when the respective acts are combined, the result has yielded some provinces with provincially negotiated teachers' contracts while others have negotiations occurring at the local level. In this article, the author examines this issue of collective bargaining agreements. The author argues that if Ontario wants to alter the parties who engage the negotiations of collective agreements, then this should be undertaken following proper legal process. (Contains 10 endnotes.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Airway guidelines recommend the use of ultrasound to localize the cricothyroid membrane prior to airway manipulation in difficult airways. In this study, we aimed to determine the amount of training anesthesia trainees would need to achieve competence in bedside ultrasound to identify the cricothyroid membrane. Methods: This is a prospective non-randomized cohort study in the Department of Anesthesia at Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Following institutional ethics approval, six anesthesia trainees consisting of four residents and two fellows underwent a 2-h training session on neck ultrasound to identify neck landmarks and the cricothyroid membrane. The trainees had no previous airway ultrasound experience. One-two weeks later, each trainee performed consecutive neck ultrasound scans on 20 healthy volunteers to identify the cricothyroid membrane. Cumulative sum (CUSUM) learning curves were constructed for each trainee. Primary outcome was the number of ultrasound examinations required to achieve competence, defined as 90% success rate in a series of 20 ultrasound scans. Secondary outcomes were the overall success rate, the time (sec.) required to perform the task, and 3-month skills assessment. Results: CUSUM analysis showed four trainees achieved competence with a mean [range] success rate of 94.0% [90-100%] and a median [range] number of attempts of 14 [9-18]. Two trainees did not achieve competence, but obtained a success rate of 75.0 and 80.0% each. Overall (number of attempts) success rate was 88.3% (106/120) with a mean (SD) time of 36.9 (9.0) sec. Three months after training, ultrasound of five consecutive neck scans showed a mean success rate of 86.7% (26/30) and mean (SD) time of 47.7 (16.0) sec. Conclusions: After a short 2-h training session, most anesthesia trainees (n = 4/6) achieved competence in ultrasound-identification of the cricothyroid membrane with less than 20 scans in a mean time less than 60 s., and that they remain reasonably competent 3 months later. The learning curve for ultrasound identification of the cricothyroid membrane seems to be short even without prior airway ultrasound experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Current models for unconformity-associated uranium deposits predict fluid flow and ore deposition along reactivated faults in >1.76 Ga basement beneath Mesoproterozoic siliciclastic basins. In frontier regions such as the Thelon Basin in the Kivalliq region of Nunavut, little is known about the sub-basin distribution of units and structures, making exploration targeting very tenuous. We constructed a geological map of the basement beneath the unconformity by extrapolating exposed features into the subsurface. The new map is constrained by detailed geological, geophysical, and rock property observations of outcrops adjacent to the basin and by aeromagnetic and gravity data over the geophysically transparent sedimentary basin. From rock property measurements, it is clear that the diverse magnetic and density characteristics of major rock packages provide quantitative three-dimensional constraints. Gravity profiles forward modelled in four cross sections define broad synforms of the Amer Belt and Archean volcanic rocks that are consistent with the structural style outside the basin. Major lithotectonic entities beneath the unconformity include: supracrustal rocks of the Archean Woodburn Lake group and Marjorie Hills meta sedimentary gneiss and associated mixed granitoid and amphibolitic gneiss; the Amer Mylonite Zone and inferred mafic intrusions oriented parallel and sub-parallel; other igneous intrusions of 2.6 Ga, 1.83 Ga, and 1.75 Ga vintage; and the <2.3 Ga to >1.84 Ga Amer Group. Four main brittle regional fault arrays (040°-060°, 075°-90°, 120°, and 150°) controlled development and preservation of the basin. The reactivated intersections of such faults along fertile basement units such as the Rumble assemblage, Marjorie Hills assemblage, Nueltin igneous rocks, and Pitz formation are the best targets for uranium exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2010, as part of a national sodium reduction strategy, Canada published sodium reduction benchmark targets for packaged foods; however, no evaluation of this policy has occurred. The objective was to evaluate changes in the sodium content of packaged foods, identify categories reduced in sodium, and determine the proportion meeting Health Canada's sodium reduction benchmarks. This was a cross-sectional analysis of Canadian packaged foods in 2010 and 2013 ( n = 10 487 and n = 15 394, respectively). Sodium content was obtained from the Nutrition Facts table. Overall, 16.2% of food categories had significantly reduced sodium levels. The greatest shifts in the distribution of sodium within food categories occurred in imitation seafood (mean ± SD, mg/100 g; 602 ± 50 to 444 ± 81, 26.2%, p = 0.002), condiments (1309 ± 790 to 1048 ± 620, 19.9%, p = 0.005), breakfast cereals (375 ± 26 to 301 ± 242, 19.7%, p = 0.001), canned vegetables/legumes (269 ± 156 to 217 ± 180, 19.3%, p < 0.001), plain chips (462 ± 196 to 376 ± 198, 18.6% p = 0.004), hot cereals (453 ± 141 to 385 ± 155, 15.0%, p = 0.011), meat analogues (612 ± 226 to 524 ± 177, 14.4%, p = 0.003), canned condensed soup (291 ± 62 to 250 ± 57, 14.1%, p = 0.003), and sausages and wieners (912 ± 219 to 814 ± 195, 10.7%, p = 0.012). The proportion of foods meeting at least 1 of the 3 phases of the sodium reduction benchmark targets slightly increased (51.4% to 58.2%) and the proportion exceeding maximum benchmark levels decreased (25.2% to 20.8%). These data provide a critical evaluation of changes in sodium levels in the Canadian food supply. Although progress in reducing sodium in packaged foods is evident, the food industry needs to continue efforts in reducing the sodium in the foods they produce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is the argument of this paper that the literature on mid-century racial discrimination in sport is incomplete in that it ignores the experiences of a small, but relatively significant, group of African-American football players who actually chose to leave their own country - and correspondingly leave the racially-charged environment of mid-twentieth-century USA - to head north to play professional football in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Beginning in 1946, a steady flow of African-Americans began to migrate to the CFL which, at the time, was a legitimate competitor league to the NFL. This paper attempts to test a perception seemingly held by some that, by moving to Canada, African-American football players were able to escape the racial injustices they often suffered in the US. This view appears to have its roots in the notion that Canada is a 'gentler', more tolerant society, without the divisive socio-political history that characterizes much of the race relations in the US. This paper tests these notions using a variety of empirical approaches. The results indicate that, while African-Americans were better represented in the CFL relative to the NFL, African-Americans still faced some level of entry discrimination in the CFL. In particular, African-American players in the CFL outperformed their white counterparts on numerous performance dimensions, indicating the overall talent level in the CFL could have been further improved by employing an even greater number of African-Americans. Additionally, the paper finds that those CFL teams that employed the highest percentage of African-Americans were those teams that had the most on-field success. Finally, the paper analyses prices of player trading cards from that era, and finds that cards of African-Americans were undervalued, relative to white CFL players of equal talent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral potential within the Greater Nahanni Ecosystem (GNE) was modelled in a Geographic Information System (GIS) for four different deposit types: (1) SEDEX (stratiform shale-hosted sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb-Ag), (2) 'Carbonate-Fault' (carbonate-hosted zinc-lead-silver associated with major faults), (3) 'Intrusion-Related' (includes skarn, rare metals and gemstones) and (4) Carlin-Type gold as lode and/or derived placer deposits. This mineral potential modelling study integrates data collected during the Nahanni Mineral and Energy Resource Assessment (MERA) undertaken from 2003 to 2007. The results have contributed to the process of determining the geographic boundaries of the proposed expansion of the Nahanni National Park Reserve. Four mineral potential maps were produced (one for each deposit type) using a knowledge-driven approach. A weighting scheme based on integrated mineral deposit and regional geological knowledge was derived for the various evidence maps for each deposit model using expert opinion. The four potential maps were then combined into a final potential map using a maximum operator. Plots showing the efficiency of the models (mineral potential maps) for predicting the known occurrences of the four deposit types show that partial data sets provide reasonable predictions of the remaining known mineral prospects, occurrences and deposits. Hydrocarbon potential from Nahanni MERA 1 was added to the final potential map to ensure that both mineral and energy potential data were incorporated into the park configuration modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Bulletin of Medical History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evaluates the cultivars of 10 grass species that were selected for adaptation to North Dakota or Montana environments at 7 sites in the prairie region of western Canada. Minor role in revegetation seedings; Factors that exhibited the highest biomass production on the highest productivity sites; Mean annual biomass production of 10 grasses in western Canada.

The paper presents a variety of neural network models applied to Canadian-US exchange rate data. Networks such as backpropagation, modular, radial basis functions, linear vector quantization, fuzzy ARTMAP, and genetic reinforcement learning are examined. The purpose is to compare the performance of these networks for predicting direction (sign change) shifts in daily returns. For this classification problem, the neural nets proved superior to the naive model, and most of the neural nets were slightly superior to the logistic model. Using multiple previous days' returns as inputs to train and test the backpropagation and logistic models resulted in no increased classification accuracy. The models were not able to detect a systematic affect of previous days' returns up to fifteen days prior to the prediction day that would increase model performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A methodological framework to combine multiple precipitation products is proposed. • Hybrid datasets based on hydrological evaluation improve hydrological modelling. • Considering seasonal characteristics of the river basin enhance model performance. Hydrologic-Land Surface Models (H-LSMs) are subject to input uncertainties arising from climate forcing data, especially precipitation. For better streamflow simulations and predictions, the generation of a hybrid dataset by combining existing precipitation products has attracted considerable interest in recent years. To assess the accuracy of the hybrid dataset, in-situ precipitation-gauge stations are used as a reference point. However, the robustness of the hybrid dataset in representing spatial details can be problematic when the evaluation uses only a sparse network of in-situ observations at regional or basin scales. This study aims to develop a methodological framework to generate hybrid precipitation datasets based on the model performance of streamflow simulations that are spatially representative across large river basins. The framework is illustrated using a Canadian H-LSM known as MESH (Modélisation Environmentale communautaire – Surface Hydrology) in the Saskatchewan River basin, Canada, for the period 2002–2010. Five regional and global precipitation products (Global Meteorological Forcing Dataset at Princeton University (Princeton); the WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied to the ERA-Interim (WFDEI) augmented by Climatic Research Unit (WFDEI [CRU]) and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (WFDEI [GPCC]); North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR); and Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA)) were included as candidates in this study. Results indicate that the generation of a hybrid dataset based on hydrological evaluation was useful for improving H-LSM modelling skills. Hybrid datasets showed a similar or better model performance compared to that of the best basin-wide precipitation product in the headwaters and gradually performed better downstream and at the basin outlet. When multiple products are combined model performance can be further enhanced by considering seasonality with respect to the hydrological regime of the river basin. This study demonstrates the usefulness of hybrid datasets in a large-scale river basin with low climate station network density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]