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Qualities of effective teachers matter because teachers are the number one school-related factor that impacts on student achievement. Although researchers in the United States have studied frameworks for evaluating teacher effectiveness, these frameworks are not focused on teachers working in international schools. Thus, they may not reflect the importance of understanding both the context of working in intercultural settings and the skills that allow teachers to flourish in international schools. Using a systematic configurative synthesis review of 23 studies, this study identifies qualities of effective teachers working in international schools through a synthesis of the study findings. We identified four key attributes that are emphasized, if not unique, in international school effective teacher research: a focus on teacher collaboration and teacher leadership; cultural awareness and responsiveness from multi-national perspectives; and host country language acquisition. Overall, we find that a focus on what makes an effective international school teacher is lacking in the extant research, particularly given the predicted enormous growth of international schools.

How well students conduct research online is an increasing concern for educators at all levels, especially higher education. This paper describes the evolution of a course that examines confirmation bias, information searching, and the political economy of information as keys to becoming more information and media literate. After a key assignment in which students assess their own tendency to engage in confirmation bias, students research a social justice issue across web, news and academic research resources. Designed to build good analytical skills in assessing the trustworthiness of a variety of sources of information, the course empowers students as researchers, citizens and consumers.

A consensus is emerging about how school leaders affect school performance, and how important principals are to improved student learning. Yet the national reform policies--No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top (RTT)--incorporate assumptions about school and district leadership that are very much at odds with this research. NCLB and RTT call for market-based strategies--choice, charters, merit incentives, etc.--to drive improvement. These approaches might be characterized as corporate-style leadership, but there is little precedence for this approach in educational leadership, and little evidence that it produces results different from more traditional approaches to schooling.

Eugene Dening, an emerging artist in Canada, recently earned his Bachelors degree at the Calvin College (Grand Rapids, MI). This essay on his artwork explores the value of art making to LGBT youth, those gay and lesbian artists who have influenced their work, and those queer and critical readings practices that one can apply to arts' viewing. (Contains 4 figures.)

Climate and land use change are two of the primary threats to global biodiversity; however, each species within a community may respond differently to these facets of global change. Although it is typically assumed that species use the habitat that is advantageous for survival and reproduction, anthropogenic changes to the environment can create ecological traps, making it critical to assess both habitat selection (e.g. where species congregate on the landscape) and the influence of selected habitats on the demographic processes that govern population dynamics.We used a long‐term (1958–2011), large‐scale, multi‐species dataset for waterfowl that spans the United States and Canada to estimate species‐specific responses to climate and land use variables in a landscape that has undergone significant environmental change across space and time. We first estimated the effects of change in climate and land use variables on habitat selection and population dynamics for nine species. We then hypothesized that species‐specific responses to environmental change would scale with life‐history traits, specifically: longevity, nesting phenology and female breeding site fidelity.We observed species‐level heterogeneity in the demographic and habitat selection responses to climate and land use change, which would complicate community‐level habitat management. Our work highlights the importance of multi‐species monitoring and community‐level analysis, even among closely related species.We detected several relationships between life‐history traits, particularly nesting phenology, and species' responses to environmental change. One species, the early‐nesting northern pintail (Anas acuta), was consistently at the extreme end of responses to land use and climate predictors and has been a species of conservation concern since their population began to decline in the 1980s. They, and the blue‐winged teal, also demonstrated a positive habitat selection response to the proportion of cropland on the landscape that simultaneously reduced abundance the following year, indicative of susceptibility to ecological traps.By distilling the diversity of species' responses to environmental change within a community, our methodological approach and findings will help improve predictions of community responses to global change and can inform multi‐species management and conservation plans in dynamic landscapes that are based on simple tenets of life‐history theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species conservation requires an understanding of the factors and interactions affecting species distribution and behavior, habitat availability and use, and corresponding vital rates at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Opportunities to investigate these relationships across broad geographic regions are rare. We combined long‐term waterfowl population surveys, and studies of habitat use and breeding success, to develop models that identify and incorporate these interactions for upland‐nesting waterfowl in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of Canada. Specifically, we used data from the annual Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (1961–2009) at the survey segment level and associated habitat covariates to model and map the long‐term average duck density across the Canadian PPR. We analyzed nest location and fate data from approximately 25,000 duck nests found during 3 multi‐year nesting studies (1994–2011) to model factors associated with nest survival and habitat selection through the nesting season for the 5 most common upland nesting duck species: mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), gadwall (Mareca strepera), blue‐winged teal (Spatula discors), northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata), and northern pintail (Anas acuta). Duck density was highly variable across the Canadian PPR, reflecting positive responses to local wetland area and count, and amounts of cropland and grassland, a regional positive response to latitude, and a negative response to local amounts of tree cover. Nest survival was affected by temporal and spatial variables at multiple scales. Specifically, nest survival demonstrated interactive effects among species, nest initiation date, and nesting cover type and was influenced by relative annual wetness, population density, and surrounding landscape composition at landscape scales, and broad geographic gradients (east‐west and north‐south). Likewise, species‐specific probability of nest habitat selection was influenced by timing of nest initiation, population density, relative annual wetness, herbaceous cover, and tree cover in the surrounding landscape, and location within the Canadian PPR. We combined these models, with estimates of breeding effort (nesting, renesting, and nest attempts) from existing literature, in a stochastic conservation planning model that estimates nest distribution and success given spatiotemporal variation in duck density, habitat availability, and influential covariates. We demonstrate the use of this model by examining various conservation planning scenarios. These models allow estimation of local, landscape, and regional influence of conservation investments and other landscape changes on the productivity of breeding duck populations across the PPR of Canada. These models lay the groundwork for the incorporation of conservation delivery costs for full return‐on‐investment analyses and scenario analyses of climate, habitat, and land use change in regional and continental population models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examined the relationships among group inequality, cultural ideologies, and social dominance orientation (SDO) in Canada, Taiwan, Israel, and China. Survey data indicated that SDO was reliably measurable in these four cultures, with many legitimizing ideologies existing regarding SDO and sexism, SDO and ethnic prejudice, SDO and conservatism, and SDO and punitiveness. (SM)

The article focuses on the AmeriDendro 2022 conference held in Montréal, Canada, aiming to rebuild the tree-ring community after pandemic-related disruptions. Topics include recognition of excellence in dendrochronology through awards, emphasizing contributions to the field, and student awards for outstanding research, as well as detailing the scientific program's workshops, presentations, and activities.

Introduction multimorbidity has become an increasingly important issue for many populations around the world, including Canada. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity at first follow-up and to identify factors associated with multimorbidity using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Methods this study included 27,701 community-dwelling participants in the first follow-up of the CLSA. Multimorbidity was operationalised using two definitions (Public Health and Primary Care), as well as the cut-points of two or more chronic conditions (MM2+) and three or more chronic conditions (MM3+). The prevalence of multimorbidity was calculated at first follow-up and multivariable regression models were used to identify correlates of multimorbidity occurrence. Results the prevalence of multimorbidity at first follow-up was 32.3% among males and 39.3% among females when using the MM2+ Public Health definition, whereas the prevalence was 67.2% among males and 75.8% among females when using the MM2+ Primary Care definition. Older age, lower alcohol consumption, lower physical activity levels, dissatisfaction with sleep quality, dissatisfaction with life and experiencing social limitations due to health conditions were significantly associated with increased odds of multimorbidity for both males and females, regardless of the definition of multimorbidity used. Conclusion various sociodemographic, behavioural and psychosocial factors are associated with multimorbidity. Future research should continue to examine how the prevalence of multimorbidity changes with time and how these changes may be related to specific risk factors. This future research should be supplemented with studies examining the longitudinal impacts of multimorbidity over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early recognition of the need for escharotomy and other decompressive therapies is imperative for experienced burn providers, as to avoid reversible tissue ischemia and necrosis. With full-thickness burns, the eschar that develops is largely noncompliant. The predictable edema that develops during resuscitation of larger burns increases the likelihood ischemia-inducing pressure, as the underlying tissues swell within noncompliant skin, resulting in burn-induced compartment syndrome. Conventionally, this has been treated with decompressive therapies, such as escharotomy. The most recent surveys have identified that the United States and Canada both face a shortage of practicing burn surgeons. In the event of a burn disaster, many nonburn surgeons would need to provide burn care, including decompressive therapies. We reviewed the literature to provide accurate, accessible, and applicable recommendations regarding this practice following burn injury for both the practicing burn surgeon and those that would provide care in the burn disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used publically available data on duck breeding distribution and recently compiled geospatial data on upland habitat and environmental conditions to develop a spatially explicit model of breeding duck populations across the entire Prairie Pothole Region (PPR). Our spatial population models were able to identify key areas for duck conservation across the PPR and predict between 62.1 – 79.1% (68.4% avg.) of the variation in duck counts by year from 2002 – 2010. The median difference in observed vs. predicted duck counts at a transect segment level was 4.6 ducks. Our models are the first seamless spatially explicit models of waterfowl abundance across the entire PPR and represent an initial step toward joint conservation planning between Prairie Pothole and Prairie Habitat Joint Ventures. Our work demonstrates that when spatial and temporal variation for highly mobile birds is incorporated into conservation planning it will likely increase the habitat area required to support defined population goals. A major goal of the current North American Waterfowl Management Plan and subsequent action plan is the linking of harvest and habitat management. We contend incorporation of spatial aspects will increase the likelihood of coherent joint harvest and habitat management decisions. Our results show at a minimum, it is possible to produce spatially explicit waterfowl abundance models that when summed across survey strata will produce similar strata level population estimates as the design-based Waterfowl Breeding Pair and Habitat Survey (r2 = 0.977). This is important because these design-based population estimates are currently used to set duck harvest regulations and to set duck population and habitat goals for the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. We hope this effort generates discussion on the important linkages between spatial and temporal variation in population size, and distribution relative to habitat quantity and quality when linking habitat and population goals across this important region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Facial burns can be complicated by the development of scar tissue and contractures, resulting in decreased flexibility of the tissue involved in swallowing, facial expression, and verbal communication. Maximizing functional range of motion is an important preventative measure for improving functional outcomes for swallowing, communication, and for the prevention of microstomia. A range of therapy interventions including stretching, massage, compression, and use of appliances has been reported in the literature; however, there is limited to no information on current practice patterns amongst North American providers (MD, DO, PA, NP, etc.) or therapists (PT, OT, and SLP). Methods A RedCap survey was developed by a Speech-Language Pathologist and Occupational Therapist involved in burn care. The survey consisted of 18 total questions, with participants responding to between 12–13 questions due to branching logic. Questions were related to demographic and service provision related to facial massage and stretching. Survey questions were multiple choice, multiple answer multiple choice, or contained text boxes. The survey was distributed to Providers and Therapists from the United Stated of America and Canada who were members of the American Burn Association (ABA). Results A total of 69 surveys were collected, with 57 surveys meeting criteria for inclusion. Respondents consisted of therapists 68%, providers 23%, and other health professionals 9%. Forty-six ABA burn centers from across the United States and Canada were represented. The majority of respondents had over 10 years of experience working with burn patients. 91% of respondents reported that facial massage and stretching was used as a tool at their facility. Respondents, who report facial massage is utilized at their facility, report OT as being the primary discipline responsible for assessing (67%) and completing (65%) facial massage, with 85% reporting additional discipline(s) also participating in facial massage. 9% of respondents report that facial massage and stretching is not utilized at their facility following facial burns. Of those who responded that facial massage and stretching is not utilized following facial burns, 40% felt this would be beneficial to patients, while 60% were unsure. Conclusions Facial scar management is an important part of burn care, with the majority of respondents reporting completion of facial massage and stretching as part of the services provided to patients who have suffered facial burns. OTs are the primary service providers for facial massage and stretching post facial burn. Practices for facial massage varies greatly, with the majority of respondents reporting no specific protocol for facial massage and stretching is followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does lawmaker behavior influence electoral outcomes? Observational studies cannot elucidate the effect of legislative proposals on electoral outcomes, since effects are confounded by unobserved differences in legislative and political skill. We take advantage of a unique natural experiment in the Canadian House of Commons that allows us to estimate how proposing legislation affects election outcomes. The right of noncabinet members to propose legislation is assigned by lottery. Comparing outcomes between those who were granted the right to propose and those who were not, we show that incumbents of the governing party enjoy a 2.7 percentage point bonus in vote total in the election following their winning the right to introduce a single piece of legislation, which translates to a 7% increase in the probability of winning. The causal effect results from higher likeability among constituents. These results demonstrate experimentally that what politicians do as lawmakers has a causal effect on electoral outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Material deprivation is an important determinant of health inequalities in adults but there remains debate about the extent of its importance for adolescent wellbeing. Research has found limited evidence for an association between adolescent health and socio-economic status, leading authors to suggest that there is an ‘equalisation’ of health across socio-economic groups during the adolescent stage of the life-course. This paper explores this ‘equalisation’ hypothesis for adolescent psychological wellbeing from a geographical perspective by investigating associations between neighbourhood deprivation and self-esteem in Britain and Canada. Data from the British Youth Panel (BYP) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) on adolescents aged 11–15 for the time period 1994–2004 were used to estimate variations in low self-esteem between neighbourhoods using multilevel logistic regression. Models were extended to estimate associations between self-esteem and neighbourhood deprivation before and after adjustment for individual and family level covariates. Moderation by age, sex, urban/rural status, household income and family structure was investigated. There were no significant differences in self-esteem between the most deprived and most affluent neighbourhoods (Canada unadjusted OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.76, 1.33; Britain unadjusted OR = 1.25, 95% CI 0.74, 2.13). The prevalence of low self-esteem was higher (in Canada) for boys in the least deprived neighbourhoods compared to other neighbourhoods. No other interactions were observed. The results presented here offer some (limited) support for the socio-economic equalisation in youth hypothesis from a geographical perspective: with specific reference to equalisation of the relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and self-esteem and psychological health in early adolescence. This contrasts with previous research in the United States but supports related work from Britain. The lack of interactions with key social and economic variables suggests that findings might apply across a range of family circumstances and different communities in Britain and Canada. Policy implications are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study sought to evaluate temporal changes in combat deaths and improvised explosive device (IED)-related fatalities among three coalition allies in Afghanistan: the United States, Canada, and Great Britain. The website icasualties.org was used to identify American, Canadian, and British soldiers killed in combat in Afghanistan between 2006 and 2010. Population-at-risk was determined as the number of personnel serving within the Afghanistan theater for each coalition nation. Unadjusted incidence rates of combat deaths per deployed personnel, and IED deaths as a portion of total combat deaths, were derived and adjusted comparisons performed to control for confounders. Between 2006 and 2010, 1,673 combat deaths occurred in a population of 721,520 soldiers. Fifty percent of all combat deaths occurred as a result of IED attack. British personnel maintained the highest unadjusted risks of combat-related death, as well as IED-associated mortality. As compared to Americans, Canadian personnel were at a significantly increased risk of combat-related death and IED-related fatality. Among Americans, there was a significant reduction in IED-related deaths between 2010 and 2009. For Canadians, no significant change in IED fatalities as compared to total number of troops, or total combat deaths, was appreciated at any point in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses conflicts of interest in elder law in the U.S. and Canada as of March 2013, focusing on Medicaid planning, undue influence, and the National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys. Legal ethics are addressed, along with various conflicts associated with an attorney's aid to a client who is seeking to obtain veterans benefits. Risk factors are mentioned in relation to the financial exploitation of elderly people. The relationship between the law and aging is also examined.

Background. Screening for tuberculosis prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation is not routinely performed in low-incidence settings. Identifying factors associated with developing tuberculosis after HAART initiation could focus screening efforts. Methods. Sixteen cohorts in the United States and Canada contributed data on persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who initiated HAART December 1995-August 2009. Parametric survival models identified factors associated with tuberculosis occurrence. Results. Of 37845 persons in the study, 145 were diagnosed with tuberculosis after HAART initiation. Tuberculosis risk was highest in the first 3 months of HAART (20 cases; 215 cases per 100000 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 131-333 per 100000 person-years). In a multivariate Weibull proportional hazards model, baseline CD4+ lymphocyte count <200, black race, other nonwhite race, Hispanic ethnicity, and history of injection drug use were independently associated with tuberculosis risk. In addition, in a piece-wise Weibull model, increased baseline HIV-1 RNA was associated with increased tuberculosis risk in the first 3 months; male sex tended to be associated with increased risk. Conclusions. Screening for active tuberculosis prior to HAART initiation should be targeted to persons with baseline CD4 <200 lymphocytes/mm³ or increased HIV-1 RNA, persons of nonwhite race or Hispanic ethnicity, history of injection drug use, and possibly male sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodic treatment of established stands of dense nesting cover (DNC) is a recommended practice to maintain cover quality, but little information exists on the magnitude and duration of treatment effects on nesting waterfowl. During 1998-2001, we examined the effect of management treatments on vegetative characteristics and waterfowl nest success and density in fields of DNC seeded to introduced and native grass and forb mixes in the parklands of Saskatchewan and Manitoba. We measured vegetation height-density and litter depth within fields and located and monitored 1,927 duck nests within 33-42 fields/yr ranging in size from 6 ha to 62 ha. We considered a series of models examining the influence of grass type and management treatment (GTMT) and years post-management (YPM) on vegetative characteristics, nest success, and nest density while including covariates potentially affecting these response variables. Visual obstruction and litter depth were lowest in native-burned fields and greatest in introducedhayed fields. Visual obstruction was low the year following management, peaked 2-3 YPM, and remained at intermediate levels through ⩾6 YPM. Litter depth remained low for the first 3 YPM and increased thereafter. Nest success and nest density varied little among GTMT. Nest success was high (14.3%) the year following a management treatment, low (6.5%) at 2 YPM, and moderate thereafter. Nest success decreased with percent cropland in the surrounding landscape. Nest density was 0.7 nests/ha the first year following management, increased to approximately 1.3 nests/ha in years 2-3, and declined back to approximately 0.7 nests/ha for ⩾6 YPM. Nest density decreased with field size and increased with the area of small wetlands, percent cropland, and percent wetland within surrounding landscapes. Nest density tracked vegetation density as expected and our results indicate a possible trade-off between nest density and nest success. Given ancillary data on small mammal and insect prey in our study fields, and evidence from other studies, we speculate that DNC fields may act as prey reservoirs during years of peak vegetative density with a consequent reduction in nest survival. Therefore, management to increase waterfowl production based on our results needs to consider the interaction of treatment effects, competing habitats, and surrounding landscape composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the international transportation law that regulates existing star alliances and 20 U.S. foreign airlines around the world. It notes that the star alliances procured authority from the U.S. Department of Transportation (DoT) to coordinate on an immunized basis. It also includes amendments and liberalization of foreign ownership regulations under the Canada Transportation Act for Canadian Air Carriers.

The message content of automotive advertising was examined to determine whether automotive advertising is meeting the needs of its stakeholders, and whether there is a need for it to become more highly regulated. A content analysis of 200 Canadian television and print advertisements revealed that 18 percent of ads demonstrate unsafe or aggressive driving, while 25 percent of ads feature safety mentions. Television ads are substantially more likely than print ads to feature unsafe or aggressive driving (27 percent vs. 10 percent, respectively), while TV ads are less likely than print ads to mention safety (21 percent vs. 29 percent, respectively). With nearly $550 million spent annually on Canadian automotive advertising, either industry self-regulation or government-imposed regulation may be needed in order to reduce advertising depictions of unsafe driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the renesting behavior of Anas platyrhynchos, also known as Mallards, in the Canadian Prairie Parklands. Results indicated a decline in the probability of renesting and an increase in renesting propensity. The impact of seasonal timing on renesting behavior is noted.

Aim To evaluate changes in the abundance, species richness and community composition of rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) in response to three configurations of experimental gap cuts and to the effects of ground scarification in early succession yellow birch-dominated boreal forest. In each experimental treatment, total forest removed was held constant (35% removal by partial cutting with a concomitant decrease in gap size) but the total number of gaps was increased (two, four and eight gaps, respectively), resulting in an experimental increase in the total amount of ‘edge’ within each stand. Location Early succession yellow birch-dominated forests, Quebec, Canada. Methods Pitfall traps, ANOVA, MIXED procedure insas®, post hoc Tukey's adjustment, rarefaction estimates, sum-of-squares and distance-based multivariate regression trees (ssMRT, dbMRT). Results Estimates of species richness using rarefaction were highest in clearcut and two-gap treatments, decreased in smaller and more numerous gaps and were significantly higher in scarified areas than in unscarified areas. ANOVA indicated a significant impact of harvesting on the overall standardized catch. Post hoc Tukey's tests indicated that the total catch of all rove beetles was significantly higher in uncut forests than in the treated areas. Both sum-of-squares and distance-based multivariate regression trees indicated that community structure of rove beetles differed among treatments. Assemblages were grouped into (a) control plots, (b) four- and eight-gap treatments and (c) two-gap and clearcut treatments. Main conclusions Rove beetle composition responded significantly to increasing gap size. Composition among intermediate and small-sized gap treatments (four- and eight-gap treatments) was more similar to uncut control forests than were larger gap treatments (two-gap) and clearcuts. Effects of scarification were nested within the harvested treatments. When the total area of forest removed is held constant, smaller, more numerous gaps are more similar to uncut control stands than to larger gaps and falls more closely within the natural forest heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines educational policies toward indigenous minorities in Japan and Canada during the period of nation-building, from the latter half of the nineteenth century to the first half of the twentieth century. Both Japan and Canada first segregated indigenous children into separate educational institutions and then tried to assimilate them into mainstream society. Beneath these broad policy similarities, however, lie different rationales, with substantially different implications for education and social policy in diverse societies. In Japan, national integration was promoted through a cultural or ethnic rationale, a socially coherent approach that nonetheless allows little room for minorities. Canada approached national integration using a notion of citizenship that both allows considerable space for minorities but is challenged by unity. These two strategies can be seen in two polar models of the state - a civic-assimilationist approach of the 'French model' and an ethnocultural exclusionist model of the formation of the German state. The paper argues for a multicultural pluralist model including both civic and cultural/ethnic identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dense nesting cover (DNC) has been a conspicuous component of habitat management for upland-nesting ducks for >30 years, but its benefits for nesting ducks have been contentious. During 1994-1999 we monitored 3,058 dabbling duck (Anas spp.) nests in 84 DNC fields located throughout the Canadian Parklands to examine sources of among-field variation in nest density and nesting success. Nest density averaged 1.51 (SE = 0.15) nests/ha and overall nesting success was 20.4%, but there was pronounced annual variation in both estimates. Nesting success increased with increasing field size (range = 6-111 ha), but nest density remained constant. Nest density increased with percent wetland habitat within DNC fields and declined with percent perennial cover in the surrounding 2.4 x 2.4-km landscape, but these variables were not important for predicting nesting success. Nest abundance and nesting success roughly doubled in fields seeded with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) or sweet clovers (Melilotus spp.), but there was no benefit from using native as opposed to tame grasses. We recommend that waterfowl managers in the Canadian Parklands establish DNC with alfalfa in large fields in landscapes with abundant wetlands but minimal competing cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the free-trade agreement between Canada, Mexico and the United States, has caused North American companies to consider inclusion of Mexico in their supply chain. The lower Mexican wages may offset the additional transportation costs; capital-intensive operations are preferably still done in the United States or Canada. With a consumer base focused in the United States, can an organisation leverage the benefits of NAFTA to their individual advantage? This paper aims to show how, through a real-world example, overall supply chain costs (total system costs of inventory, transportation and facilities) can be minimised under those circumstances. We formulate and solve a mixed-integer programming model to find the optimal supply chain for Tectrol Inc., a manufacturer of power supplies. In the first case, components produced in Canada undergo final assembly in the United States, followed by distribution there. The second case is a ‘NAFTA’ supply chain: the Canadian components are converted to sub-assemblies in Mexico, processed in finishing plants across the US border, then shipped through distribution centres to the final customer. Model solutions indicate in each instance where to locate finishing plants and distribution centres, and how many of each there should be. Results provide Tectrol (hence other manufacturers) some general guidelines on distribution and supply chain decisions in the NAFTA context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e-POP) small satellite mission will be Canada’s first mission contribution to the International Living with a Star (ILWS) initiative. The e-POP project comprises three important and interconnected components: a small-satellite component to investigate atmospheric and plasma flows and related wave-particle interaction processes in the topside ionosphere, a coordinated ground-based and a theoretical assimilation component. Its scientific objectives are to quantify the micro-scale characteristics of plasma outflow and related micro- and meso-scale plasma processes in the polar ionosphere, explore the occurrence morphology of neutral escape in the upper atmosphere, and study the effects of auroral currents on plasma outflow and those of plasma microstructures on radio propagation. The escape of plasma from the polar ionosphere – its acceleration and subsequent transport towards the magnetosphere – is one of the most important processes in the Ionosphere–Thermosphere–Magnetosphere system. The e-POP science payload will carry a suite of 8 science instruments (experiments), including imaging plasma and neutral particle sensors, magnetometers, radio wave receivers, dual-frequency GPS receivers, CCD cameras, and a beacon transmitter. The imaging plasma sensors will measure particle distributions and the magnetometers will measure field-aligned currents on the time scale of 10-ms and spatial scale of ∼100m. The neutral mass and velocity spectrometer will measure the density and velocity of major atmospheric species. The CCD cameras will perform auroral imaging on the time scale of 100-ms. The radio wave and GPS receivers will perform near real-time imaging studies of the ionosphere, in conjunction with ground-based radars, as will the beacon transmitter, in conjunction with ground receiving stations. The e-POP payload is scheduled for launch in 2007 as part of the Canadian CASSIOPE multi-purpose small satellite, and will be placed in a low-altitude, elliptical polar orbit (80° inclination, 325km perigee, and 1500km apogee). It will utilize the Ka band telemetry downlink on the companion communications technology demonstration payload onboard, to transmit the large volume (up to 15 gigabytes/day) of high-resolution science data to ground at a maximum telemetry rate exceeding 300 megabits/s. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article highlights the 13th annual meeting "Object Perception, Attention, and Memory 2005," held at Toronto, Canada. The meeting was organized by Kate Arrington, Andrew Leber, Stephen Mitroff, and Aude Oliva. During the meeting, professors Anthony Cate and Marlene Behrmann discusses the unlikely perception of figural shape from 3-D concavities. The research about emotional processes was also presented during the meeting.

Despite greater harvest rates of males, mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) populations exhibit male-biased sex ratios, presumably because females experience greater mortality during breeding seasons than do males. Nest success and adult female survival during the breeding season greatly impact mallard population growth; however, no study has evaluated breeding-season survival of males and females simultaneously using radiotelemetry. We captured, radiomarked, and monitored 90 male and 272 female mallards during 2 breeding seasons in the Prairie-Parkland region of Canada (Manitoba 1998, Saskatchewan 1999). Model-averaged estimates of female breeding season (i.e., 15 Apr-14 Jul) survival probabilities were 0.84 (SE=0.031) in 1998 and 0. 71 (SE=0.040) in 1999. Estimated survival probabilities of paired males were 0.99 (SE=0.016) in 1998 and 0.98 (SE= 0.025) in 1999; survival estimates for unpaired males were 0.92 (SE= 0.052) in 1998 and 0.85 (SE = 0.083) in 1999. Female mortality was greatest during periods of intensive nesting, whereas limited male mortalities precluded identification of attributes linked to mortality. Our results suggest that breeding-season survival of males has little impact on mallard population growth, and that management efforts to increase female survival rates offer greater potential to enhance mallard production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on scientific analyses of the only well-preserved ancient human body ever recovered from a North American glacier. The body was found high in the mountains of northwest British Columbia at about 80 km from the nearest point of the strongly indented coast of southern Alaska. The geographical location suggests that the young man, aged about 20 years, could have lived either on the mild coast or in the continental interior. Preliminary environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and light microscope studies of the contents of the digestive tract reveal pollen of an intertidal salt-marsh plant and pieces of a marine crustacean. Remains of coastal zone plants (a fruit of a flowering plant and a needle of a coniferous tree) had adhered to the deceased's robe. Stable isotope analyses of bone and muscle show that more than 90 % of the dietary protein was from marine sources. We conclude that this individual had strong coastal connections during his life and had been on the coast shortly before he died about 550 to 600 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the evasive flight of eared moths to attacking bats has received much attention in the literature, no studies have been made of the potential costs for this behaviour. We examined the fate of moths that land upon the surface of a lake in a simulation of an evasive power dive away from a bat. Of 102 different-sized moths from 18 species that were dropped onto the surface of a lake in eastern Ontario, Canada, 61% were eaten, on average, by fish in 31.3 s with no effect of wing surface area on escape success. These results suggest that nocturnal predation on moths by fish may be underestimated and that this behaviour may cause moths to avoid lakes when flying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines variation in female mallard survival rates from nonhunting sources across Canadian Prairie Pothole Region. Influence of age on survival probability; Relationship between female survival and periods of nesting season; Importance of female survival in mallard population.

Soil vapor data for benzene and four aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions from five volatile petroleum hydrocarbon (VPH)-contaminated sites in western Canada were used together with the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Canada-Wide Standard for petroleum hydrocarbons to investigate the relative importance of benzene and the different fractions in human health risk assessment. VPH concentrations in soil vapor samples ranged from 4.0 to 4200 mg/m[SUP3], of which 0 to 4.6% was BTEX and 90 to 95% was hydrocarbons of the C[SUB5-8] aliphatic fraction. VPH inhalation exposure by an adult receptor in a hypothetical, commercial building was modelled deterministically assuming 16- and 70 year occupational tenures. The magnitude of hazard quotients varied widely between sites, but their hydrocarbon fraction signatures were consistent, and characterized by higher hazard quotients in the C[SUB5-8] and C[SUB9-10] aliphatic and C[SUB9-10] aromatic fractions relative to benzene and the TEX aromatic fraction. This work has shown that the C[SUB5-8] and C[SUB9-10] aliphatic fractions yield greater relative risk than the commonly-regulated TEX compounds, and that benzene becomes the primary chemical of potential concern only when an occupational tenure approaching 70 years is assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which investigated spatial and temporal covariation of pintail numbers with environmental factors and agriculture at various scales using data from the Canadian Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) for 1961 to 1996. Trend regarding the number of breeding ducks in PPR; Methods used; Results of the study; Discussion.

This paper addresses the long-term evolving nature of forest management as reflected in Managing Multiple Uses on National Forests, 1905-1995, a new book, and recently published perspectives on Canadian forest management. It elaborates new understandings about the nature of forest management on public lands and proposes a new definition. It identifies forest management as a continuous, unending teaming experience, and explains how it has been on the Pathway toward a fully holistic ecological approach from the beginning. It closes on the current dilemma in Canada and the USA — the lack of agreement among the public about the desirable use and management of their forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the development of holistic models of small-to-medium-sized enterprise (SME) international marketing in Canada. Semi-structured survey protocol in analyzing case study firms; Relevance of Eisenhardt methodological framework in SME international marketing theories; Role of personal relationships and networks to international business.

The article presents a description of an information system for use by traffic and transportation departments. It begins with a brief history of logistics information systems, and then examines the effects of "Europe 92," a plan to remove borders for the purposes of goods transportation. Following an overview of the exportation chain from Canada to Europe, the article outlines the decision system and details its various components. The article concludes with future enhancements of this system. The decision system to aid Canadian exports to Europe is denoted by ELIS, for European Logistics Information System. It is a conceptual framework to help transportation departments prepare for successful entry into the Europe. The modules that make up is also described along with scenario processing, a pseudo-simulation module. Although the discussion has been from a Canadian point of view, much of the information furnished by ELIS of course concerns the destination, rather than the point of origin of the goods. The basic system design of the system, thus apply to exports to Europe from elsewhere-in North America, or from other continents.

This paper reports data from a content analysis of television news coverage of terrorism. A proposed typology of terrorism and media coverage is tested with stories from network news in the United States and Canada. The typology posits that media coverage of terrorism depends on the act's relation to institutional power bases. The two types of terrorism outlined either seek out or avoid media coverage, depending on whether they challenge or reinforce institutional power. Because of media's interrelationship with the economic and political institutions, coverage of terrorism will take on the flavor of these institutions' perspective. The data show that although media cover terrorist acts that are linked to U. S. institutional interests, the tone of such coverage casts uncritical perspective. The implications for the general message system of news, with particular regard to the media's contribution to international understanding, are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the importance of the Pincher Creek natural gas field in Canada during the middle of the 20th century. Discovery of Gulf Pincher Creek Walter Marr #1 on August 20, 1949; Frustrations and delays during the establishment of pipeline companies; Conflicts regarding government policy on the exploitation of the gas field.

Abstract: We have examined the effects of transient global ischemiaon both the gene expression levels and the functionality of GABA[sub B]receptors in rat brain, using antisense in situ hybridization andelectrophysiological evaluations. At the level of gene expression, nosignificant change in GABA[sub B] receptor expression was observed in anyhippocampal subfield at either 6 or 12 h after challenge. At 24 hpostchallenge, however, a significant decrease in GABA[sub B] receptorexpression was observed in both the CA1 and CA3 subfields, whereas no changewas observed in the dentate granule cell layer. Although expression in boththe vulnerable CA1 and less vulnerable CA3 subfields was diminished at thistime postchallenge, there was no significant difference in the degree of thediminished expression between these subfields. At the functional level, thedose-dependent ability of baclofen (1-100 μM) to inhibit an evokedexcitatory postsynaptic potential (f-EPSP) in the CA1 subfield was evaluatedat 24 h postischemia, in comparison with the dose-response observed insham-operated subjects. No significant differences were observed in theefficacy of GABA[sub B] receptor-mediated inhibition of the elicitedf-EPSP at any of the baclofen concentrations examined. These data demonstratethat although the mRNA expression levels for the GABA[sub B] receptor arediminished in both vulnerable and less vulnerable neurons of Ammon's horn at24 h following transient global ischemia, the functionality of theGABA[sub B] receptor system is maintained at this time postchallenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol affects Indigenous communities globally that have been colonised. These effects are physical, psychological, financial and cultural. This systematic review aims to describe the prevalence of current (12-month) alcohol dependence in Indigenous Peoples in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America, to identify how it is measured, and if tools have been validated in Indigenous communities. Such information can help inform estimates of likely treatment need. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was completed in six electronic databases for reports on current alcohol dependence (moderate to severe alcohol use disorder) published between 1 January 1989–9 July 2020. The following data were extracted: (1) the Indigenous population studied; country, (2) prevalence of dependence, (3) tools used to screen, assess or diagnose current dependence, (4) tools that have been validated in Indigenous populations to screen, assess or diagnose dependence, and (5) quality of the study, assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. Results: A total of 11 studies met eligibility criteria. Eight were cross-sectional surveys, one cohort study, and two were validation studies. Nine studies reported on the prevalence of current (12-month) alcohol dependence, and the range varied widely (3.8–33.3% [all participants], 3–32.8% [males only], 1.3–7.6% [females only]). Eight different tools were used and none were Indigenous-specific. Two tools have been validated in Indigenous (Native American) populations. Conclusion: Few studies report on prevalence of current alcohol dependence in community or household samples of Indigenous populations in these four countries. Prevalence varies according to sampling method and site (for example, specific community versus national). Prior work has generally not used tools validated in Indigenous contexts. Collaborations with local Indigenous people may help in the development of culturally appropriate ways of measuring alcohol dependence, incorporating local customs and values. Tools used need to be validated in Indigenous communities, or Indigenous-specific tools developed, validated and used. Prevalence findings can inform health promotion and treatment needs, including funding for primary health care and specialist treatment services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: First Nations peoples of Australia, New Zealand, the United States of America (USA) and Canada are more likely to be non-drinkers than other people in these countries. However, those who do drink may be at greater risk of alcohol-related harms (at a population level) due to the ongoing impacts from colonisation and associated oppression. Addressing unhealthy drinking (drinking above recommended limits including alcohol use disorders) in primary care settings is one important way to increase accessibility of treatment. Methods: This systematic review identifies peer-reviewed studies of alcohol treatments delivered in primary care or other non-residential settings for First Nations peoples of Australia, New Zealand, USA and Canada. Literature searches were conducted in seven academic databases from their inception until March, 2020. We assessed evidence of treatment or implementation effectiveness, perceived acceptability or accessibility, and the study quality as assessed by the AXIS tool and by a measure of community participation in the research process. Results: Twenty-eight studies were included, published between 1968 and 2018. Studies reported on a range of alcohol treatments, from brief intervention to ambulatory withdrawal management, relapse prevention medicines, and cultural therapies. Brief intervention was the most studied approach. Cultural healing practices and bicultural approaches were a key theme amongst several studies. Four studies measured treatment effectiveness, including one randomised controlled trial (naltrexone vs naltrexone plus sertraline vs placebo) and two uncontrolled trials of disulfiram. Of the six implementation studies, three were (hybrid) effectiveness-implementation designs. Most of the remaining studies (n = 21) focused on treatment accessibility or acceptability. Community participation in the research process was poorly reported in most studies. Conclusions: Research evidence on how best to care for First Nations peoples with unhealthy alcohol use is limited. Trials of naltrexone and disulfiram presented promising results. Cultural and bicultural care were perceived as highly important to clinical staff and clients in several studies. More effectiveness studies on the full scope of alcohol treatments are needed. Greater community participation in research and more transparent reporting of this in study methods will be key to producing quality research that combines scientific rigour with cultural appropriateness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Data availability and cost can be prohibitive barriers for energy modeling. • We use a statistical method to predict power plant parameters using available data. • We apply two learning methods: linear regression and k-nearest-neighbors. • These approaches are applied in the context of U.S. and Canadian power plant data. • Results show reasonable predictions of heatrates and, to a lesser extent, costs. Energy systems models are used to perform energy and environmental policy analysis, inform company strategy, and understand implications of technological change. Although open-source models can promote transparency and reproducibility, data availability and cost can be prohibitive barriers for researchers and other stakeholders. This paper presents a novel application of a statistical approach to predict unknown power plant parameters in Canada using available data from the United States, which can be applied in other settings where critical model inputs are missing. We apply two statistical learning methods, linear regression and k -nearest-neighbors, and compare their performance on unseen portions of the United States data before applying the learned functions to unknown Canadian data. Results indicate that reasonable predictions of heatrates and, to a lesser extent, operation and maintenance costs are possible even with limited data about age, capacity, and power plant types. The nearest-neighbor approach generally outperforms linear regressions for the datasets and applications to power plant parameters investigated here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]